四十天突破六级考试讲义与笔记

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四十天突破六级考试讲义与笔记要归纳记叙文中漂亮、地道的语言是困难的，但是要归纳论说文这个各种英语考试的作文类型中的语言不是不可能的。论说文是由开头、结尾、启转、分析、举例、比较等部分所组成的，其中都有些固定而漂亮的句型来表达。由于这些句型都是地道的英语，是经过千锤百炼，且能表达论说文写作中的不同意思，若能把以论说文为主的当代英语essays中的这些句型摘录归纳成类，供读者参考，无疑是能有助于提高英语写作的语言水平。模仿和学用漂亮和地道的英语表达法或句型并不是可耻的事。地道的英语不应是你用学过的词汇和语法规则按某个意思苦苦思索造出来的，地道的英语应是你把英美人对这个意思的习惯说法用到你自己的文章上来的。该讲义收集了论说文常用的一些句型，与六级考试的一些文章结构模式；希望同学们能以此为依据，Practicemakesperfect，达到熟能生巧的境界，从而在六级考试作文部分获得理想的分数！写作原则内容简单化结构模式化（主题句-分论点-总结）语言要包装错误要回避万能理由(Omnipotence)：1、方便：convenient/convenience2、效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency3、节省和浪费：savetime/money/space;economical,thriftwastetime/money/space;costly,lavish4：人的心理健康：independent,cooperative,competitive,considerate,confident,creative,sociable,perseverance;selfish,isolated,conservative5、人的身体健康：health,disease,strong,strength,energetic6、娱乐：colorful,pleasure,joy,recreation,entertainment,relaxtired,boring,lonely7、环境：environment,pollute,poisonous,dirty8、安全和危险：safe,danger,risk9：经验：experience,socialexperience,enterthesociety10、人际：humane,fair,unfair,help,assist,freedom,freely基本表达(BasicElementsofEnglishWriting)：越来越：beincreasingly+adj.,beontherise,thegrowingnumberof人们认为：itisgenerally/widelybelieved/held/agreedthat许多问题：ahostof/anumberofproblems引起人们注意：claimcall/attractgeneral/public/worldattentiontosth.意识到：thereisagrowingawareness/realizationof/that,awakensb.tothefact/danger适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodateoneselftonewenvironment/change接触各种思想/经历：beexposedtonewideas/experiences/problems接触社会：comeintofrequent/closecontactwiththeworld/society获得成功：achieve/accomplishsuccess

1提出观点/建议：advance/putforward/comeupwiththearguments/ideas/suggestions作出努力：maketremendous/persistent/sustainedefforttodosth.,takegreatpainstodo(withwork/study)影响学习/工作：interferewithstudies/work产生影响：have/exertaprofoundinfluenceonlife/personality,haveadramatic/undesirableeffecton较好地驾驭生活：beabetterpilotofone'slife剥夺机会/权力：depriveoneselfofthechance/right/opportunity取代就的方式：substitutefor/taketheplaceoftheoldway采取措施：takeeffectivesteps/measuresto控制我们的环境：take/gainincreasingcontroloverourownenvironment躲避危险/挑战：shy/runawayfromthedangers/challenge满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodatethedemandof补偿损失：compensatefor/makeupfortheloss/damage解释某现象：accountfor/explainthephenomenon对……很好的了解：haveabetterunderstanding/appreciationof,haveanewperspectiveon.provide/gainaninsightinto把某因素考虑进去：takesth.Intoaccount(consideration),givemuchthoughtto品位人生/自由/青春：savorthelife/freedom/youth培养对……的信心：develop/fosterone'sinterest/confidencein经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experiencegreatchanges/hardships/experience表现出自信心等：projectone'sconfidence/feeling/image生活充满不公正的地方：lifeisfullofminorirritation/injustice追求学习/职业：pursueone'sacademicinterest/professionalcareer学习知识/技术：pursue/acquireknowledge/technology/skill被看作学习的……榜样：beheldupasagoodexample交流经验/知识：shareexperience/ideas/problems/knowledge发挥/起到重要作用：playan(important/active/great)role/part逃学/缺课：skipschool/aclass/ameeting/alecture知识/经验丰富：richinknowledge/experience确立/追求目标：set/pursueagoal/higherstandard到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stainthegoal/aim/objective克服困难：overcomeobstacles/difficulty面临危险/困难：beconfronted/facedwith/inthefaceofdanger/difficulty阻碍了成功：standinthewayofsuccess,beanobstacle/barriertosuccess/growth阻碍了发展：hamper/impede/stuntthedevelopmentof持传统的看法：holdconventionalwisdom发表看法：voice/expressone'sopinion持相反/合理的观点：taketheopposite/freshview揭穿某种一贯的说法：shatterthemythof求得帮助：enlistone'ssupport/help

2缩小差别：bridge/narrow/fillthegap/gulf(betweencityandcountry)把成功/错误归咎于：attribute/ownthesuccess/failureto对……重要：beindispensable/important/vitalto施加压力：put/exertaacademicpressureon重视：assign/attachmuchimportance/significanceto强调：place/putmuchemphasis/stress/valueon把注意力集中在：focus/concentrateone'sattention/efforts/thoughtsupon提供机会/信息：provide/offer/furnishanopportunity/informationforsb.抓住机会：grab/seize/taketheopportunity得到机会：enjoy/gainaccesstoaopportunity/information有可能：thereis(little/much)possibility/likelihoodthat,chances/theoddsarethat展开竞争：competeagainst/withsb.fortheprize/position/control/themasteryof开展运动：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage)a(vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising)campaign(for/against)对我很有/没有什么意义：makemuch/littlesensetome带来无穷的幸福/满足：beasourceofhappinesssatisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint献身于：devote/dedicate/commitoneselftoacause/career大不（没什么）两样：makemuch(little/no)difference真正重要的是：whatreallymatters/accountsis…改变生活旅程：change/alterthecourseoflife建立在大量的学习/实践上：builtontremendousamountofstudy/practice进行调查/执行任务：conduct/carryoutanstudy/task/experiment辞去工作/学习：leave/quitone'sjob/work/school参加考试/竞赛等：enter(for)theexamination/contest,race参加活动/讨论：takepart/participate/beengagedinsports/activities/discussion影响思想/态度/事件的形成：shapeone'sthinking/attitude进入大学/社会/家庭/劳力市场/职业：enteraschool/college/society/theworkforce/professionals实现自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieveone'sdream(hops/wish/desire)减轻压力/紧张：reduce/alleviate/relievethestress/pressure/tension提高社会地位：enhance/improve/upgradesocialstatus/position/standingrisetothepositionofleadership提高技术/能力：sharpen(increase/improve/enhance/boost)one'sskill/ability加快/促进发展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boostthedevelopmentof随着生活节奏的加快：withthequickeningpace/rhythm/tempoofmodernlife/society开阔眼界/兴趣：broadenone'sinterest/outlook,expand(broaden/enlarge)one'smentalhorizons有助于了解/发展/宣传/解决：contributemuch/little/greatly/toabetterunderstandingof/thepopularityof/thegrowthof/thesolutionof有助于解决问题：goalongwayto(towards)solvingtheproblem迷恋名利/分数：beobsessed/preoccupiedwithgrades/fame/fortune

3把时间花/浪费在：spend/wastetimedoingsth.,putinhoursdoingsth.利用机会/技术：make(full/better)useof/takeadvantageofopportunity/time,tap/harnesstechnologypotential/skills/talent把知识/经验运用到…：apply/putthetheory/knowledge/experience…topractice/dailylife/gooduse取得进步：makemuchprogress/strides/gainsin充分发挥潜力/能力：developone'sability/potentialtothefull,givefullplaytoone'sability充满激情/渴望：haveaburningdesire/agreatpassionfor实例二99年6月真题ReadingSelectivelyOrExtensively?Outline:1.有人认为读书要有选择2.有人认为应当博览群书3.我的想法①11分Whenitcomestoreading,somepeoplethinkthatreadingselectivelyisagoodway,butsomeotherpeopledonotagreewiththem,theythinkthatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Thosepeople,whothinkthatreadingselectivelyisbetter,believethatgoodbooksareasmanyasbadbooks.Thosegoodbookscangiveuspleasureandknowledge,whilethosebadbookscanonlyleadustothewrongway.So,theysuggestthatweshouldonlychoosethegoodbookstoreadandnevertouchthebadbooks.But,theotherpeople,whoholdthatreadingextensivelyisbetter,thinkthatonekindofbookscanonlygiveusoneaspectofknowledge.Eventhebestbookonlycontainsonefieldofinformation.So,theycaneasilycometotheconclusionthat“toknowmore,toreadmore”.Sotheybelievethatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Tomypoint,weshouldchoosegoodbookstoreadandreadgoodbooksasmanyaspossible.Bythisway,wecanincreasethequalityandquantityofreading.②5分Ithinkreadingnotonlyselectivelybutalsoextensively.Becausethetwosidesarenotcontradict.Ourtimeislimited.Sowecannotreadeverybookintheworld.However,wewillnotbeinterestedineverybook.Weshouldreadthosebooksmaybeusefultoours,readthosebookswhichwelike.Butthosebookswhichwechoosemustbeextensivelysoitcangiveoursallkindsofknowledge,newsandsoon,italsomakeoursbecomeawiseman.Ontheonehandreadingselectivelyletoursnotwasteourtimewhichitislimited.Moreoveritcanemphasisamongallbooksthatwecanread.Ontheotherhandreadingextensivelycandealwithallkindsofneedinourlife.Theyareallusefultoours.失分原因：分段太少，语法错误太多③2分Mostpeoplethoughtthatreadbooksshouldhavebeenselective.Butothersbelievedreadingextensivelywascorrection.Selectivebooksorreadingextensively?

4Sure,youcanchoiceonefrompreviousideas,ononehand,Therearetoobooktoreadforus.Weshouldchoosethosewhichweinterested,anditwouldbehelpfulforus.Onanotherhand.Someone’sinterestingwaswide.Eachbookcouldbringyouspecificcontainwecouldn’treadingatonlyonelevel.Iconfirmedalloftheseideasweregoodbutweren’twise.Asareader,themaintaskistodiscovermoreandmorebooksthesecondtaskistoheldsomewhichwonderfulandhelpfulforus.Don’ttreatthesebookswithrecklessabandon.Thebesttechnologyofreadingisconnect.失分原因：分段太多，语法错误太多④14分Howshouldweread?Shouldwereadselectivelyorextensively?Everyonehashisownview.Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.Theyarguethatwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,moreandmorebooksarepublished.Itisimpossibleforustoreadallthebooks.What’smore,therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,andweshouldn’treadthem.Sincewecan’treadallthebooksandweshouldn’treadbadbooks,wemustreadselectively.Butothersmaynotagree,theyemphasizethattoday'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas.Ifonemanhasmanykindsofknowledge,hewillhavemorechancestosucceed.Ifamanknowsmuchinonefieldbutknowsnothinginotherfields,hemaybeuseless.Sincewemusthavemanykindsofknowledge,wemustreadextensively.Who’sright?Ithinkbothofthemhavesomethingright.ButIthinkweshouldreadextensivelyfirst.Weshouldreadbooksinmanyfields,andreadselectivelyinonefield.⑤8分Somepeoplethinkreadingshallbechosen.Becausesomebooksaregoodtohumanbeingsandsomebooksareharmfultopeople.Somepeoplethinkthatmenshouldreadbookswidely.Becausewidereadingcanhelpmangetmuchknowledge.Andmancanuseittochangetheworld.Itismypointthatreadingmustbeselectively.Becausereadingisimportanttoman.Somebookscanhelpmanbutsomebookscanleadsomepeopletocrime.ItcanbeseeninthenewspapersandwatchedonTV.Wecanmakefulluseofsomegoodbooksandgainmoreusefulknowledge.Itcanmakeourlifemorebeautiful.Wemustgiveupthoseunhelpfulbooks.Theyarenotgoodtous.Readingthemiswastingtimeandmoney.Soreadingselectivelyisanimportantpartinreading.失分原因：结构失调，表述方式单一典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（启）ParagraphI：（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点；（2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。（承）ParagraphII：（1）提出一种观点或优点；（2）本段的支持性分论点；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。（转）ParagraphIII：（1）承上启下的过渡句；（2）提出另一种观点或缺点；

5（3）本段的支持性分论点（4）本段总（可以省略）。（合）ParagraphIV：（1）平衡两种看法；（2）给出自己的观点。④14分Howshouldweread?Shouldwereadselectivelyorextensively?Everyonehashisownview.（启）注：1.第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.Theyarguethatwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,moreandmorebooksarepublished.Itisimpossibleforustoreadallthebooks.What’smore,therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,andweshouldn’treadthem.Sincewecan’treadallthebooksandweshouldn’treadbadbooks,wemustreadselectively.（承）注：1.本段总分总结构2.theyarguethat=theythinkthat3.withthedevelopmentof...4.what'smore递进关系，moreoverButothersmaynotagree,theyemphasizethattoday'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas.Ifonemanhasmanykindsofknowledge,hewillhavemorechancestosucceed.Ifamanknowsmuchinonefieldbutknowsnothinginotherfields,hemaybeuseless.Sincewemusthavemanykindsofknowledge,wemustreadextensively.（转）注：1.But转折词2.theyemphasizethat=theythinkthat3.today'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas现代社会今昔非比4.许多知识awiderangeof/alargescopeof/much；获取知识acquire/getknowledge5.knowsnothing→little；hemaybeuseless→hemaynotbeofgreatusetothesociety后者比前者更委婉Who’sright?Ithinkbothofthemhavesomethingright.ButIthinkweshouldreadextensivelyfirst.Weshouldreadbooksinmanyfields,andreadselectivelyinonefield.（合）①11分Whenitcomestoreading,somepeoplethinkthatreadingselectivelyisagoodway,butsomeotherpeopledonotagreewiththem,theythinkthatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Thosepeople,whothinkthatreadingselectivelyisbetter,believethatgoodbooksareasmanyasbadbooks.Thosegoodbookscangiveuspleasureandknowledge,whilethosebadbookscanonlyleadustothewrongway.So,theysuggestthatweshouldonlychoosethegoodbookstoreadandnevertouchthebadbooks.注：1.“people,who”应去掉逗号，改为非限制定语从句。2.theysuggestthat=theythinkthat

63.touch碰，闪光点词汇，如教材P7：shouldertheresponsibilityofdoingsth.肩负起责任But,theotherpeople,whoholdthatreadingextensivelyisbetter,thinkthatonekindofbookscanonlygiveusoneaspectofknowledge.Eventhebestbookonlycontainsonefieldofinformation.So,theycaneasilycometotheconclusionthat“toknowmore,toreadmore”.Sotheybelievethatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Tomypoint,weshouldchoosegoodbookstoreadandreadgoodbooksasmanyaspossible.Bythisway,wecanincreasethequalityandquantityofreading.Directions:Writeacompositionabout120/150wordsbasedonthefollowingoutline:1）当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象2）诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实2002.6Topic:StudentUseofComputers(atleast150words)Averagenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweek1、上图所示为1990、1995、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。2002.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:　　　　　ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusYoushouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。

7January12th,2002DearMr.President,LiMing2001.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringtheweek-longholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.1.表示欢迎2.提出过度假安排的建议3.提醒应注意的事项ALettertoaSchoolmateJune23,2001DearXiaoWang2001.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1.面试在求职过程中的作用。2.取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……2000.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicIsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?Thefirstsentencehasalreadybeenwrittenforyou.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbasyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1.很多认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是……2.也有人持不同意见，……3.我的看法和打算2000.1Direction:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.上大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过多种途径解决2.哪种途径适合于我（说明理由）1999.6

8Direction:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicReadingSelectivelyOrExtensively?Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyoucompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有人认为读书要有选择。2.有人认为应当博览群书。3.我的看法。1999.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic.Don'tHesitatetoSay"No"Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们说"不"。2.为什么有些人在该说"不"的时候不说"不"。3.该说"不"时不说"不"的坏处。1998.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDo"LuckyNumbers"ReallyBringGoodLuck?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。2.我认为数字和运气无关，……1998.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonFakeCommodities.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(givenonChinese)below:1.假冒伪劣商品的危害。2.怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品。1997.6Directions:ForthispartyouareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonJob-HoppingYoushouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为…2.有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为…3.我的看法。1997.1

9Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHasteMakesWaste.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.为什么说"欲速则不达"。2.试举例说明。1996.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthegrouphsbelow.HeaalthGainsinDevelopingCountriesLifeExpectancyInfantMortality1996.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:WhyITaketheCollegeEnglishTestBand6,Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.有人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试2.我参加CET－6考试的理由Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1995.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:ShouldFirecrackersBeBanned?Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？2.有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么？3.我的看法Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.

101995.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:MyViewontheNegativeEffectsofSomeAdvertisements.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.现在有些不良的商业广告2.这些广告的副作用和危害性3.我对这些广告的态度Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1994.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:TheCareerIPursue.Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1994.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicWeNeedtoBroadenOurKnowledge.Youshouldwritenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.科学技术是社会发展所不可缺少的2.社会科学和自然科学相互渗透3.现代大学生需要广博的知识1993.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewOnOpportunity.Youmustbaseyourcompositiononthefollowinginstructions(giveinChinese):有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.Remembertowriteitneatly.1993.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthetitle:MotorcyclesAndCityTraffic.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline(giveninChinese).1.近年来中国城市的摩托车2.摩托车的优点和缺点

113.你对我国城市中摩托车发展的前景的看法Youmustwriteyourcompositioninnolessthan120wordsontheCompositionSheetandremembertowriteinreadablehandwriting.1992.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicLookingForwardtotheTwenty-FirstCentury.YourcompositionshouldbebasedonyouranswertothefollowingquestionwritteninChinese:1.新世纪科技发展的前景如何？2.新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？3.新的科学技术会带来什么问题？4.你怎样对待新世纪的挑战战？Yourcompositionshouldbenoless120words.1992.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthefollowinggraphwhichshowsthechangeinthenumberoffilm-goersandTV-watchersinacertaincity.Thetitleofthecompositionis:FilmIsGivingWaytoTV.Youshouldwritenolessthan120wordsforyourcompositionanditmustincludethefollowingideas(giveninChinese):1.电影观众越来越少2.电视观众越来越多，因为……3.然而，还是有人喜欢看电影,因为…….Quoteasfewfiguresaspossible.Remembertowriteyourcompositioninreadablehandwriting.1991.6

12Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthegraphbelow.ThesuggestedTitleis:CarAccidentsDeclininginWaltonCity.Rememberthatyourcompositionmustbewrittenaccordingtothefollowingoutline:1.Riseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsasindicatedbythegraph;2.Possiblereason(s)forthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity;3.Yourpredictionsofwhatwillhappenthisyear.Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.1991.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionaboutManIstoSurvive.Youshouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingoutline:1.人类面临的问题（如能源，疾病，污染，人口等）2.悲观的看法（如人类将无法生存）3.人类的智慧出路Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.Besuretowriteyourcompositioninreadablehandwriting.1990.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:HowtoSolvetheHousingProbleminBigCities.Foursuggestedsolutionstothisproblemarelistedbelow.Youaresupposedtowriteinfavourofonesuggestion(ONEonly)andagainstanother(ONEonly).Youshouldgiveyourreasonsinbothcases.Youshouldwritenolessthan120words.Remembertogiveashortintroductionandabriefconclusion.Writeyourcompositionclearly.四种可能解决住房问题的方案：1.多造高层建筑

132.向地下发展3.建造卫星城市4.疏散城市人口1990.1Directions:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSolvetheProblemofHeavyTrafficaccordingtothefollowingOUTLINE.Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120words.RememberthatthecontentsoftheOUTLINEshouldALLbeincludedinyourcomposition.ButyouarenotsupposedtotranslatetheOUTLINEwordforword.OUTLINE问题：城市交通拥挤解决方案（solution）1.建造(laydown)更多道路优点：(1)降低街道拥挤程度(2)加速车流（flowoftraffic）缺点：占地过多2.开辟（openup）更多公共汽车线路优点：减少自行车与小汽车缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便结论：两者结合题型分类(Classificationofeveryessay):一、第一种题型（对比观点选择题；EssayI）:(一)题型特点：1、大多为三点提纲，提纲模式一般为：有一些人……；还有人……；我的看法或观点；2、少数时候也会出现两点提纲的情况，此时可以补充成三点提纲来写作。(二)历年真题：2000.6；1999.6；1998.6；1997.6；1996.1；1995.6；1993.6；1993.1二、第二种题型（社会热点话题；EssayII）:(一)题型特点：1、应该为三点提纲，但是通常以两点提纲出现的题目居多，所涉及主题为当时社会热点；2、如果是两点提纲，则补充成三点提纲写作。3、通常模式为：现象概述--细节（原因、危害、方式等）--自我评论(二)历年真题：2002.12；2000.12；2000.1；1999.1；1997.12；1995.1；三、第三种题型（图标题；Report;EssayIII）:（一）题型特点：

141、以图表作为信息来源的写作模式2、通常模式为：描述图表--解释原因--自我评论（二）历年真题：2003.6;2000.6；1996.6；1992.1；1991.6四、第四种题型（书信题；EssayIV）:(一)题型特点：1、写书信（二）历年真题：2001.6；2002.1；五、第五种题型（谚语格言题；EssayV）:(一)题型特点：1、文章题目为一句格言或谚语2、通常模式为：解释谚语--举例论证--画龙点睛(二)历年真题：1997.1；文章主体句式(Body)：一、原因结果例：Thereareprobably+[many\several\three]+[resons\causes]+forthis+[dramatic\marked]+[increase\decline\change]+in...二、比较对照例：[Thereisnodoubtthat\Obviously,]+ithas[its\both]+[drawbacks\disadvantages

15egativeeffects]+[aswellas\and]+[merits\advantages\positiveeffects]...三、例证例：Wemay+[cite\quote\mention\take\pointout]+[asingle\acommon\another]+exampleof...四、事实例：Noonecan+[deny\doubt\ignor\overlook]+the+[bare\hard\essential\profound]+factthat...五、数据调查例：A+[recent

16ew

17ationwide]+[study\survey\poll\investigation]+[conducted\taken]+[atafactory\byofficials]...六、权威（专家）例：Asone+[scientist\writer\doctor\psychologist]+[wrote\commented\pointedout

18oted],...七、分析例：Itseems+[quite\almost]+[(un)likely\(im)possible\(in)credible\(in)conceivable]+that...2000.1Direction:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.

191.上大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过多种途径解决2.哪种途径适合于我（说明理由）Nowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegearemuchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinanceyourcollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformany.Youcandealwithinmanyways.Youcangetallofthemoneyfromyourparents.Youcanapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudents.Youcanalsoacquirethemoneycompletelybyyourself,doingafull-timejobinsummerorwinterholiday.Inaddition,youcanaskyourparentsformostofitandearntherestinyoursparetimeincollege,bydoingapart-timejob.注：1.第一句引言。2.太多youcan重复使用，缺乏变化Inmyopinion,Ipreferthelastway.Havingacquiredmostofthetuitionandfeesfrommyparents,Ineedn’tworrytoomuchaboutthemoneyandcanconcentrateonmystudy;ontheotherhand,apart-timejobinmysparetimemakesmycampus-lifecolorful.Icanmakealotoffriends,improvemyabilitiesandlearnlotsofknowledge.So,Ichoosethiswaytocovermytuitionandfees.缺点：缺少连贯性HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation?PreviouslyinChina,auniversityeducationwasfundedbythegovernment.Thissituationischangingandstudentsmustnowfinancetheirowneducation.Asaresult,studentsarenowfacedwiththequestion“howtopayformycollegeeducation”?注：This指代前文Thereareseveralpossiblewaystoraisethemoneytopayforfeesandtuitions.Parentsareasourceforcollegefunding,asisthecasewithmoststudents.Scholarshipsarealsoavailableforstudentswithoutstandingacademicperformance.Becausescholarshipsarecompetitive,theyarenotavailabletoeveryone.Studentscanalsotakeoutaloanfromthebank.Bankscanprovideloanstostudentswithoutcollateralforthosewhoneedthem.And,manystudentscantakeonpart-timejobstohelpfinancetheireducation.IncitiessuchasBeijing,ShanghaiandGuangzhou,therearemanypart-timejobopportunitiesforstudentsbothonandoffcampus.注：1.source来源，TVprogramismainsourceofmypleasure电视是我欢乐的主要来源2.available重要词汇，Areyoustillavailable?你还单身吗？3.takepart-timejob打工，还可以用dooutjob\temporaryjob4.onandoff校园内外Personally,Ibelieveascholarshipisthebestwaytofundaneducationasitnotonlypaysforfeesandtuition,butalsoencouragesstudyinghard.

20MyViewonFakeCommoditiesTheprevalenceoffakecommoditieshasbeenabigprobleminoursociety.Almosteverydayinnewspaperscarryarticlespertainingtofakecommodities.Althoughmeasureshavebeenimplementedtodealwiththisproblem,itstillremainsaseriousthreat.Fakegoodsareharmfulonmanylevels.Peoplesellfakecommoditiestomakeaquickprofitwhichunderminestheeconomyandfakegoodscanalsobedangeroustoone’shealth.Theeffectisageneralmistrustamongconsumerstowardsellersandthefreemarketingeneral.Inaddition,manyfakecommoditieshavebeenexportedoverseaswhichhasresultedinapoorreputationforgoodscomingoutofChinaandhashadanegativeinfluenceonexports.Thereareseveralwaystoaddressthisproblem.Lawsandregulationsshouldbeimplemented/make/workouttobanthemanufacturinganddistributionoffakegoods.Atthesametime,consumersshouldbeeducatedto/enhancetheawarenessofidentifythesefakegoods.Withtoughlawsandaneducatedpublic,fakegoodswillbecomeathingofthepast.用MyViewOnFakeCommodity改写BrainDrainBrainDrainBraindrainisadelicateproblemwithwhichourcountryisconfronted.Inthelasttenyearsorso,alotofscientistsandtechnicianshaveswarmedintodevelopedcountriesforfurtherstudiesorresearchwork,letalonenumerouspromisingstudents.Andtherearenoindicationsthattheywillbebackhomebeforelong.Ourcountryhaspaidtheexpensesoftrainingthembutlostthem.Howdidthatcomeabout?Itisself-evidentthattheirdelayofcomingbackisduetothosefavorableworkingandlivingconditionswhichareessentialtoresearchwork.Sophisticatedequipmentmakesiteasierforonetogainacademicachievements.Ourcompetentscientistsabroadareofferedhigherrewardsandgreateropportunitieswhichcontributetotheirsuccessincareer.Itseemsthatitisn’timpossibletosolvetheproblemandattractthescientistsandthelikebackhomesolongasgreatimportanceisattachedtotheintellectual’sdeservingtreatmentandeffectivemeasuresaretakentoprovidethemwithexcellentpayandagreeableconditions.1997年1月Directions”Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHasteMakesWaste.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.为什么“欲速则不达”？2.举例说明。

21谚语格言题文章逻辑结构：ParagraphI:（1）点明要阐释的谚语或名言(general)；（2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，有时有正反两面的逻辑(specific)。ParagraphII:（1）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即文章的论点句；（2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。ParagraphIII:（1）总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。HasteMakesWasteBy“Hastemakeswaste”ismeantthatoneshoulddoeverythingstepbystep.Evensimpleoperationscaneasilybespoiledifwerushtocompletethem,neglectingimportantstagesintheprocess.Oneshouldmakefullpreparationsbeforebeginningantask.注：spoilt=spoiled被毁坏；Sparetherod,spoilthechild.棍棒出孝子TakeEnglishstudyforexample.Withoutagoodcommandofpronunciation,wecanneverhopetospeakinanunderstandableway.Similarly,ifwedonotlearntospellproperlyandtoacquireabasicgraspofgrammar,wewillneversucceedinwritinggoodcomposition.Inshort,layingasolidfoundationisessentialifwewanttomakeachievementsinourstudiesorwork,orindeedinanyotheraspectofourlives.Ateverystep,reviewwhathasbeenachievedandassesstheproblemsaheadbeforemovingtothenextstep.Andremember,Romewasnotbuiltinaday.注：layingasolidfoundation打下坚实的基础[讲义P7]Example:AnEnglishproverbsays,Oneofthegreatmenonceremarked,“HasteMakesWaste”.Nearlyeverycivilizationhasitsownequivalenttotheproverb:Itmeansthat……Inotherwords,History/Oursocietyaboundswiththeexamplesof“HasteMakesWaste”.…….Ontheotherhand/Onthecontrary,…….Foruscollegestudents,thesaying/proverbhasaprofoundandrealisticsignificance:…….

22图表题：三图一表--柱状图（BarGraph）、线形图(LineGraph)、饼状图(PieGraph)、表格(Table)图表题文章写作逻辑结构：ParagraphI:（1）描述图表：趋势描写；（2）描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。ParagraphII:（1）提出自己理由和观点；（2）细节性分论点（支持自己观点）。ParagraphIII:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法；（2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点。CarAccidentsDeclininginWaltonCityAccordingtothegraph,theriseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsinWaltonCityvarieswiththeseasons.FromJanuarytoMarchlastyearitincreasedby68%,fromMarchtoJuneitdroppedbyabouthalfthepreviousrate;andfromJunetoAugusttherewasasteepriseof66.6%.Afterthat,however,therewasasteadydecrease,andthismakesusoptimisticthatcaraccidentsaredeclininginWaltonCity.注：1.Accordingtothegraph如图所示，还可以说成Ascanbeseenfromthegraph2.steeprise陡然上升，steadydecrease缓慢下降Therearethreereasonsforthisimprovement.First,newtrafficregulationshavemadedriversmorecareful,second,morepeopleareusingbicyclesfortransportation,andthird,inthelaterpartoftheyeargoodweathermadetheroadssafertodriveon.Thisyear,majorroadshavebeenrepairedandthenumberofpublicbuseshasbeenincreased.Moreover,atrafficsafetycampaignhasmadeallthelocalpeoplemoreawareofthedangersofunsafedriving.So,IamconfidentthattherewillbeevenfewercaraccidentsinWaltoninthefuture.FilmIsGivingWaytoTV(A)Thelateststatisticsshowthatthenumberofpeopleattendingcinemasisgettingsteadilysmaller.Atthesametime,thenumberoftelevisionviewersisgrowingatalmostthesamerate.Expertssaythatthesetwotrendsareconnectedinthreeways.First,overthepastfewdecadestelevisionsetshaveappearedinalmosteveryhome.Second,filmveryquicklybecomeavailableonvideo,

23andcanbeshownontheTVscreen.Third,itisbecomingmoreexpensivetomakefilms,andsothepricesofcinemaseatsarerising.However,thisdoesnotmeanthedeathofthemovieindustry.Therewillalwaysbepeoplewhoprefertogoouttoseeafilm.ThisisbecausenomatterhowgoodaTVfilmorvideo,itcanneverbeasentertainingasafilmshownonthe“bigscreen.”社会热点话题用MyViewOnFakeCommodity改写BrainDrainBrainDrainBraindrainisadelicateproblemwithwhichourcountryisconfronted.Inthelasttenyearsorso,alotofscientistsandtechnicianshaveswarmedintodevelopedcountriesforfurtherstudiesorresearchwork,letalonenumerouspromisingstudents.Andtherearenoindicationsthattheywillbebackhomebeforelong.Ourcountryhaspaidtheexpensesoftrainingthembutlostthem.Howdidthatcomeabout?Itisself-evidentthattheirdelayofcomingbackisduetothosefavorableworkingandlivingconditionswhichareessentialtoresearchwork.Sophisticatedequipmentmakesiteasierforonetogainacademicachievements.Ourcompetentscientistsabroadareofferedhigherrewardsandgreateropportunitieswhichcontributetotheirsuccessincareer.Itseemsthatitisn’timpossibletosolvetheproblemandattractthescientistsandthelikebackhomesolongasgreatimportanceisattachedtotheintellectual’sdeservingtreatmentandeffectivemeasuresaretakentoprovidethemwithexcellentpayandagreeableconditions.MyViewonBrainDrainTheprevalenceofbraindrainhasbeenabigprobleminoursociety.Almosteverydayinnewspaperscarryarticlespertainingtobraindrain.Althoughmeasureshavebeenimplementedtodealwiththisproblem,itstillremainsaseriousthreat.Amultitudeoffactors,bothindividualandsocialcontributetobraindrain.Foronething,alargeofscientistsandtechnicianshaveswarmedintodevelopedcountriesforfavorablelivingandworkingconditionswhichareessentialtoresearchandwork.Sophisticatedequipmentalsomakesiteasiertogainacademiaachievement.Foranother,agreatmanytopuniversitiesindevelopedcountriesofferhigherrewardsandgreateropportunitieswhichcontributetotheirsuccessincareer.Thereareseveralwaystoaddressthisproblem.Rulesandregulationsshouldbeimplementedtocontrol.Atthesametime,peoplewithoutstandingacademicperfomingshouldbeeducatedtogaintheirwillnessofcomingback.Withtoughlawsandaneducatedpublic,braindrainwillbecomeathingofthepast.[讲义]15．A+{Number\multitude}+offactors,both+{physicalandpsychological\academicandprofessional\individualandsocial}+{affect\influence\contributeto\bothpromote},….

242002年6月真题范文：Topic:StudentUseofComputers(atleast150words)AveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweekAsisshownbythebargraph,theaveragenumberofhoursastudentinacertainuniversityspendsonthecomputerperweekincreaseddramaticallyovertheperiodfrom1990to2000.In1990,itwaslessthantwohours.Andin1995,ithitfourhours.Andin2000,thenumbersoaredtonearlytwentyhours,whichisovertentimesthanthatof1990.第一段还有一种写法：In1990,thenumberwaslessthan2hours,whilethefigurehit4hours（或者这样写：whilein1995,）ascomparedwiththatof1990,ithadalmostdoubled.Andwhatimpressusmostisthatthefiguresoaredto……,which……Obviouslycomputersarebecomingincreasinglypopularformalesandforfemales.Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfortherise.Inthefirstplace,computersfacilitateusinmoreaspectsoflife.Also,therapiddevelopmentoftheinternetenlargesourdemandsforusingcomputers.Wecaneasilycontactfriendsinremoteplacesthroughtheinternet.Inthesecondplace,thepricesofcomputersaregettinglowerandlower,whichenablemorestudentstopurchasethem.However,therestillexistsomeproblems,suchas,poorquality,out-of-datedesignsandsoon.Andhowtobalancethetimebetweenusingcomputersanstudyingisalsoaseriousproblem.Anyhow,wewillbenefitalotfromcomputersaslongasweusethemproperly.私人信件（PersonalLetters）；公文信函（BusinessLetters）2001.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.

25SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringtheweek-longholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.1.表示欢迎2.提出过度假安排的建议3.提醒应注意的事项ALettertoaSchoolmateJune23,2001DearXiaoWang2002.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:　　ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。January12th,2002DearMr.President,LiMing信内格式日期Date(Aug5,2003)称谓Solution(DearSirorMadam\Towhomitmayconcern),Body部分顶格写，段落之间要空格。署名SincerelyYours,LiMing书信题写作五点基本结构开门见山说意图咨询建议一二三不同内容可分段感谢客气不可少期盼回信成老套（一）开头段：1、告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你）DearSir/Mr.Prometheus,Iwasastudentatyourcollege,enrolledinPhilosophyDepartment./Iama…atyour…/Iama…atyourcollege,enrolledinthe…course./Mynameis…,Iam….

262、问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）DearPrometheus,Hello/Hi.Howareyou?/Ihopeeverythingisfine./Howarethingsgoingwithyou?/Howareyougettingonin……?3、解释写信的原因（1）致谢：IdeeplyappreciateyourcourtesyandIhopetoreciprocateyourfavorwhentheopportunityarises./Iamgreatlyindebtedtoyoufor(thedouble)youhavegonetoonmybehalf./ThankyouforyourletteraboutstudyinginCanada./Iamwritingtoyoutoexpressmyheartfeltgratitude./IamwritingtotellyouhowgratefulIamfor……./Iwouldliketothankyoumostsincerelyfor…….（2）抱怨：Iamwritingtocomplainaboutthepoorserviceatyourdining-room./Iamwritingtoexpressmydissatisfactionwith/at…/Iwishtomakeacomplaintabout……./Iamwritingtodrawyourattentionto……./IamafraidIhavegotacomplaintabout…….（3）致歉：Iwouldbegratefulifyouwouldbesokindastoprovidemewithcertainessentialinformationregardingthefollowingaspects./IamwritingtoyoubecauseIamunableto……./Iamterriblysorrythat……./Iwouldliketoexpressmyapologiesfornotbeingableto…….（4）询问：Iwouldliketoobtain/request/seek/inquireaboutsomeinformationabout…/Iamwritingtoaskifyoucandomeafavor./Iwouldlikesomedetailedinformationon/about……（二）结尾段：1、发出请求（1）Pleasegivethismatteryourimmediateattention.（2）Iwouldverymuchappreciateitif……assoonaspossible.（3）Pleaserendermesomevaluableadvicewhichisconducivetomyfinaldecision.2、提供帮助（1）Ihopethese……willbehelpful,andpleasefeelfreetocontactmeformoreinformation.（2）……willbetakingoverresponsibilityforyouandifyoushouldneedanyassistance,she/hewillbepleasedtohelpyou.3、再次表示歉意或感激

27（1）Thankyouforyourkindassistance.（2）Pleaseacceptmyheartfeltthanksanddeepestgratitude,nowandalways.（3）IamsorrythatIcannot……,andtrustthatyouwillunderstand.（4）Inaddition,letmeapologizeforanyinconvenienceImayhavecaused.（5）Ishallfeelobligedbyareplyatyourearliestconvenience.（6）Onceagain,Iamsorryforanyinconveniencecaused.4、期盼回信（1）Ilookforwardtoyourpromptresponse.（2）Lookingforwardtoapromptreply.（3）Iexpecttohearfromyouverysoon.（4）Ihopetoreceiveyourreplyshortly.（5）Iamalreadyeagerlyawaitingyourreplytothisfirstletter.2001年6月真题范文：Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringtheweek-longholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.1.表示欢迎2.提出过度假安排的建议3.提醒应注意的事项DearXiaoWang,Isitreallytrue?Areyoucomingtovisitmefortheupcomingholiday?WehavenotseeneachotherforsuchalongtimeandIhavemissedyou.Doyouhaveanyplansforwhatyouwouldliketodo?SinceyouarenotfamiliarwithwhereIlive,Icanmakesomerecommendations.Therearemanyscenicspotsinthesuburbs.Whenyoufirstgethere,wecouldplanacampingtripwithsomeofmyclassmates.Wecanalsovisitthemuseumswhichareveryinteresting.And,wecangoshopping!Theshoppingmallsdowntownarelargeandmanyhavediscountpromotionsduringtheholidays.Whatdoyouthinkofmyrecommendations?Ishouldtellyouthattheweatherhereismuchcoldersoyoushouldbringawarmovercoat.Pleasealsotakecareofyourbelongingduringyourtravelhereastherehasbeenmuchtheftreported.Iamlookingforwardtoyourvisit.Mybestwishes.Yours,

28ZhangYing2002年1月真题范文：Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusYoushouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。January12th,2002DearMr.President,I’mveryluckytoattendthisworld-famousuniversity,butI’mafraidI’mnotcontentwiththecanteenserviceoncampus.Firstly,thequalityofthedishesshouldbeimproved.Undoubtedly,therearealotofdeliciousdishes,butalltheyear,theyarethesame.Moreandmorestudentsarecomplainingabouteatingthesamefoodeachday.SoIthinkthemosturgentproblemisvariety.Secondly,thepriceisabittoohigh.Manyofushopethatthecanteencanprovideuswithnotonlydeliciousbutalsocheaperfood.Finally,theenvironmentissonoisythatwecan’tenjoyourmealsingoodmood.Isuggestthattherebesomesoftmusictohelpusrelax.Thosepresentedsuggestionsarenotjustofmyown,butalsoofmanyotherstudents.Wehopeourrespectablepresidentwillpayattentiontoyoursuggestions.Bytheway,thecanteenworkersareverypatientandalwayssmiling.SoIthinkifouruniversityoffersthembetterconditions,theywillofferusbetterservice.Bestwishes,Yourssincerely,LiMing综合改错（ErrorsCorrection）：一、语法错误二、词汇错误三、逻辑错误四、多词少词Example:Televisionisrapidlybecomingtheliteratureofourperiods.Manyofthearguments1.time/times/agehavingusedforthestudyforliteratureasa2./schoolsubjectarevalidfor∧studyoftelevision.3.the

29综合改错（ErrorsCorrection）：一、语法错误1、平行结构(notonly...butalso\both...and\either...or\and)1)Aprofessor’ssalaryishigherthanasecretary.[secretary’s]2)Oneoftheseisinformative,interesting,andiseasytounderstand.[去掉]3)Definingaproblemiseasierthantoprovideasolution.[providing]2、连词错误1)Candlewilllaterbereplacedbylamp,thatcouldburnlongerandlighter.[which]2)Thechildrenattendedasmallelementaryschool(oftenofjustoneroom)tothattheyhadtowalkeveryday,possiblyforafewmiles.[which，that前只能有except和in。exceptthat除此以外；inthat因为，体现在]3)Itwillbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitieswithoutanyideaofthattheyaregoingtodoafterward.[what，what相当于thethingthat]4)Itappearsthatweallfindcompanyinsound,ifwedemandalittlequietfromtimetotime.[but或yet]5)Theyarelikelytotravelmoreandtowantmoreeducation.Nevertheless,manymorejobsareavailableintheseservices.[Therefore或So]3、分词错误1)Police’srecordsshowasurprisedlinkbetweenchangesintheseasonsandcrimepatterns.[surprising]2)Decidinghowmuchdiscomfortandriskwearepreparingtoputupwithinthenameofbetterhealthisahighpersonalmatter,notadecisionweshouldremaintodoctorsalone.3)Eventhequietofourcarefulprotectedwildernessareascanbeinvadedatanymomentbyapassedjet.[passing]4)Soasportsman’sindividualwayofwalkingwithraisedshouldersisimitatedbyanadmiredfan.[admiring]4、指代错误1)Abreakintheiremployment,oradecisiontoworkparttime,willslowitsraisesandpromotions-becauseitwouldformen.[their]2)Clearlysomerisksworthtaking,especiallywhentherewardsarehigh:amansurroundedbyflamesandsmokegenerallyconsidersthatjumpingoutofasecond-floorwindowisanacceptablerisktosaveitslife.[his]3)Themodernlight-housealsoidentifiesitinacodeknowntoallships.[itself]5、形容词、副词（略）6、谓语错误（主谓一致、时态、语态）1)Businesstodaywhetheritisrunningalittlegas-stationorabigfactorytakegoodmanagement.[takes]2)Advancesintechnologyhasalsochangedpeople’slives.3)Butif98percentofusdoesn’tneedtowork,whatarewegoingtodowithourselves?[don’t]

304)Whetherwomenwhohavestartedacareerwillattainpayequalitywithmenrestonatleasttwofactors.[rests]5)Insomeplacesallthetreeshavecutdown.[havebeen]二、词汇错误(搭配错误、用词错误)三、逻辑错误（肯定否定乱用）1)Bloodpressuredrugsdefinitelyhelpsomepeopleliveafteraheartattack,butthesesamedrugsmaybebothnecessaryandharmfulforthosewithonlymildbloodpressureproblems.[unnecessary]2)Ineverycase,theinfluentialpersonmayconsciouslynoticetheimitationbuthewillfeelcomfortableinitspresence.[unconsciously]四、多词少词（介词、冠词、形式宾语）1)WhentwoAmericansmeetforfirsttime,itisnormalforthemtocalleachotherbytheirgivennameimmediately.[thefirst]2）Infact,untilrecentlyseawaterhasalmostbeconsideredtobeuselessandnovalue.[ofno]Passage2Untiltheverylatestmomentofhisexistence,manhasbeenboundtotheplanetonwhichbeoriginatedanddeveloped.Nowhehadthecapabilitytoleavethatplanet1.hasandmoveoutintotheuniversetothoseworldswhichhehadknownpreviouslyonlydirectly.Menhaveexplored2.indirectlypartsofthemoon.putspaceshipsinorbitaroundanotherplanetandpossiblywithinthedecadewilllandintoanoth-3.onerplanetandexploreit.Canwebetooboldastosug-4.sogestthatwemaybeabletocolonizeotherplanet5.planetswithinthenot-too-distantfuture?Somehaveadvocat-edsuchaprocedureasasolutiontothepopulationproblem:shiptheexcesspeopleofftothemoon.Butwemustkeepinheadthebillionsofdollarswemight6.mindspendincarryingouttheproject.Tomaintaintheearth'spopulationatitspresentlevel,wewouldhavetoblastoffintospace7,500peopleeveryhourofeverydayoftheyear.Whyarewespendingsolittlemoneyonspace7.muchexploration?Considerthegreatneedforimproving8.Consideringmanyaspectsoftheglobalenvironment,oneissurelyjustifiedinhisconcernforthemoneyandresourcesthattheyarepouredintothespaceexplorationef-9.去掉forts.Butperhapsweshouldlookatbothsidesofthecoinbeforearrivinghastyconclusions.10.arrivingat/reaching

31Passage3MostpeopleworktoearnalivingandtheyProducegoodsandservices.Goodsareeitheragricultural(likemaize)ormanufactured(likecars).Servicesaresuchthingslikeeducation,1.asmedicine,andcommerce.Thesepeopleprovide2.Somegoods;someprovideservices.Otherpeopleprovidebothgoodsorservices.Forexample,inthesame3.andgarageamanmaybuyacarorsomeservicewhichhelpshimmaintainhiscar.Theworkpeopledoiscalledaseconomic4.去掉activity.Alleconomicactivitiestakentogethermakeuptheeconomicsystemoftown,acity,acountry,ortheworld.Sucheconomicsystemisthesum-total5.之前加anofwhatpeopledoandwhattheywant.Theworkpeopledoeitherprovideswhattheyneedorprovidesthemoneywiththattheycanbuyessential6.whichcommodities.Ofcourse,mostpeoplehopetohaveenoughmoneytobuycommoditiesandserviceswhichareessentialbutwhichprovidesomeparticular7.nonessentialpersonalsatisfaction,suchastoysforchildren,visits8.之后加tothecinema,andbooks.Thescienceofeconomistisbasisuponthefacts9.basedofoureverydaylives.Economistsstudyoureverydaylivesandthegenerallifeofourcommunitiesinordertounderstandthewholeeconomicsystemofwhichweareapart.Theytrytodescribethefactsoftheeconomyinwhichwelive,andtoexplainhowitworks.Theeconomistmethodsshouldofcoursebe10.economist’sstrictlyobjectiveandscientific.Passage4Britishpeopledon’tdrinkasmanyteaasthey1.muchusedto,butGreatBritainstilltakesalmosttwenty-fivepercentofallworldexportsofthecommodity.TheworldlargestproducersofteaareIndia,China2.world’sandtheSriLanka.3.去掉Thequantityofteaisaffectedbytheclimate,4.qualitybythelatitudeatwhichitisgrownandalsobythatpartoftheteabushisplucked.Infact,as5.whichDominicBeddard,ateataster,tellsus,favourcan6.flavourevendependonwhichdaytheleafis

32plucked:”Thereareveryconsiderabledifferencesbetweenteasfromthesameestatemadeondifferentday,”hesays.7.daysProcessingteaisacomplicatedprocedure.Afterthegreenleafhasbeenplucked,itisprocessedinafactory.Quicklyandcarefully,theteaisreducedto8.slowlyasmallbrittleparticle,whichisthendriedandlooksliketheteayouseeinapacket.TheteacompaniesthenrelyontastersasDonimictovaluethetea.This9.之前加suchhastobedoneonaday-to-daybasisbecauseoffluctuationsinquality.HavingtotasteuptosixhundredcupsofteaadaycertainlycausesDominic’s10.makesjobanunusualone!Passage5Parentscanbesupportiveofsuspicions.Theycanbehelpfultotheteacher,orareinneedofhelp1.bethemselves.Sometimes,Ithinkparentsaretoohardtotheirchildren.Ihaveseenmanyparentsofthis2.onkind.Ioftenhavetheproblemofparentscominginandtellingmewhattheyreallytreattheirkids.They3.howtellmethattheyusuallystandovertheirkindswhentheydotheirhomework.Theychecktheirworkandmakebigfussoverthegrades.Theycriticizethekids4.之前加“a”overeverythinghavingtodowithschool.Myresponseusuallyis:”well,youknow,heisreallyagoodkid.Heisfineinmyclass.Maybeyoushouldnotbetoostrictwiththem.”5.himWewantparentstorealizethefactthatteachersareprofessorsatworkingwithchildren.Theyhave6.professionalobservedmanychildrenandmanyparents.Becauseofthis,andbecauseoftheirspecializedtraining,teacherscanberealisticaboutchildren.Teachersknowwhetherparentswanttheirchildrentodowell7.thatandtobehavewell.Butteachersknowlesswhat8.betterchildrenshouldbeabletodoatdifferentagesandstages.Theydon’texpectthe8-year-oldstodotheworkthatcanonlybedonebythe12-year-olds.Parents,inthecontrary,oftenexpecttheirchildren9.ontodowhatisusuallybeyondtheirageandability.Obviously,thismaymakegreatharmtothe10.dochildren’sdevelopment.

33Passage6Thusyouexperiencesuccessasyoucompleteeachchapter.Whileyouhavecompletedtheoverall5.havenotgoal,youknowyouhaveprogressedtowardit.Passage7althoughthetremendousamountsofmoney,time3.despiteandenergygivingovertooralhealth.Critics,ontheotherhand,slamtheprofession.Itcanbeconservativelyestimatedthatatleast15percentofUnitedStatesdentistsareincompetent,honest,orboth,saysaformer10.dishonestPassage8Allthesetokensofsuccessareinasensemerelybribesprovidedbyanotherperson.Therefore,theycanbe10.However\Buteffectiveanduseful.Passage9Itisnotjustinacademythatchildrenarebeenpushed4.beingtoofarandtoofast.SomeparentsstarttheirpreschoolWeneedtoabandonthefalsenotionsthatwecancreateexceptionalchildrenbyearlyinstructionandsuchchildrenaresymbolsofourcompetenceas8.之前加“that”parents.完型填空(cloze):

34做题七种武器①无关词排除②逻辑关系③同现④浮现⑤关联⑥时间线索⑦总分结构对照分析逻辑关系举例CloseTest4ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople41intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday’sworkforaday’spay.Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This“45”workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof50thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.41.[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate[D]slip42.[A]For[B]Because[C]As[D]Since43.[A]from[B]in[C]on[D]by44.[A]Eventhough[B]Nowthat[C]Ifonly[D]Providedthat45.[A]durable[B]disposable[C]available[D]transferable46.[A]approach[B]flow[C]fashion[D]trend47.[A]instantly[B]reversely[C]fundamentally[D]sufficiently48.[A]but[B]while[C]and[D]whereas49.[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated[D]confined50.[A]excitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm[D]importance

35同现举例ClozeTest5UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Theview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked同现举例ClozeTest3Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis42toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore43.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese44forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingof

36theSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep46is100percentfataltorats,yet,47examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearchhasnow48themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats49bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,50theirimmunesystems-theself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases-hadcrashed.41.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any42.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred43.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful44.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded45.[A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception[D]forthepurpose46.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction47.[A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton49.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce50.[A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonlyClozeTest5UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Theview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked

37关联举例ClozeTest6Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulation.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safe48.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.41.[A]at[B]in[C]on[D]with42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile[D]diverse43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance[D]requirement44.[A]where[B]how[C]what[D]unless45.[A]alter[B]differ[C]shift[D]distinguish46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing[D]justifying47.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even[D]Still48.[A]comesoff[B]turnsup[C]paysoff[D]holdsup49.[A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations[D]proclamations50.[A]anadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest[D]aprofit时间线索举例ClozeTest5UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650

38to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Theview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked总分总结构举例ClozeTest3Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis42toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore43.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese44forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep46is100percentfataltorats,yet,47examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearchhasnow48themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats49bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,50theirimmunesystems-theself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases-hadcrashed.41.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any42.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred43.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful44.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded45.[A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception[D]forthepurpose46.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]

39restriction47.[A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton49.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce50.[A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonlyClozeTest5UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Theview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked　　

40