寡头垄断与粘性价格

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1、OligopolyChapter16-2ModelsofOligopolyBehaviorNosinglegeneralmodelofoligopolybehaviorexists.OligopolyAnoligopolyisamarketstructurecharacterizedby:FewfirmsEitherstandardizedordifferentiatedproductsDifficultentryInterdependenceAkeycharacteristicofoligopoliesisthateachf

2、irmcanaffectthemarket,makingeachfirm’schoicesdependentonthechoicesoftheotherfirms.Theyareinterdependent.CharacteristicsOligopolyOligopoliesaremadeupofasmallnumberofmutuallyinterdependentfirms.Eachfirmmusttakeintoaccounttheexpectedreactionofotherfirms.Interdependence

3、Theimportanceofinterdependenceisthatitleadstostrategicbehavior.StrategicbehavioristhebehaviorthatoccurswhenwhatisbestforAdependsuponwhatBdoes,andwhatisbestforBdependsuponwhatAdoes.Oligopolisticbehaviorincludesbothruthlesscompetitionandcooperation.GameTheoryStrategic

4、behaviorhasbeenanalyzedusingthemathematicaltechniquesofgametheory.Gametheoryprovidesadescriptionofoligopolisticbehaviorasaseriesofstrategicmovesandcountermoves.CharacteristicsofOligopolyOligopoliesaremadeupofasmallnumberoffirmsinanindustryOligopolisticfirmsaremutual

5、lyinterdependentInanydecisionafirmmakes,itmusttakeintoaccounttheexpectedreactionofotherfirmsOligopoliescanbecollusiveornoncollusiveFirmsmayengageinstrategicdecisionmakingwhereeachfirmtakesexplicitaccountofarival’sexpectedresponsetoadecisionitismaking16-8ModelsofOlig

6、opolyBehaviorThereisnosinglemodelofoligopolybehaviorThecartelmodeliswhenacombinationoffirmsactsasifitwereasinglefirmandamonopolypriceissetAnoligopolymodelcantaketwoextremes:Thecontestablemarketmodelisamodelofoligopolieswherebarrierstoentryandexit,notmarketstructure,

7、determinepriceandoutputdecisionsandacompetitivepriceissetOthermodelsofoligopoliesgivepriceresultsbetweenthetwoextremes16-9TheCartelModelAcartelmodelofoligopolyisamodelthatassumesthatoligopoliesactasiftheywereamonopolyandsetapricetomaximizeprofitOutputquotasareassign

8、edtoindividualmemberfirmssothattotaloutputisconsistentwithjointprofitmaximizationIfoligopoliescanlimittheentryofotherfirms,theycanincrease