新东方CET4----30天90分笔记打印版 3

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新东方CET4----30天90分笔记打印版3写作的重要性6分最低限，只要结构不出错，得分应该为9分。评判作文四级考试作文主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(TopicSentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。基本表达人们认为：itisgenerally/widelybelieved/held/agreedthat越来越：beincreasingly+adj.,beontherise,thegrowingnumberof万能理由（Omnipotence）1.方便：convenient/convenience2.效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency3.节省和浪费：savetime/money/space;economical,thriftwastetime/money/space;costly,lavish4.人的心理健康：independent,cooperative,competitive,considerate,confident,creative,sociable,perseverance;selfish,isolated,conserative5.人的身体健康：health,disease,strong,strength,energetic6.娱乐：colorful,pleasure,joy,recreation,entertainmentm,relaxtired,boring,lonely7.环境：environment,pollute,poisonous,dirty8.安全和危险：safe,danger,risk9.经验：experience,socialexperience,enterthesociety10.人际：humane,fair,unfair,help,assist,freedom,freely写完之后修改注意：（内容方面尽量不要修改）1、字母大小写2、怪符号3、单词拼写4、主谓一致5、动词时态6、名词单复数实例一题目：Bicycles――AnImportantMeansofTransportinChina提纲：（1）为什么自行车在中国这样普及（2）和汽车的比较（3）自行车在中国的前途Score:8BicycleisanimportantmeansoftransportinChina.TheimportantreasonofitistheeconomyofChinese.TheuseofbicycleinChinaiswidelybecausepeopleinChinahavenothighwage.Theycanonlyaffordabicycle,andtheyhavenomoneytobuyacarwhichistooexpensive.SoChineseusuallybuyabicycle,anduseittogotowork,orgototravelandsoon.TheotherreasonisthelargepopulationofChina.Allthesemadethebicyclebecometheimportantmeansoftransport.Thebicycle,comparedtothecar,isnottooexpensiveanditiseasytolearnandtouseanditcansavethesurfaceofputtingit.Itdoesn’tasktobuildthegaragelikecar.ThispointisveryimportanttoChina,becauseofthelackofland.Itisn’ttooexpensive,soChinesecanaffordit.Itdoesn’tneedanyoil,anditcan’tcausethepolusion.Allofthesearethegoodneedscomparedtothecar.Inthefuture,bicyclewillbewidelyused.Anditwillbeingooddemand.Peoplewillproducemuchmoremodernbicycles.Score:14BicyclesareverypopularinChina.Almosteveryfamilyinthecityhastwoorthreebicycles.Duringtherushhour,youcanseethatthousandsofpeople--manandwoman,oldandyoung--ridetheirbicyclestoworkandstudy.ThatiswhyChinaiscalled“thekingdomofbicycles”.注：1.第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。2.Duringtherushhour分词结构开头。3.破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。

1Comparedwithcars,bicyclesaresuperiorinmanyways.First,theyarecheap,convenientandeasytoride.Second,ridingbicycleisgoodforhealth.Third,theybringnonoisenorairpollution.Thoughcarsarefasterandmorecomfortable,theyaretooexpensive.Theyconsumeplentyofoilandtheypollutetheair.Sometimes,itisdifficultforadrivertoparkhiscar.Moreovertheyoftencausetrafficjamsandaccidents.注：1.Comparedwithcars分词结构开头。2.besuperiorto/beinferiorto优于/低于3.thirst,second,third英语语言有层次感，信号词4.cheap便宜，最好用inexpensive5.begoodforhealth对健康有好处（万能理由）6.Moreover表示递进Inmyopinion,thefutureofbicycleisverypromising.SinceChinaisadevelopingcountryandhasalargepopulation,Ithink,ridingbicycleisappropriatetoChinesepresentconditions.Itwillbeanimportantmeansoftransportationforquitealongtime.注：promising有前途的apromisingyoungmanScore:11Theremillionsofbicyclesintoday’sChina.Bicyclesareveryimportantmeansoftransportinpeople’sdailylives.Becausetorideabicycleisverysimple,tobuyabicyclewillnotcostsomuchmoney,toparkabicycleneedsjustasmallroomandtorideabicycledoesnotneedoilbuttherider’sstrength,bicyclesarepopularallovertheworld,especiallyinChina.注：第一句应该用therebe结构Comparedwithacar,abicycleismuchcheaper.ItismoresuitableforChinaasadevelopingcountry.Andabicyclehasalmostcausednopollutionbutacarhas.Onthecontrary,abicycleistooslow,itcostsmoretimesthanacar.IthinkthepopulationofChina’sbicyclewillbekeptforthelongrun.Becauseitwillbereplacedbyacar,abusandsooninsomedevelopedareasinChina,anditwillbemadeawideuseinthedevelopingareasinChina,thenumberofbicyclesinChinawillbethesameastodaybutIbelievethatit’squalitywillbeimproved.I、对比观点选择题：1.有人认为……；2.另外一些人认为……；3.谈谈你的观点和看法。（最好写成4段）实例二99年6月真题ReadingSelectivelyOrExtensively?Outline:1.有人认为读书要有选择2.有人认为应当博览群书3.我的想法Howshouldweread?Shouldwereadselectivelyorextensively?Everyonehashisownview.Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.Theyarguethatwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,moreandmorebooksarepublished.Itisimpossibleforustoreadallthebooks.What’smore,therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,andweshouldn’treadthem.Sincewecan’treadallthebooksandweshouldn’treadbadbooks,wemustreadselectively.Butothersmaynotagree,theyemphasizethattoday'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas.Ifonemanhasmanykindsofknowledge,hewillhavemorechancestosucceed.Ifamanknowsmuchinonefieldbutknowsnothinginotherfields,hemaybeuseless.Sincewemusthavemanykindsofknowledge,wemustreadextensively.Who’sright?Ithinkbothofthemhavesomethingright.ButIthinkweshouldreadextensivelyfirst.Weshouldreadbooksinmanyfields,andreadselectivelyinonefield.典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（启）ParagraphI：（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点；（2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。Score:14分Howshouldweread?Shouldwereadselectivelyorextensively?Everyonehashisownview.（启）注：第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（承）ParagraphII：（1）提出一种观点或优点；（2）本段的支持性分论点；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。Somepeoplethinkweshouldreadselectively.Theyarguethatwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,moreandmorebooksarepublished.Itisimpossibleforustoreadallthebooks.What’smore,therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,andweshouldn’treadthem.Sincewecan’treadallthebooksandweshouldn’treadbadbooks,wemustreadselectively.（承）注：1.本段总分总结构2.theyarguethat=theythinkthat

23.withthedevelopmentof...随着……的发展4.what'smore递进关系，moreover5.bad=pornographic色情的&violent暴力的典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（转）ParagraphIII：（1）承上启下的过渡句；（2）提出另一种观点或缺点；（3）本段的支持性分论点（4）本段总（可以省略）。Butothersmaynotagree,theyemphasizethattoday'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas.Ifonemanhasmanykindsofknowledge,hewillhavemorechancestosucceed.Ifamanknowsmuchinonefieldbutknowsnothinginotherfields,hemaybeuseless.Sincewemusthavemanykindsofknowledge,wemustreadextensively.（转）注：1.But转折词（信号词）2.theyemphasizethat=theythinkthat3.today'ssocietyisnotwhatitwas现代社会今昔非比4.许多知识awiderangeofknowledge/alargescopeofknowledge/muchknowledge；获取知识acquire/getknowledge5.knowsnothing→little；hemaybeuseless→hemaynotbeofgreatusetothesociety后者比前者更委婉典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（合）ParagraphIV：（1）平衡两种看法；（2）给出自己的观点。Who’sright?Ithinkbothofthemhavesomethingright.ButIthinkweshouldreadextensivelyfirst.Weshouldreadbooksinmanyfields,andreadselectivelyinonefield.（合）Score:11分Whenitcomestoreading,somepeoplethinkthatreadingselectivelyisagoodway,butsomeotherpeopledonotagreewiththem,theythinkthatreadingextensivelyisbetter.注：结构非常好，可以套用。Thosepeople,whothinkthatreadingselectivelyisbetter,believethatgoodbooksareasmanyasbadbooks.Thosegoodbookscangiveuspleasureandknowledge,whilethosebadbookscanonlyleadustothewrongway.So,theysuggestthatweshouldonlychoosethegoodbookstoreadandnevertouchthebadbooks.注：1.“people,who...,”应去掉逗号，改为限制性定语从句。2.asmanyasbadbooks改为asmanyasbadones3.leadustothewrongway改为leadsb.astray4.theysuggestthat=theythinkthat5.touch碰（闪光点词汇：如教材P7：shoulderingtheresponsibilityofdoingsth.肩负起责任）But,theotherpeople,whoholdthatreadingextensivelyisbetter,thinkthatonekindofbookscanonlygiveusoneaspectofknowledge.Eventhebestbookonlycontainsonefieldofinformation.So,theycaneasilycometotheconclusionthat“toknowmore,toreadmore”.Sotheybelievethatreadingextensivelyisbetter.注：1.hold认为同样表示“think”的词还有argue,emphasize,believe,suggest,claim,insist,maintain,agree,hold2.thebestbook在西方国家是“圣经”的意思3.toknowmore,toreadmore错误，中式英语Tomypoint,weshouldchoosegoodbookstoreadandreadgoodbooksasmanyaspossible.Bythisway,wecanincreasethequalityandquantityofreading.范文22.IsTelevisionaBlessingoraCurse?Now,itisgenerallyacceptedthattelevisionplaysanimportantpartinpeople’slives.But,thereisanongoingheateddiscussionastowhethertelevisionisablessingoracurse.注：itisgenerallyacceptedthat人们通常认为Asisoftenpointedoutbysomepeople,televisionkeepsonebetterinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinpoliticsandscience,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandstimulating.Themostdistantcountries,thestrangestcustomsandthemostattractivescenesofnaturearebroughtrightintoone’sroom.注：1.Asisoftenpointedoutbysomepeople=Somepeoplethinkthat2.“使……”不用make，而用keep,allow,offerHowever,otherpeopleinsistthattelevisionisacurseratherthanablessing.Theyarguethatithasbroughtaboutmanyseriousproblems.Themajoroneisitseffectsonyoungpeople.Theyarenowsousedtogettingtheirinformation,educationandentertainmentfromtelevisionthattheirliteracyaswellasphysicalabilityhasbeengreatlyweakened.Even

3worsethanthat,vulgarcommercialsandindecentprogramsmaycultivatetheirbadtastes,distorttheirviewpointstowardshumanlifetosuchadegreethattheirmindsmightbecorrupted.Insummary,televisionhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Whatevereffectsithas,onethingiscertain,televisioninitselfisneithergoodnorbad.Itistheusestowhichitisputthatdeterminesitsvaluetosociety.范文5.TravellingPeoplewholiketravellinghavetheirreasons.Theymaintainthattravellingcanhelpthemexpandtheirscopeofknowledge,especiallygeographicalandhistoricallearning.Theygoontopointoutthattouringwillprovidemorechanceforthemtoenjoyfoodandtryonclothesthattheyotherwisecannotpossiblehave.注：geographicalandhistorical押尾韵，如：押头韵clear&cleanThosewhodisliketravellinghavetheirreasons.Theywouldarguethattravellingmeansaconsiderableamountofmoneyandenergy.Forexample,trafficandaccommodationrequiremoneyandwalkingwhileseeingsightsoftentiresyou.Inpractice,travellingdoesmoregoodthanharm.Ifyourfinanceandhealthpermit,youmightaswelldosometravellingfromtimetotime.Itwillatleastenableyoutogetfamiliarwithpeopleandthingsthatyouwillprobablygrowtolikeandlove.注：1.inpractice=Ithink2.doesmoregoodthanharm好处比坏处多，其他表达方法：besuperiorto/inferiorto比如：theadvantagesaresuperiortothedisadvantages3.enable使范文1.IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?AtestofspokenEnglishwillbeincludedasanoptionalcomponentoftheCollegeEnglishTest(CET).SomepeoplearguethatitisabsolutelynecessarytoholdatestofspokenEnglishinChinabecausewehavebeeninformedfrequentlythataChinesestudentwhohasbeenlearningEnglishforovertenyearscannotevencommunicatewithanativespeaker.SometimeseventhosetopstudentswhoexcelingrammarandwritingskillsfindtheirEnglishinadequatetoexpresstheirthoughtsfreely.AtestofEnglishwillbringthecollegestudentsanawarenessoftheimportanceoforalEnglish,andwillthushelpthemwiththeircommunicatingskills.使句子具有表现力的手段：1、用形容词修饰名词；2、副词修饰动词、副词修饰形容词Ontheotherhand,someothersstillmaintainthatagoodcommandofreadingandwritingskillswillbeenoughfortheEnglishlearners.Tosomeextenttheiropinionderivesfromthefactthatstudentsarealreadyunderconsiderablepressurefromtheiropinionderivesfromthefactthatstudentsarealreadyunderconsiderablepressurefromtheircoursework.Anotherrequiredtestwillonlyaddtotheirburden.Moreover,somestudentsmaytaketheshortcutbyfocusingonseveralguessedquestionsaccordingtothefixedformatofthetest,hopingforacoincidencetobringthemgoodluck.Inmyopinion,atestofspokenEnglishwilldomoregoodthanharm.SinceChinawillcontinueitspolicyofopeningandreform,theabilitytospeakEnglishfluentlyisamustforanyonewhowantstosurpassothersinahighlycompetitivesociety.WhetherItakethetestornot,IshallsparenoeffortstopracticeoralEnglishintheremainingyearsofmycollegestudy.范文21.Shouldsmokingbebanned?Shouldsmokingbebanned?Answerstothisquestionvarygreatly.Somepeopleareinfavoroftheideaofsmoking.Theyalwayssaythatitcangetridofthetirednessandmakethemrefreshed.Andtheyalsosaythatgivingandbeinggivencigarettesisasignoffriendship.Therefore,theycarrycigaretteswiththemwherevertheygo.注：1.varygreatly许多种2.beinfavorof=agree/beoftheopinionthat3.getridofthetirednessandmakethemrefreshed使人神清气爽4.Givingandbeinggiven给与被给。主、被动关系在英文中用现在、过去分词表达。Butotherpeopleconsideritveryharmfultopeople’shealth.Theyhaveheardtheofficialreportsthatonepersonintheworlddiesfromsmokingeverysecond.Andtheyhaveheardthedoctor’swarningthatsmokersaremorelikelytohavelungcancerandtoincreasetheirchancesofhavingheartattack.Inaddition,smokingpollutestheairandmaycausefireaccidents.Thusithasbecomeamajorthreattopeople’slifeandproperty.注：1.Theyhaveheardtheofficialreportsthat...官方报告表明..2.bemorelikelyto更有可能，更容易3.chance可能Thereissometruthinbotharguments,buthuman’slifeandpropertyoutweighsanythingelse.Ifsmokingbringsusillnessanddeath,whynothaveitbannedbythegovernment?Withoutcigarettes,can’twecomeupwithbetterwaystoexpressourfriendshipandtomakeusrefreshed?注：1.outweigh比……重要，同样的表达：besuperiorto/beinferiorto。overweight超重2.最后用两句反问句结尾，非常精妙。课后作业PrivateCars写成4段的首段写法：①Inrecentyears,withfasteconomicgrowth,privatecarshaveappearedinmanyfamiliesinChina.People'sattitudetowardprivatecarsvarieswidely.②Withtheincreaseinthegeneralstandardofliving,someordinaryChinesefamiliesbegintoaffordaprivatecar.Yet,

4people'sopinionsofprivatecarsvaryfrompersontoperson/publicattitudetowarditvariesgreatly/widely./isquiteofthecontrary./differssharply.③Inrecentfewyears,thephenomenon/issue/problemofowningaprivatecarhasbeenbroughttopublicattention/inthelimelight.People'sviewson/opinionsofowingaprivatecarvarywidely.写成3段的首段写法：Withthedevelopmentofmodernsociety/scienceandtechnology,/Withtheimprovementofpeople'slivingstandard,moreandmorepeoplecanownprivatecars.carsareenteringordinaryfamilies.thegrowingnumberofpeople/peopleineverincreasingnumberscanhaveaccesstoprivatecars.(此句是引言)支持段的主题句：Somepeopleclaimthat/Asispointedoutthat/Itisgenerallybelievedthat/Itiswidelyacceptedthat,therearesomeadvantagesofowningaprivatecar.Thereisnodoubtthatprivatecarsbenefitpeoplehugely.支持段的分论点：①方便First,privatecarsprovidepeoplewiththemostconvenientformoftransportation.②舒适Second,itiscomfortableforpeopletotravelin,especiallyinchangeableweather/rainingdays/sandstorm.③炫耀Third,onlyaprivatecarcanshowaperson'ssocialstatus/achievement/success/prosperityinhisorhercareer.否定段的主题句：①However(Nonetheless/Nevertheless/But),therearesomedisadvantagesofowingaprivatecar/Everycoinhastwosides.②Whileenjoyingtheconveniencethatprivatecarsbringus,weshouldnotignoretheproblemtheycreate/produce/introduce/make.③Despite/Inspiteof/Foralltheadvantages,theybringstheirowndisadvantages/problems/negativeeffects④Likeanythingelse,privatecarsalsohavetheirownweakness/limits.⑤However,privatecarsarenotwithoutshortcomings/faults.⑥Yetotherspeakoftheproblemsprivatecarshavebrought.Theycomplainthat......⑦However,privatecarsmayalsobringwithitproblemsoursocietyhadnotpreviouslyfaced.⑧Despitetheincreaseinefficiencyandconveniencegeneratedbyprivatecars,thechangestheybringcouldverywellleadtopotentiallyadverseconsequences.否定段的分论点：①占有空间Ontheonehand,privatecarstakeup/occupytoomuchspace.②交通事故Ontheotherhand,adrivershouldbecareful/cautiouswhiledriving,otherwise,caraccidentsaremorelikelytohappen.③污染环境What'smore/Inaddition,privatecarsgiveoff/discharge/releaseCOwhichpollutetheenvironment/air.注意：所谓上义词是指抽象、概括和笼统的，就是比较superordinate的词；而下义词就是具体的东西，即subordinate的东西。第四段（总结段）的写法：①Despiteallthedisadvantagesmentionedabove,Istillthinkthattheadvantagesoutweigh/aregreaterthanthedisadvantages.Asfortheaboveproblem,I'msuretheywillbesettledbythescientistsinthefuture/Itisonlyamatteroftimefortheproblemstobesolved.②Unquestionably,thechallengeofprivatecarsmeansweallshouldconsiderhowwecancontrolthem,sothattheywillnotcontrolus.③Whethertheprivatecarsareablessingoracurseisadifficultquestiontoanswer,yetthedesireforthecomfortandindependenceaprivatecarcanbringwillnotbeelminated.④Anyway/Anyhow/Inanycase,whethertheeffectisgoodorbad,onethingiscertain:privatecarshavechangedandwillcontinuetochangethewayofourtransportation,ourleisureandourlife.选择题型变体逻辑结构（MyViewonSth.）选择性观点的变体的文章写作逻辑结构：ParagraphI:（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点；（2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。ParagraphII:（1）提出作者观点（本文主题句）；（2）举例加以论证。ParagraphIII:（1）总结全文（再次强调作者观点）范文17.MyViewonFateThereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleastotheviewoffate.Somepeoplebelievethateveryoneisborntoacertainthathecannotchange,whilesomeotherpeoplethinkthateverymanisthemasterofhisownlife.

5注：1.consensus相同意见2.第一句话可以套用，如范文18：Thereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleastotheviewofwealth.3.while轻微转折和对比，强转折用词but,however4.master主人AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreewiththelatteropinion.Thereisasaying,“Everyoneisthearchitectofhisownfuture.”Whichmeansone’sfateisdecidedinhisownhands.Infact,nooneisdestinedtoacertainfateinhisorherlife.Thosewhoclaimthattheywereborntofailorbeunluckyjustcan’trealizehowmuchinnerstrengthandabilitytheyhave.Wemustdependonourselvestochangesourlivesandmakeussuccessfulandhappy.注：1.第一句asfaras与Iagree重复，把后半句改为thelatteropinionseemsmorereasonable。2.architect建筑师，archor弓箭手3.Infact前后是转折关系，之前从正面阐述，之后从反面阐述范文17.MyViewonFate（续）Let’stakeHelenKeller,anextraordinaryAmericanwoman,forexample.Whenshewasonly19monthsold,shebecameblindanddeaf.Insteadofacceptinghermisfortunehelplessly,sheshowedgreatcourageandunconquerablespiritinfightingagainstherdestinedfateandwasawardedthePresident’sMedalofFreedomin1964becauseoftheachievementsshehadmadeforhelpingtheblind,thedeafandthespeechless.Thisstorytellsusthatawisemanisalwayscreatinghisownfateratherthanwaitingforgoodluck.注：1.本段开始举例2.Let'stake……forexample中间是插入语，表示强调，举例不宜太长。Inconclusion,IbelievethateveryoneisbornequalandisthebuilderofhisownfateWecanhavegoodfortuneonlyifwetakepainsandworkhard.Weshouldbearthefollowingsayinginmind,“Everymanisthemasterofhisownfate.”注：bearsth.inmind：把……牢记在心范文13.TheWaytoSuccess第二段：Strongwill,perseveranceanddiligencearethethreeessentialsofsuccess.Amanofstrongwillandperseverancealwayshasaninflexiblespirit.Hestickstohiscausenomatterhowtoughitmightbe.Dr.SunYat-senwassuchaman.Manyofhisattemptsfailed,butheheldtohispurposewithfirmnessandfinallysucceededinoverthrowingtheQingDynasty.Diligencemeanssteadinessinone’sworkandstudy.SuQinstabbedhimselfinordertokeepattentivetostudies.Marxoftenworked15hoursaday.Lifeisshortandwehavemanythingstodo.Withoutdiligencenoonecanachieveanything.II、社会热点话题写作逻辑结构Paragraph1:(1)概括性的引出要评论的事物或观点（general）；(2)具体描述这个事物或者观点（或者是我对这个现象/事物的基本看法specific）。Paragraph2:(1)作者对该现象货问题的基本看法，即文章的论点句；(2)支持性的细节分论点（至少两点）；(3)本段总结（可以省略）。Paragraph3:(1)总结全文，定下结论（通常为我的对策或看法）。四级作文试题2000年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinancemyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast100words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.上大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过多多种途径解决。2.哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducationHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation第一段：首先，应该是用一种描述性的语言引出讨论的重点：Nowadays/Atpresent/Currently/Thesedays/Today,tuitionsandfeesforcollegestudentsare【moreexpensive】muchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinancemycollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcern.第二段：有多种的方法，例如：1.向父母;2.银行贷款3.打工挣钱第二段主题句：Therearemanywaystosupportmycollegeeducationfinancially./Waystosupportmyuniversitystudyfinanciallyvarygreatly/arevarious.第二段分写：Inthefirstplace,Icanget/gain/obtainallthemoneyfrommyparents.Inthesecondplace,Icanapplyfor/askforabankloan,especiallysetup/establishedforcollegestudents/undergraduates.

6What’smore,Icanfindaparttimejobtoearnenoughmoney.第三段：我所赞同的方法（阐述原因，为何不选其他的方法）。Personally/AsfarasI’mconcerned/Inmyopinion/Frommypointofview/Tomywayofthinking/AsIseeit,Ipreferthebankloanforthefollowingreasons.Foronething,myparentsarenotrichenoughtoaffordme.Foranother,Iwillnothaveenoughtimeandenergytostudyafterfinishingmypart-time/temporary/oddjobs.Inaddition,IbelieveIcanhuntarewarding/dreamjobaftergraduation,andthenIwillbeabletopayoff/payback/return/giveback.Therefore/So/Hence,.....使文章富有表现力的手段：1、使用有难度的词汇；2、使用形容词修饰名词，用副词修饰动词或整个句子；3、使用被动语态；4、使用倒装句；(notonly...butalso...；only...)5、尽可能地使用名词，而不是习惯中的动词和形容词。绿化我们的城市第一段：近年来，随着工商业的迅猛发展，许多大城市中树木的数量大幅度降低。人们作出各种努力防止树木被砍伐，但是，认识到绿化城市也同样重要。普通版Recently,withthedevelopmentofbusinessesandindustries,moreandmoretreeshavedisappearedinbigcities.Wehavetriedourbesttopreventpeoplefromcuttingtrees.But,itisimportanttorealizetomakeourcitiesgreen.润色版Incontemporarysociety,whileourindustriesandbusinesseshaveexperienceda(n)rapid/fast/amazing/marked/fantasticdevelopment,thenumberoftreesinmanylargecitieshasdeclined/decreased/reducedsharply/dramatically.Althoughremarkableeffortshavebeenexertedtopreventmoretreesfrombeingcut,therealizationofmakingcitiesgreenerisstillofgreatimportance.注：区分industry和industrial绿化我们的城市（续）第二段：绿化城市会带来很多好处。其一，绿化城市能够净化空气。科学研究已经证明树木通过吸收作用可以降低大气中碳化合物的含量。其二，它能够美化城市。到处是花草树木，我们会欣然地感到自己置身于美丽的花园中。最后，绿化城市能够带来大量木材，这是解决自然资源短缺的有效办法。普通版Therearemanyadvantagesinmakingcitiesgreener.First,itmakesourairclean.Scientificresearchhasprovedthattreescanreduceagreatamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospherethroughabsorption.Second,itaddstothebeautyofourcities.Withtreesandflowerseverywhere,thereisapleasantfeelingthatweliveinabeautifulgardenandareclosertonature.Finally,itwillbringusalotoftimber.Andthisisaneffectivewaytosolvetheproblemoflackofnaturalresources.润色版Whatbenefitscantheprogramofmakingcitiesgreenerbringtous?First,theairwillbecleaner.Scientificexperimentshavealreadyprovedthattreescanreduceairpollutionbyproducingalotofoxygen.Thiswillimprovethequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Second,ourcitieswilllookmorebeautiful.Justimaginethecitywhichisfulloftreesandflowers.Whatanattractivegardenitis!What’smore,bymakingcitiesgreener,wecanprovideourindustrywithtimberthepreciousnaturalresources.绿化我们的城市（续）第三段：绿化城市需要全国人民共同努力，人们不仅要广泛认识到城市绿化对城市环境的贡献，还应该同心协力栽植更多的树木并保护它们不受商业使用的侵犯。普通版Makingcitiesgreenerrequirespeople’seffortsalloverthecountry.Andpeopleshouldnotonlyrealizethatitisimportanttomakecitiesgreenerforitscontributiontourbanenvironment,butalsoplanttreesandprotectthemfrombeingusedinbusiness.

7润色版Makingcitiesgreenerrequiresmorethanwidespreadawareness;itcallsforanimmediatecommitmenttoplantingmoretreesandgrowingmoreflowers.(Makingcitiesgreenerrequiresthewholenation’sefforts.Andnotonlyshouldmostpeoplegaintheawarenessofthesignificantcontributionofmakingcitiesgreenertourbanenvironment,butalsomakeacommitmenttotheprotectionofmoretreesagainstbusiness.)句型变化A.(1)Wecanimaginethebeautifulsurroundings.(2)Therearemanytreesalongthestreets.(3)Thereisacleanriverinthecity.(4)Therearemanyfishesintheriver.(5)Therearewillowtreesontheoneside.(6)Therearesomepiecesofgrasslandontheotherside.(7)Therearemanyflowersonthem.B.(1)Justimaginethebeautifulsurroundingsifwehavemadeourcitiesgreener.(2)Greentreeslinethestreets.(3)Acleanriverwindsthroughthecity,inwhichalotoffishesabound.(4)Ontheonesidestandrowsofwillowtrees.(5)Ontheothersideliesastretchofgrasslandsprinkledwithmanyyellowandredflowers.1.Therebe...1)a.Therearefewerandfewercitizenswholiketoseefilms.b.Filmsarenowlosingtheirappealformanycitizens.2)a.Therearemanypeoplewhocomplainofseverehousingshortages.b.Housingshortagesbecomethesourceofgreatcomplaint.2.If1)a.Ifyoucomparethetwomethodscarefully,youwillfindthedifference.b.Carefulcomparisonofthetwomethodswillshowyouthedifference.2)a.Ifweonlyapplybookknowledge,wewillnotgetgoodresult.b.Theapplicationofbookknowledgealonewillnotbringyougoodresult.3)a.Ifthereisnopollution,mancancertainlysurvive.b.Mancancertainlysurviveintheworldwherethereisnopollution.3.Inorderto1)a.Inordertopreventtheproblembecomingtooserioustosolve,wemusttakeanimmediatestep.b.Animmediatestepmustbetakenbeforetheproblembecomestooserioustosolve.2)a.Inordertobuildastableandprosperousnation,peopleshouldmakenewefforts.b.Neweffortswillbring...4.Moreandmore1)a.MoreandmorepeoplenowprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.b.PeopleineverincreasingnumbersprefertostayathomeandwatchTV.2)a.Moreandmorepeoplewhobecomemoreandmorerichcanaffordamotorcycle.b.Thegrowingnumberofpeoplewhobecomeincreasinglyrichcannowaffordamotorcycle.3)a.Moreandmoreteenagerssmokecigarettesinrecentyears.b.Teenagesmokingisontherise/increase/decrease/declineinrecentyears.4)a.Moreandmoreteachersareneededwiththedevelopmentofeconomy.b.Thereisanincreasingdemandforteacherswiththedevelopmentofeconomy.5)a.Moreandmoretreeshavedisappearedinthecity.b.Thereisasharpdeclineinthenumberoftreesinthecity.社会热点话题写作练习：JobsforGraduates1)大学生难找工作2)原因很多3)解决的办法Withthefantasticdevelopmentofmodernsociety,peopleineverincreasingnumbershaveaccesstotertiaryeducation（高等教育）.Asaresult,job-huntingisnowbecomingheadacheformostgraduates.范文23：Nowadays,collegegraduatescometorealizethatitisnoteasytogetarewardingjob.Most/Manyofthemcannotgetajobrightaftergraduation.Thejobmarketforcollegestudents/graduatesisgettingtighterandtighter.Accordingtoasurvey,only80%ofcollegegraduatesoftheclassof2002foundjobstheyeartheygraduated,comparedwith95%in2000.Whydocollegegraduatesfinditincreasinglydifficulttogetjobs?第二段细节论证

8分析原因：1、Amongthemostconvincing/importantreasonsgiven/cited/offered/identifiedbypeopleforthisproblem/phenomenon,oneshouldbestressed/emphasized/mentioned...2、Onemayregard/see/view/thinkofthetrend/increase/phenomenonasasignof/resultof/responseto/reactionto...3、Theincrease/change/failure/successin...mainly/largely/partlyresultsfrom/arisesfromisdueto/owingto/attributabletothefactthat/severalfactors...Severalyearsago,manystudentswereenrolledin/admittedto/takenin/matriculatedpopularmajor,sothatthesupplyissuperiorto/outweigh/exceedsthedemand.Manygraduatesarereluctanttoworkintheremoteareas/westernprovinces/developingareas/lessdevelopedcountry.Graduateswithoutworkingexperiencesarenowlosingtheirappealformanyinternationalcooperations,suchas...国家制定法律法规个人接受教育III、图表题（table,bargraph,piechart,linegraph）图表题的写作逻辑结构：ParagraphI:（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写；（2）具体描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。ParagraphII:（1）提出自己理由和观点（本段主题句）；（2）细节性分论点（主要是原因，用于支持自己的观点，至少两点）。ParagraphIII:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法；（2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点【标题】ChangesinPeople’sDietDirections:Writeathree-paragraphcompositionto:1.Statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.2.Givepossiblereasonsforthechanges.3.Drawyourownconclusion.Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.【短文】ChangesinPeople’sDietInthepastfiveyearstherehavebeenmanychangesinpeople’sdiet.Grain,asthemainfoodofmostChinese,isnowplayingalessimportantrole,whiletheproportionofsomehigh-energyfoods,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreased.Whathascausedthesechanges?Ithinktherearetworeasons.First,peoplenowhavemoremoney.Thepriceofmeatandmilkismuchhigherthanthatofgrain,sointheolddayspeoplecouldn’taffordthem.Nowtheyhaveenoughmoneytobuybothmeatandmilk.Second,peoplenowadayspaymoreattentiontotheelementsoftheirdiet.Theylookforawell-balanceddietthatwillbegoodfortheirhealth.Inshort,therehavebeenchangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyearsbecauseoffinancialandhealthreasons,andtherewillbefurtherchangesinthefuture【修改版】Ascanbeseenfromthetable,thepastfiveyearshaswitnesseddramaticchangesinpeople’sdiet.Grain,asthestaplefoodofmostChinese,isnowplayingalessimportantroleintheirdiet,whiletheconsumptionofhighqualityfoodsuchasmeat,milkandfruithasgreatlyincreased.Therearetwofactorsleadingtothechange.Foronething,peoplenowenjoyahigherstandardofliving.Intheolddaysfewfamiliescouldaffordmeatandmilkeveryday,whichoftenmeantabigchunkofthefamilyincome.Butnowpeoplehaveenoughmoneytotastearichverityoffoods.Foranother,peopleoftodayattachmoreattentiontonutrition.Theyarenotmerelycontenttofillthestomach.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietwhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth.Inaword,withpeople’sstandardoflivinggettinghigherandhigher,changesintheirdietwillbemoreobviousandgreater.图表题的适用句型：1.Aswecanseefromthechart/graph/table/diagram,...2.Thechart/graphshows/displaysthat...3.Ascanbeshowninthetable...,4.Thefigures/statisticsinthechartreflect/show/revealthat...,5.Itisclear/apparentfromthechart/tablethat...

9V、谚语格言题逻辑结构ParagraphI：（1）点明要阐释的谚语或名言（general）；（2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，有时有正反两面的逻（specific）。ParagraphII：（1）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即文章的论点句；（2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）；ParagraphIII：总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。PracticeMakesPerfectPracticeisthekeytosuccessinallfieldsofactivity.Itispracticealonewhichenablesustobuildupspeedandefficiency.Whenweaccomplishsomethingperfectlywithoutwastingeffort,thisistheresultoflongpractice.【改写为】AnEnglishproverbsays/Oneofthegreatestmenonceremarked/Nearlyeverycivilizationhasitsownequivalenttotheproverb:"Practicemakesperfect".Itmeansthat/Inotherwords,itispracticealonewhichenablesustobuildupspeedandefficiency.Whenweaccomplishsomethingwithoutwastingeffort,thisistheresultoflongpractice.PracticeMakesPerfect（续）TakethestudyofEnglishforexample.Onlypracticecanenableustospellwordscorrectlyandmastertherulesofgrammar.Anditisonlythroughpracticethatwecanbecomefluentinspeakingandwriting,thereisnootherway.Anothergoodexampleissports.Practiceistheonlywaytobecomestrongerandrunfaster.Besides,inteamgamespracticeiswhatimprovesoursenseofcooperationandhelpstheteamtowin.【改写为】History/Oursocietyaboundswiththeexamplesof"Practicemakesperfect".......（正反两方面都举例子）Ontheotherhand/Onthecontrary,nopracticewillonlyleadustofailure.Thereishardly/scarcelyamanwhocanachievesuccesswithoutpractice.Allevidencepointsto/justifies/lendssupportstothefactthatpracticeisthekeytosuccessinallfieldsofactivity.举例一般为：英语学习；体育锻炼Tosumup,therecanbenoachievementwhichisnotbasedonasolidfoundationofpractice.【改写为】Foruscollegestudents,thesaying/proverbhasaprofoundandrealisticsignificance:therecanbenoachievementwhichisnotbasedonasolidfoundationofpractice课后复习（self-studyProgram）1、课堂讲解内容：体会用词艺术和丰富的句式2、写作练习：2002年6月真题（StudentUseofComputers）3、记忆写作万能理由和基本表达4、完型填空练习：完成Passage1--Passage3做题步骤：（1）通读全文，了解文章大意；（2）初选答案（排除法、优选法）；（3）寻找线索；（4）回头补缺；（5）核实答案。图表题：2002年6月考题Topic:StudentUseofComputers(atleast150words)1、上图所示为1990、1995、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。2002年6月的图表题作文：Asisshownbythebargraph,theaveragenumberofhoursastudentinacertainuniversityspendsonthecomputerperweekincreaseddramaticallyovertheperiodfrom1990to2000.In1990,itwaslessthantwohours.Andin1995,ithit/reachfourhours.Andin2000,thenumbersoaredto（飞速上升）nearlytwentyhours,whichisovertentimesthanthatof1990.

10注：soaredto/boom/shootup/rocket/jump飞速上升climb上升很慢shrink下降，缩水第一段还有一种写法：……In1990,thenumberwaslessthan2hours,whilethefigurehit4hours（或者这样写：whilein1995,）ascomparedwiththatof1990,ithadalmostdoubled.Andwhatimpressusmostisthatthefiguresoaredto...,which…Obviouslycomputersarebecomingincreasinglypopularformalesandforfemales.Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfortherise.Inthefirstplace,computersfacilitateusinmoreaspectsoflife.Also,therapiddevelopmentoftheinternetenlargesourdemandsforusingcomputers.Wecaneasilycontactfriendsinremoteplacesthroughtheinternet.Inthesecondplace,thepricesofcomputersaregettinglowerandlower,whichenablemorestudentstopurchasethem.However,therestillexistsomeproblems,suchas,poorquality,out-of-datedesignsandsoon.Andhowtobalancethetimebetweenusingcomputersanstudyingisalsoaseriousproblem.Anyhow,wewillbenefitalotfromcomputersaslongasweusethemproperly.IV、书信题的写作方法：（一）信封格式：名字、信箱、地域范围由小到大，写在右下角（与我们相反）。（二）信纸格式：日期：背月份的缩写称呼（后面的标点是逗号）:DearSirorMadam,Towhomitmayconcern,正文：空4个字节或者顶格写，段与段之间空行）签名：sincerelyyours书信写作的五点要求：1、开门见山说意图2、咨询/建议1、2、3、3、不同内容可分段4、感谢客气不可少5、期待回信成老套（三）开头段：1、告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你）DearSir/Mr.Prometheus,Iwasastudentatyourcollege,enrolledinPhilosophyDepartment./Iama…atyour…/Iama…atyourcollege,enrolledinthe…course./Mynameis…,Iam…2、问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）DearPrometheus,Hello/Hi.Howareyou?/Ihopeeverythingisfine./Howarethingsgoingwithyou?/Howareyougettingonin/gettingalongwith…..?3、解释写信的原因（1）致谢：IdeeplyappreciateyourcourtesyandIhopetoreciprocateyourfavorwhentheopportunityarises./Iamgreatlyindebtedtoyoufor(thedouble)youhavegonetoonmybehalf./ThankyouforyourletteraboutstudyinginCanada./IamwritingtotellyouhowgratefulIamfor…/Iwouldliketothankyoumostsincerelyfor…（2）抱怨：Iamwritingtocomplainaboutthepoorserviceatyourdining-room./Iamwritingtoexpressmydissatisfactionwith/at…/Iwishtomakeacomplaintabout…/Iamwritingtodrawyourattentionto…./IamafraidIhavegotacomplaintabout….（3）致歉：

11Iwouldbegratefulifyouwouldbesokindastoprovidemewithcertainessentialinformationregardingthefollowingaspects./IamwritingtoyoubecauseIamunableto…./Ianterriblysorrythat…./Iwouldliketoexpressmyapologiesfornotbeingableto….（4）询问：Iwouldliketoobtain/request/seek/inquireaboutsomeinformationabout…/Iamwritingtoaskifyoucandomeafavor./Iwouldlikesomedetailedinformationon/about….（四）结尾段：1、发出请求（1）Pleasegivethismatteryourimmediateattention.（2）Iwouldverymuchappreciateitif……assoonaspossible.（3）Pleaserendermesomevaluableadvicewhichisconductivetomyfinaldecision.2、提供帮助（1）Ihopethese……willbehelpful,andpleasefeelfreetocontactmeformoreinformation.（2）……willbetakingresponsibilityforyouandifyoushouldneedanyassistance,she/hewillbepleasedtohelpyou3、再次表示歉意或感激（1）Thankyouforyourkindassistance.（2）Pleaseacceptmyheartfeltthanksanddeepestgratitude,nowandalways.（3）IamsorrythatIcannot……,andtrustthatyouwillunderstand.（4）Inaddition,letmeapologizeforanyinconvenienceImayhavecaused.（5）Ishallfeelobligedbyareplyatyourearliestconvenience.（6）Onceagain,Iamsorryforanyinconveniencecaused.4、期盼回信：R.S.V.P.（1）Ilookforwardtoyourpromptresponse.（2）Lookingforwardtoapromptreply,（3）Iexpecttohearfromyouverysoon.（4）Ihopetoreceiveyourreplyshortly.（5）Iamalreadyeagerlyawaitingyourreplytothisfirstletter.书信题范文：2001.6Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringtheweek-longholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.1．表示欢迎2.提出度假安排的建议3．提醒应注意的事项ALettertoaSchoolmateJune23,2001DearXiaoWangExampleI:DearXiaoWang,Iamveryhappytolearnthatyouaregoingtovisitmeduringtheweek-longholiday.Myparentswillalsobehappytoseeyouagain.Iamsureyouwillenjoyeveryminutehere.Iknowyoulikeswimming.Ariverliesnotfarawayfrommyhome.Wecangoswimmingthere.Ithinkitwouldbeverypleasantandrefreshingtoswiminsuchhotsummerdays.Ineverybigroomofmyhomethereisanair-conditioner.WecanwatchTV,playVCDsorreadbooksverycomfortablyathome.Amountainabouttwomilesawayfromhereisbeautifulanditisworthtouring.Wecangothereonfoot.Whenweclimbtothetopofthemountain,wecanhaveawonderfulbirdseyeviewofthewholevillage.Justphonemebeforeyousetoff.Thereisnoneedforyoutotakeanything.I’llprepareeverythingforyou.Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyousoon.Yours,ZhangYin

12公文信函:2002.1Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusYoushouldwriteatleast100words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。January12th,2002DearMr.President,LiMingfreshman大一sophomore大二junior大三senior大四ExampleII:DearMr.Prometheus,IamastudentatyourTOEFLclassandIamwritingtoexplainmyabsencefromclassessinceMarch11,2001.OnMarch10,2001,Iwasinvolvedinaseriousmotorvehicleaccident.Iwastransportedtothehospitalinanambulance,whereIwastreatedforabrokenankle,fracturedcollarbone,and3bruisedribs.Mydoctoradvisedcompletebedrestfor6weeks,andasaresult,IhavebeenunabletoattendclassessinceMarch11,2001.Iamconcernedaboutkeepingupwithmystudies,andhavebeendoingtherequiredreadings,asassignedbyyou.MybiggestconcerniswhetherIwillbeabletoparticipatethefinalclass.Wouldyoupleaseadvisemeregardingmycourses,specificallyiftherewillbeanyspecialconsiderationgiventomeinlightofmycurrentsituation?Thankyouforyourkindassistance.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Sincerely,Janet,StudentNo…题型总结：对比观点选择题：4段社会热点话题：3段图表题：书信题：格言题：描写叙述题：http://www.gzneworiental.org/完型填空做题技巧（一）PrepTipsforClozeI．做题步骤：1、通读全文，了解文章大意；文章两种模式：总分、对比；2、初选答案（排除法、优选法）；3、寻找线索；4、回头补缺；5、核实答案。II．出题重点：1．词语的辨析：1）同义词；2）反义词；3）形近词；形近词举例：Test2...ordownfrighteninghillsidestotowns__87__indeepvalleys.87.A)lyingB)layingC)laidD)lied注：说谎：lieliedliedlying躺：lielaylainlying

13放置，下蛋：laylaidlaidlaying2．逻辑关系：1）列举/种属关系：such…as;especially;inparticular;specifically;forexample;forinstance;likely;2）因果关系：because(for);dueto;owingto;thanksto;since;for;as;forthereasonthat;seeingthat;3）并列/递进：besides;likewise;moreover;also;too;what’smore;apartfrom;except;furthermore;notnoly…butalso….;inaddition;4）转折/让步关系：however;but;nevertheless;nonetheless;whereas;still;though;although;anyhow;anyway;inanycase;yet;5）对比关系：bycontrast;incontrast;bycomparison;like;as…as;onthecontrary;conversely;oppositely;….than….;逻辑关系举例1：Test4Sometimeshomeworkisreturned76briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.76.A)byB)inC)forD)with逻辑关系举例2：Test2TheUnitedStatesiswell-knownforitsnetworkofmajorhighwaysdesignedtohelpadrivergetfromoneplacetoanotherintheshortestpossibletime.__71__thesewidemodernroadsaregenerally__72__andwellmaintained,with__73__sharpcurvesandmanystraight__74__,adirectrouteisnotalwaysthemost_75__one.71.A)AlthoughB)SinceC)BecauseD)Therefore72.A)stableB)splendidC)smoothD)complicated73.A)littleB)fewC)muchD)many74.A)selectionsB)separationsC)seriesD)sections75.A)terribleB)possibleC)enjoyableD)profitable3．固定结构的识别：提高阅读的速度、对于内容有合理的预期、有利于总体把握文章：either…or…;neither…nor…;too…to…;so…that…;not…until…;hardly…when…;nosooner…than…;notonly…butalso…固定结构举例：Test376geographybooksfocusonasmallarea77atownorcity.Othersdealwithastate,aregion,anation.Oran78continent.Manygeographybooksdealwiththewholeearth.Another79todividethestudyof80istodistinguishbetweenphysicalgeographyandculturalgeography.Theformerfocusesonthenaturalworld;the81startswithhumanbeingsand82howhumanbeingsandtheirenvironmentact83eachother.butwhengeographyisconsideredasasinglesubject,84branchcanneglecttheother.76.A)SomeB)ManyC)MostD)Few77.A)outsideB)exceptC)asD)like81.A)secondB)laterC)nextD)latter2．搭配：例如：a.+n.;ad.+v.;takeadvantageof….;makeuseof….等；3．动词用法：1）主谓一致；2）时态；3）语态；4）非谓语动词；4．介词用法：1）介词与名词；2）介词与动词；3）介词与形容词；.