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新六级阅读电子教材完整版主讲：张登欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材目录第一部分阅读理解全真试题(unit1－unit25)-----------------1第二部分阅读理解模拟练习--------------------------140第三部分简答题评述------------------------------------151第四部分简答题全真试题-----------------------------157第五部分快速阅读和选词填空------------------------163参考答案--------------------------------------------------------------173第一部分阅读理解全真题Unit1PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)
1andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Whathasthetelephonedonetous,orforus,inthehundredyearsofitsexistence?Afeweffectssuggestthemselvesatonce.Ithassavedlivesbygettingrapidwordofillness,injury,orfirefromremoteplaces.Byjoiningwiththeelevatortomakepossiblethemulti-storyresidenceorofficebuilding,ithasmadepossible—forbetterorworse—themoderncity.Bybringingaboutagreatleapinthespeedandeasewithwhichinformationmovesfromplacetoplace,ithasgreatlyacceleratedtherateofscientificandtechnologicalchangesandgrowthinindustry.Beyonddoubtithasseriouslyweakenedifnotkilledtheancientartofletterwriting.Ithasmadelivingalonepossibleforpersonswithnormalsocialimpulses;bysodoing,ithasplayedaroleinoneofthegreatestsocialchangesofthiscentury,thebreakupofthemulti-generationalhousehold.Ithasmadethewarchillinglymoreefficientthanformerly.Perhaps,thoughnotprovably(可证实)，ithaspreventedwarsthatmighthavearisenoutofinternationalmisunderstandingcausedbywrittencommunication.Orperhaps—againnotprovably—bymagnifyingandextendingirrationalpersonalconflictsbasedonvoicecontact,ithascausedwars.Certainlyithasextendedthescopeofhumanconflicts,sinceitimpartiallydisseminates(传播)theusefulknowledgeofscientistsandthenonsenseoftheignorant,theaffectionoftheaffectionateandthemalice(恶意)ofthemalicious.21.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A)Thetelephonehashelpedtosavepeoplefromillnessandfire.B)Thetelephonehashelpedtopreventwarsandconflicts.C)Thetelephonehasmadethemoderncityneitherbetternorworse.D)Thetelephonehashadpositiveaswellasnegativeeffectsonus.22.Accordingtothepassage,itisthetelephonethat.A)hasmadeletterwritinganartB)haspreventedwarsbyavoidingwrittencommunicationC)hasmadetheworlddifferentfromwhatitwasD)hascausedwarsbymagnifyingandextendinghumanconflicts23.Thetelephonehasintensifiedconflictsamongpeoplebecause.A)itincreasesthedangerofwarB)itprovidesservicestoboththegoodandthemaliciousC)itmakesdistantcommunicationeasierD)itbreaksupthemulti-generationalhousehold24.Theauthordescribesthetelephoneasimpartialbecauseit.A)saveslivesofpeopleinremoteplacesB)enablespeopletolivealoneiftheywantto
2C)spreadsbothloveandillwillD)replacesmuchwrittencommunication25.Thewriter'sattitudetowardstheuseofthetelephoneis.A)affectionateC)approvingB)disapprovingD)neutralPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.Nochildimitateseveryactionhesees.Sometimes,theexampletheparentwantshimtofollowisignoredwhilehetakesovercontrarypatternsfromsomeotherexample.Thereforewemustturntoamoresubtletheorythan“Monkeysee,monkeydo.”Lookatitfromthechild'spointofview.Hereheisinanewsituation,lackingareadyresponse.Heisseekingaresponsewhichwillgaincertainends.Ifhelacksareadyresponseforthesituation,andcannotreasonoutwhattodo,heobservesamodelwhoseemsabletogettherightresult.Thechildlooksforanauthorityorexpertwhocanshowwhattodo.Thereisasecondelementatworkinthissituation.Thechildmaybeabletoattainhisimmediategoalonlytofindthathismethodbringscriticismfrompeoplewhoobservehim.Whenshoutingacrossthehouseachieveshisimmediateendofdeliveringamessage,heistoldemphaticallythatsucharacket(叫嚷)isunpleasant,thatheshouldwalkintothenextroomandsayhissayquietly.Thus,thedesiretosolveanyobjectivesituationisoverlaidwiththedesiretosolveitproperly.Oneoftheearlythingsthechildlearnsisthathegetsmoreaffectionandapprovalwhenhisparentslikehisresponse.Thenotheradultsrewardsomeactionsandcriticizeothers.Ifoneistomaintainthesupportofothersandhisownself-respect,hemustadoptresponseshissocialgroupapproves.Infindingtrialresponses,thelearnerdoesnotchoosemodelsatrandom.Heimitatesthepersonwhoseemsagoodpersontobelike,ratherthanapersonwhosesocialstatushewishestoavoid.Ifthepupilwantstobeagoodviolinist,hewillobserveandtrytocopythetechniquesofcapableplayers;whilesomeotherpersonmaymostinfluencehisapproachtobooks.Admirationofonequalityoftenleadsustoadmireapersonasawhole,andhebecomesanidentifyingfigure.Weusesomepeopleasmodelsoverawiderangeofsituations,imitatingmuchthattheydo.Welearnthattheyaredependableandrewardingmodelsbecauseimitatingthemleadstosuccess.26.Thestatementthatchildrenlearnbyimitationisincompletebecause.A)theyonlyimitateauthoritiesandexpertsB)theyarenotwillingtocopytheirparentsC)theprocessofidentificationhasbeenignoredD)thenatureoftheirimitationasaformofbehaviourhasbeenneglected27.Forachildthefirstelementinhislearningbyimitationis.A)theneedtofindanauthority
3B)theneedtofindawaytoachievethedesiredresultC)theneedformoreaffectionfromhisparentsD)thedesiretomeetthestandardsofhissocialgroup28.Apartfromachievinghisdesiredresults,achildshouldalsolearnto.A)behaveproperlyC)showhisaffectionforhisparentsB)attainhisgoalassoonaspossibleD)talkquietly29.Childrentendtoimitatetheirmodels.A)whodonotcriticizethemB)whobringthemunexpectedrewardsC)whomtheywanttobelikeD)whosesocialstatusishigh30.“Anidentifyingfigure”(Line2,Para.5)referstoaperson.A)whoservesasamodelforothersB)whoisalwayssuccessfulC)whocanbedependeduponD)whohasbeenrewardedforhissuccessPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Whenimaginativementurntheireyestowardsspaceandwonderwhetherlifeexistinanypartofit,theymaycheerthemselvesbyrememberingthatlifeneednotresemblecloselythelifethatexistsonEarth.Marslooksliketheonlyplanetwherelifelikeourscouldexist,andeventhisisdoubtful.Buttheremaybeotherkindsoflifebasedonotherkindsofchemistry,andtheymaymultiplyonVenusorJupiter.Atleastwecannotproveatpresentthattheydonot.Evenmoreinterestingisthepossibilitythatlifeontheirplanetsmaybeinamoreadvancedstageofevolution.Present-daymanisinapeculiarandprobablytemporarystage.Hisindividualunitsretainastrongsenseofpersonality.Theyare,infact,stillcapableunderfavorablecircumstancesofleadingindividuallives.Butman'ssocietiesarealreadysufficientlydevelopedtohaveenormouslymorepowerandeffectivenessthantheindividualshave.Itisnotlikelythatthistransitionalsituationwillcontinueverylongontheevolutionarytimescale.Fiftythousandyearsfromnowman'ssocietiesmayhavebecomesoclose-knitthattheindividualsretainnosenseofseparatepersonality.Thenlittledistinctionwillremainbetweentheorganicpartsofthemultipleorganismandtheinorganicparts(machines)thathavebeenconstructedbyit.Amillionyearsfurtheronmanandhismachinesmayhavemergedascloselyasthemusclesofthehumanbodyandthenervecellsthatsettheminmotion.Theexplorersofspaceshouldbepreparedforsomesuchsituation.Iftheyarriveonaforeignplanetthathasreachedanadvancedstage(andthisisbynomeansimpossible),theymayfinditbeinginhabitedbyasinglelargeorganismcomposedofmanycloselycooperatingunits.Theunitsmaybe“secondary”—machinescreatedmillionsofyearsagobyapreviousformoflifeandgiventhewillandabilitytosurviveandreproduce.Theymaybebuiltentirelyof
4metalsandotherdurablematerials.Ifthisisthecase,theymaybemuchmoretolerantoftheirenvironment,multiplyingunderconditionsthatwoulddestroyimmediatelyanyorganismmadeofcarboncompoundsanddependentonthefamiliarcarboncycle.Suchcreaturesmightberelics(遗物)ofapastage,manymillionsofyearsago,whentheirplanetwasfavorabletotheoriginoflife,ortheymightbeimmigrantsfromafavoredplanet.31.Whatdoestheword“cheer”(Line2,Para.1)imply?A)Imaginativemenaresureofsuccessinfindinglifeonotherplanets.B)Imaginativemenaredelightedtofindlifeonotherplanets.C)Imaginativemenarehappytofindadifferentkindoflifeexistingonotherplanets.D)Imaginativemencanbepleasedwiththeideathattheremightexistdifferentformsoflifeonotherplanets.32.HumansonEarthtodayarecharacterizedby.A)theirexistenceasfreeandseparatebeingsB)theircapabilityoflivingunderfavorableconditionsC)theirgreatpowerandeffectivenessD)theirstrongdesireforlivinginaclose-knitsociety33.Accordingtothispassage,somepeoplebelievethateventually.A)humansocietieswillbemuchmorecooperativeB)manwillliveinahighlyorganizedworldC)machineswillreplacemanD)livingbeingswilldisappearfromEarth34.Evenmostimaginativepeoplehavetoadmitthat.A)humansocietiesareasadvancedasthoseonsomeotherplanetsB)planetsotherthanEartharenotsuitableforlifelikeourstostayC)itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenorganicpartsandinorganicpartsofthehumanbodyD)organismaremorecreativethanmachines35.Itseemsthatthewriter.A)isinterestedintheimaginarylifeformsB)iseagertofindadifferentformoflifeC)iscertainoftheexistenceofanewlifeformD)iscriticaloftheimaginativepeoplePassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:TheAmericanbabyboomafterthewarmadeunconvincingU.S.advicetopoorcountriesthattheyrestraintheirbirths.However,therehashardlybeenayearsince1957inwhichbirthrateshavenotfallenintheUnitedStatesandotherrichcountries,andin1976thefallwasespeciallysharp.BothEastGermanyandWestGermanyhavefewerbirthsthantheyhavedeaths,andtheUnitedStatesisonlytemporarilyabletoavoidthisconditionbecausethechildrenofthebaby
5boomarenowanexceptionallylargegroupofmarriedcouples.ItistruethatAmericansdonottypicallyplantheirbirthstosetanexamplefordevelopingnations.Wearemoreaffectedbywomen'sliberation:oncewomenseeinterestingandwell-paidjobsandcareersavailable,theyarelesswillingtoprovidefreelaborforchildraising.Fromcostingnothing,childrensuddenlycometoseemimpossiblyexpensive.Andtothehighcostofchildrenareaddedtheuncertaintiesintroducedbydivorce;couplesareincreasinglyunwillingtosubjectchildrentotheterribleexperienceofmarital(婚姻的)breakdownandthemselvestothedifficultyofraisingachildalone.Thesecircumstances—womenworkingoutsidethehomeandtheinstabilityofmarriage—tendtospreadwithindustrialsocietyandtheywillaffectmoreandmorecountriesduringtheremainderofthiscentury.Alongwiththemgoessocialmobility,ambitiontoriseintheurbanworld,amainfactorinbringingdownthebirthsinEuropeinthenineteenthcentury.Foodshortagewillhappenagainwhenthereservesresultingfromthegoodharvestsof1976and1977havebeenconsumed.Urbanizationislikelytocontinue,withthecitiesofthedevelopingnationsstrugglingundertheweightoftwicetheirpresentpopulationsbytheyear2000.Thepresentlyrichcountriesareapproachingastablepopulationlargelybecauseofthechangedplaceofwomen,andtheyincidentallyaresettinganexampleofrestrainttotherestoftheworld.Industrialsocietywillspreadtothepoorcountries,andaspirations(渴望)willexceedresources.Allthiswillleadtoapopulationinthetwenty-firstcenturythatissmallerthanwasfearedafewyearsago.Forthoseanxioustoseeworldpopulationbroughtundercontrolthenewsisencouraging.36.Duringtheyearsfrom1957to1976,thebirthrateoftheUnitedStates.A)increasedC)experiencedbothfallsandrisesB)wasreducedD)remainedstable37.WhatinfluencesthebirthratemostintheUnitedStatesis.A)highlypaidjobsC)expensesofchildraisingB)women'sdesireforindependenceD)highdivorcerate38.Thesentence“Fromcostingnothing,childrensuddenlycometoseemimpossiblyexpensive.”(Line4,Para.2)impliesthat.A)foodandclothingforbabiesarebecomingincrediblyexpensiveB)pricesaregoingupdramaticallyallthetimeC)toraisechildrenwomenhavetogiveupinterestingandwell-paidjobsD)socialdevelopmenthasmadechild-raisinginexpensive39.AchieffactorinbringingdownthebirthsinEuropeinthe19thcenturyis.A)birthcontrolC)theinstabilityofmarriageB)thedesiretoseekfortuneincitiesD)thechangedplaceofwomen40.Thepopulationinthe21stcentury,accordingtothewriter,.A)willbesmallerthanafewyearsagoB)willnotbeassmallaspeopleexpect
6C)willprovetobeathreattotheworldD)willnotconstituteasseriousaproblemasexpectedUnit2PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to24arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysicalinproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe“SecondIndustrialRevolution.”Labour'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,labourhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflabourliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe“improvementfactor”,whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlabourwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.21.Thoughlabourworriesabouttheeffectsofautomation,itneverdoubtsthat.A)automationwilleventuallypreventunemploymentB)automationwillhelpworkersacquirenewskillsC)automationwilleventuallybenefittheworkersnolessthantheemployers.D)automationisatrendwhichcannotbestopped
722.Theideaofthe“improvementfactor”(Para.3,Line8)impliesroughly.A)wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthofserviceB)thebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsshouldbesharedbyworkersC)supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplansshouldbepromotedD)thetransitiontoautomationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstoworkers23.Inordertogetthefullbenefitsofautomation,labourwilldependmostlyon.A)additionalpaymenttothepermanentlydismissedworkersB)theincreaseofwagesinproportiontotheincreaseinproductivityC)shorterworkinghoursandmoreleisuretimeD)strongdriveforplanningnewinstallations24.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?A)Advantagesanddisadvantagesofautomation.B)Labourandtheeffectsofautomation.C)Unemploymentbenefitplansandautomation.D)Socialbenefitsofautomation.Questions25to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogo,saysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidence,becausecollegewillhelpthemearnmoremoney,become“better”people,andlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon'tgo.Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattending,thosewhodon'tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerous,andmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother'sexperimentsandwritesfalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othersfindnostimulationintheirstudies,anddropout—oftenencouragedbycollegeadministrators.Someobserverssaythefaultiswiththeyoungpeoplethemselves—theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat'sacondemnationofthestudentsasawhole,anddoesn'texplainallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworld,andtheyarepartlyright.We'vebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotocollegebecauseoureconomycan'tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-olds.Butdisappointedgraduatesarelearningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedtwenty-two-year-olds,either.Someadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebest,theproper,theonlyplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecompletionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedown,itseems,andthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.Perhapscollegedoesn'tmakepeopleintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,orquicktolearnthings—maybeit'sjusttheotherwayaround,andintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,quick-learningpeoplearemerelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstplace.Andperhapsallthosesuccessfulcollege
8graduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.Thisisheresy(异端邪说)tothoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgood,morehastobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup.25.Accordingtotheauthor,.A)peopleusedtoquestionthevalueofcollegeeducationB)peopleusedtohavefullconfidenceinhighereducationC)allhighschoolgraduateswenttocollegeD)veryfewhighschoolgraduateschosetogotocollege26.Inthe2ndparagraph,“thosewhodon'tfitthepattern”refersto. A)highschoolgraduateswhoaren'tsuitableforcollegeeducationB)collegegraduateswhoaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxisC)collegestudentswhoaren'tanybetterfortheirhighereducationD)highschoolgraduateswhofailedtobeadmittedtocollege27.Thedrop-outrateofcollegestudentsseemstogoupbecause.A)youngpeoplearedisappointedwiththeconventionalwayofteachingatcollegeB)manyyoungpeoplearerequiredtojointhearmyC)youngpeoplehavelittlemotivationinpursuingahighereducationD)youngpeopledon'tliketheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool28.Accordingtothepassagetheproblemsofcollegeeducationpartlyarisefromthefactthat.A)societycannotprovideenoughjobsforproperlytrainedcollegegraduatesB)highschoolgraduatesdonotfitthepatternofcollegeeducationC)toomanystudentshavetoearntheirownlivingD)collegeadministratorsencouragestudentstodropout29.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat.A)moreandmoreevidenceshowscollegeeducationmaynotbethebestthingforhighschoolgraduatesB)collegeeducationisnotenoughifonewantstobesuccessfulC)collegeeducationbenefitsonlytheintelligent,ambitious,andquick-learningpeopleD)intelligentpeoplemaylearnquickeriftheydon'tgotocollege30.The“surveysandstatistics”mentionedinthelastparagraphmighthaveshownthat.A)college-educatedpeoplearemoresuccessfulthannon-college-educatedpeopleB)collegeeducationwasnotthefirstchoiceforintelligentpeopleC)thelessschoolingonehasthebetteritisforhimD)mostpeoplehavesweetmemoriesofcollegelifeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
9Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.AhundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.Todayonlyoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiftyyearsago“beingemployed”meantworkingasafactorylabourerorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddle-classpersonwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdingaprofessionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills.Indeed,twothingshavecharacterizedAmericansocietyduringtheselastfiftyyears:middle-classandupper-classemployeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation—growingsofastthattheindustrialworker,thatoldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlosinginnumericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrialproduction.Yetyouwillfindlittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritbethemechanist'stradeorbookkeeping(簿记).Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,employeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymorepeoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheemphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.31.Itisimpliedthatfiftyyearsago.A)eightypercentofAmericanworkingpeoplewereemployedinfactoriesB)twentypercentofAmericanintellectualswereemployeesC)thepercentageofintellectualsinthetotalworkforcewasalmostthesameasthatofindustrialworkersD)thepercentageofintellectualsworkingasemployeeswasnotsolargeasthatofindustrialworkers32.Accordingtothepassage,withthedevelopmentofmodernindustry,.A)factorylabourerswillovertakeintellectualemployeesinnumberB)thereareasmanymiddle-classemployeesasfactorylabourersC)employershaveattachedgreatimportancetofactorylabourersD)theproportionoffactorylabourersinthetotalemployeepopulationhasdecreased33.Theword“dubious”(Para.2,Line2)mostprobablymeans.A)valuableC)doubtfulB)usefulD)helpful34.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskillis.A)lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagoodemployeeB)asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublicrelationsC)moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelations
10D)asimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersintheorganization35.Fromthepassageitcanbeseenthatemployeeshiphelpsone.A)tobemoresuccessfulinhiscareerC)tosolvetechnicalproblemsB)tobemorespecializedinhisfieldD)todevelophisprofessionalskill Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours'sleepalternatingwithsome16-17hours'wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Theease,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.mthenext,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1957.Shefoundahighincidence(发生率)ofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork.Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy,butmeanwhilesomethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwillonlygraduallygobacktomatchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadlyspeaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,particularlyintermsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar,however,suchaformofselectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice.36.Whyisthequestionof“howeasilypeoplecangetusedtoworkingatnight”nomereacademicone?A)Becausefewpeopleliketoreversethecycleofsleepandwakefulness.B)Becausesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.C)Becausepeoplearerequiredtoworkatnightinsomefieldsofindustry.D)Becauseshiftworkinindustryrequirespeopletochangetheirsleepinghabits.
1137.Themainproblemoftheround-the-clockworkingsystemliesin.A)theinconveniencesbroughtabouttotheworkersbytheintroductionofautomationB)thedisturbanceofthedailycycleofworkerswhohavetochangeshiftstoofrequentlyC)thefactthatpeopleworkingatnightareoftenlesseffectiveD)thefactthatitisdifficulttofindanumberofgoodnightworkers38.Thebestsolutionforimplementingthe24-hourworkingsystemseemstobe.A)tochangeshiftsatlongerintervalsB)tohavelongershiftsC)toemploypeoplewhoworkonnightshiftsonlyD)tocreatebetterlivingconditionsfornightworkers39.Itispossibletofindoutifapersonhasadaptedtothechangesofroutinebymeasuringhisbodytemperaturebecause.A)bodytemperaturechangeswhenthecycleofsleepandwakefulnessalternatesB)bodytemperaturechangeswhenhechangestonightshiftorbackC)thetemperaturereverseswhentheroutinesischangedD)peoplehavehighertemperatureswhentheyareworkingefficiently40.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?A)Bodytemperaturemayserveasanindicationofaworker'sperformance.B)Theselectionofanumberofpermanentnightshiftworkershasprovedtobet hebestsolutiontoproblemsoftheround-the-clockworkingsystem.C)Takingbodytemperatureatregularintervalscanshowhowapersonadaptstothechangesofroutine.D)Disturbedsleepoccurslessfrequentlyamongthoseonpermanentnightordayshifts.Unit3PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Itisnaturalforyoungpeopletobecriticaloftheirparentsattimesandtoblamethemformostofthemisunderstandingsbetweenthem.Theyhavealwayscomplained,moreorlessjustly,thattheirparentsareoutoftouchwithmodernways;thattheyarepossessiveanddominant;thattheydonottrusttheirchildrentodealwithcrises;thattheytalktoomuchaboutcertainproblems—andthattheyhavenosenseofhumour,atleastinparent-childrelationships.
12Ithinkitistruethatparentsoftenunderestimatetheirteenagechildrenandalsoforgethowtheythemselvesfeltwhenyoung.Youngpeopleoftenirritatetheirparentswiththeirchoicesinclothesandhairstyles,inentertainersandmusic.Thisisnottheirmotive.Theyfeelcutofffromtheadultworldintowhichtheyhavenotyetbeenaccepted.Sotheycreateacultureandsocietyoftheirown.Then,ifitturnsoutthattheirmusicorentertainersorvocabularyorclothesorhairstylesirritatetheirparents,thisgivesthemadditionalenjoyment.Theyfeeltheyaresuperior,atleastinasmallway,andthattheyareleadersinstyleandtaste.Sometimesyouareresistant,andproudbecauseyoudonotwantyourparentstoapproveofwhatyoudo.Iftheydidapprove,itlooksasifyouarebetrayingyourownagegroup.Butinthatcase,youareassumingthatyouaretheunderdog:youcan'twinbutatleastyoucankeepyourhonour.Thisisapassivewayoflookingatthings.Itisnaturalenoughafterlongyearsofchildhood,whenyouwerecompletelyunderyourparents'control.Butitignoresthefactthatyouarenowbeginningtoberesponsibleforyourself.Ifyouplantocontrolyourlife,co-operationcanbepartofthatplan.Youcancharmothers,especiallyyourparents,intodoingthingsthewayyouwant.Youcanimpressotherswithyoursenseofresponsibilityandinitiative,sothattheywillgiveyoutheauthoritytodowhatyouwanttodo.21.Theauthorisprimarilyaddressing.A)parentsofteenagersC)teenagersB)newspaperreadersD)thosewhogiveadvicetoteenagers22.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.A)theteenagers'criticismoftheirparentsB)misunderstandingsbetweenteenagersandtheirparentsC)thedominanceoftheparentsovertheirchildrenD)theteenagers'abilitytodealwithcrises23.Teenagerstendtohavestrangeclothesandhairstylesbecausethey.A)wanttoirritatetheirparentsB)haveastrongdesiretobeleadersinstyleandtasteC)havenootherwaytoenjoythemselvesbetterD)wanttoshowtheirexistencebycreatingacultureoftheirown24.Teenagersdonotwanttheirparentstoapproveofwhatevertheydobecausethey.A)haveadesiretobeindependentB)feelthattheyaresuperiorinasmallwaytotheadultsC)arenotlikelytowinovertheadultsD)havealreadybeenacceptedintotheadultworld25.Toimproveparent-childrelationships,teenagersareadvisedtobe.A)obedientC)independentB)responsibleD)co-operative
13Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thelongyearsoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentabundance.Storesandshopsarechokedwithfood.Rationing(定量供应)isvirtuallysuspended,andoverseassuppliershavebeenaskedtoholdbackdeliveries.Yet,insteadofjoy,thereiswide-spreaduneasinessandconfusion.Whydofoodpriceskeeponrising,whenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodabout?Istheabundanceonlytemporary,orhasitcometostay?Doesitmeanthatweneedtothinklessnowaboutproducingmorefoodathome?Nooneknowswhattoexpect.Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvestsinNorthAmericaisnowbeingfollowedbyathird.MostofBritain'soverseassuppliersofmeat,too,areofferingmorethisyearandhomeproductionhasalsorisen.Buttheeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.Theshopsareoverstockedwithfoodnotonlybecausethereismorefoodavailable,butalsobecausepeople,frightenedbyhighprices,arebuyinglessofit.Moreover,theriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofall,withtheresultthatimportedfood,withtheexceptionofgrain,isoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.Andnowgrainprices,too,arefalling.Consumersarebeginningtoaskwhytheyshouldnotbeenabledtobenefitfromthistrend.Thesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsisnotlostonfarmers.Theoldergenerationhaveseenitallhappenbefore.Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguarantees,farmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket.Presentproductionisrunningat51percentabovepre-warlevels,andthegovernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentby1956;butrepeatedMinisterialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogrammeisnotworkingverywell.26.Whyisthere“wide-spreaduneasinessandconfusion”aboutthefoodsituationinBritain?A)Theabundantfoodsupplyisnotexpectedtolast.B)Despitetheabundance,foodpriceskeeprising.C)Britainisimportinglessfood.D)Britainwillcutbackonitsproductionoffood.27.Themainreasonfortheriseinfoodpricesisthat.A)peoplearebuyinglessfoodB)importedfoodisdrivingpriceshigherC)domesticfoodproductionhasdecreasedD)thegovernmentisprovidinglesssupportforagriculture28.Whydidn'tthegovernment'sexpansionprogrammeworkverywell?A)Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthefinancialsupportthegovernmentguaranteed.B)Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthebenefitsofexpandingproduction.C)Becausethefarmerswereuncertainwhetherforeignmarketscouldbefoundfortheirproduce.
14D)Becausetheoldergenerationoffarmerswerestronglyagainsttheprogramme.29.Thedecreaseinworldfoodpriceswasaresultof.A)asharpfallinthepurchasingpoweroftheconsumersB)asharpfallinthecostoffoodproductionC)theoverproductionoffoodinthefood-importingcountriesD)theoverproductiononthepartofthemainfood-exportingcountries30.WhatdidthefuturelooklikeforBritain'sfoodproductionatthetimethisarticlewaswritten?A)Itlooksdepressingdespitegovernmentguarantees.B)Anexpansionoffoodproductionwasathand.C)Britishfoodproducerswouldreceivemoregovernmentfinancialsupport.D)ThefallinworldfoodpriceswouldbenefitBritishfoodproducers.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnout,andifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynew,theyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon't,andifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformation,alongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.Indeed,Iregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itis,initsway,anilluminatingpieceofnews.Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenment(启蒙运动)tobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimes,weeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblem,orsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnest,wearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsare,andhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthis,wearedepressed.Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorance,theworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspots,butnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.Butwearemakingabeginning,andthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan'tbeanswered,soonerorlater,includingeventhematterofconsciousness.Tobesure,theremaywellbequestionswecan'tthinkup,ever,andthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellect,butthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswers,ifwekeepatitlongenough,andpayattention. 31.Accordingtotheauthor,reallygoodscience.A)wouldsurprisethebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmentB)willhelppeopletomaketherightchoiceinadvanceC)willproduceresultswhichcannotbeforeseen
15D)willbringaboutdisturbingresults32.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsofthe18thcentury.A)knewthattheywereignorantandwantedtoknowmoreaboutnatureB)wereafraidoffacinguptotherealitiesofscientificresearchC)thoughtthattheyknewagreatdealandcouldsolvemostproblemsofscienceD)didmoreharmthangoodinpromotingman'sunderstandingofnature33.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedaboutscientistsinearliertimes?A)Theyinventedfalsetheoriestoexplainthingstheydidn'tunderstand.B)Theyfalselyclaimedtoknowallaboutnature.C)Theydidnotbelieveinresultsfromscientificobservation.D)Theypaidlittleattentiontotheproblemstheydidn'tunderstand.34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsscience?A)Heisconfidentthoughheisawareoftheenormousdifficultiesinscientificresearch.B)Heisdoubtfulbecauseoftheenormousdifficultiesinscientificresearch.C)Heisdepressedbecauseoftheignoranceofscientists.D)Heisdelightedbecauseoftheilluminatingscientificfindings.35.Theauthorbelievesthat.A)mancannotsolvealltheproblemshecanthinkupbecauseofthelimitsofhumanintellectB)mancanfindsolutionssoonerorlatertowhateverquestionsconcerningnaturehecanthinkupC)soonerorlatermancanthinkupallthequestionsconcerningnatureandanswerthemD)questionsconcerningconsciousnessareoutsidethescopeofscientificresearchQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.Atpresentitisgenerallyaccepted,althoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebaseofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspacesintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway,thisdoesnotmean,however,thatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshall,withinthescopeofthislecture,enterintooneaspectonly,namelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanning,hasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhome,whereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighbourhoodofthehome.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotright,becauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworking,isusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthestreet-doorofthehouse.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferas
16manyrecreationactivitiesaspossible,andthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrict,ifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreets,becausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreat,ifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweather,inshort,ifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthestreet-doorofyourhouseisclosedafteryou. 36.Accordingtotheauthor,theimportanceofgreenspacesintheurbanenvironment.A)isstillunknownC)isbeingcloselystudiedB)hasbeenfullyrecognizedD)isusuallyneglected37.Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationhasledto.A)thedisproportionofrecreationfacilitiesintheneighbourhoodB)theimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesintheneighbourhoodC)relativelylittleattentionforrecreativepossibilitiesD)thelocationofrecreationfacilitiesfarfromhome38.Theauthorsuggeststhattherecreativepossibilitiesofgreenspaceshouldbeprovided.A)intheneighbourhoodofthehouseC)inspecialareasB)inthesuburbsD)ingardensandparks39.Accordingtotheauthor,greenspacefacilittiesshouldbedesignedinsuchawaythat.A)anincreasingnumberofrecreativeactivitiesmightbedevelopedB)moreandmorepeoplemighthaveaccesstothemC)moreobligatoryactivitiesmighttakeonarecreativeaspectD)recreativeactivitiesmightbebroughtintoourhomes40.Themainideaofthispassageisthat.A)attentionmustbedirectedtotheimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesB)betteruseofgreenspacefacilitiesshouldbemadesoastoimprovethequalityofourlifeC)theurbanenvironmentisprovidingmorerecreationactivitiesthanitdidmanyyearsagoD)prioritymustbegiventothedevelopmentofobligatoryactivitiesUnit4PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.
17Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:“Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavehomewhenthey're18,andthetruthisfarfromthat,”sayssociologistLarryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Today,unexpectednumbersofyoungadultsarelivingwiththeirparents.“Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass,”declaressociologistAllanSchnaibergofNorthwesternUniversity,whoseson,19,movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths.Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrising,aconditionthatmakeshomeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriageratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsome,theexpenseofanaway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatmanystudentsnowattendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduation,youngpeoplefindtheirwingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts.Livingathome,saysKnighton,aschoolteacher,continuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hermotheragreed,“It'sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome.”Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathrooms,telephonesandprivacy.Somefamilies,however,managethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothers,itprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco,24,hasbeenhomethreetimes—andleftthreetimes.“WhatIconsideredasocialdrink,mydadconsideredanalcoholproblem,”sheexplains.“HeneverlikedanyoneIdated,soIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends'houses.”Justhowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingon?Mostpsychologistsfeellengthyhomecomingsareamistake.Childrenstrugglingtoestablishseparateidentities,canendupwith“asenseofinadequacy,defeatandfailure.”Andagingparents,whoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedom,findthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisits,however,canworkbeneficially.21.Accordingtotheauthor,therewasonceatrendintheU.S..A)formiddleclassyoungadultstostaywiththeirparentsB)foryoungadultstoleavetheirparentsandliveindependentlyC)formarriedyoungadultstomovebackhomeafteralengthyabsenceD)foryoungadultstogetjobsnearbyinordertolivewiththeirparents22.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotaccountforyoungadultsreturningtothenest?A)Youngadultsfindhousingcoststoohigh.B)Quiteanumberofyoungadultsattendlocalschools.C)Youngadultsseekparentalcomfortandmoralsupport.D)Youngadultsarepsychologicallyandintellectuallyimmature.23.Oneofthedisadvantagesofyoungadultsreturningtostaywiththeirparentsisthat.A)theyoungadultstendtobeoverprotectedbytheirparentsB)mostparentsfinditdifficulttokeepabiggerfamilygoingC)therewillinevitablybeinconveniencesineverydaylife
18D)publicopinionisagainstyoungadultsstayingwiththeirparents24.Theword“hassles”inthepassage(Para.3,Line4)probablymeans.A)quarrelsC)disadvantagesB)worriesD)agreements25.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthebestforbothparentsandchildren?A)Theyshouldadjustthemselvestosharingthefamilyexpenses.B)Childrenshouldleavetheirparentswhentheyaregrownup.C)Adultchildrenshouldvisittheirparentsfromtimetotime.D)Parentsshouldsupporttheiradultchildrenwhentheyareintrouble.Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thewordconservationhasathrifty(节俭)meaning.Toconserveistosaveandprotect,toleavewhatweourselvesenjoyinsuchgoodconditionthatothersmayalsosharetheenjoyment.Ourforefathershadnoideathathumanpopulationwouldincreasefasterthanthesuppliesofrawmaterials;mostofthem,evenuntilveryrecently,hadthefoolishideathatthetreasureswere“limitless”and“inexhaustible”.Mostofthecitizensofearliergenerationsknewlittleornothingaboutthecomplicatedanddelicatesystemthatrunsallthroughnature,andwhichmeansthat,asinalivingbody,anunhealthyconditionofonepartwillsoonerorlaterbeharmfultoalltheothers.Fiftyyearsagonaturestudywasnotpartoftheschoolwork;scientificforestrywasanewidea;timberwasstillcheapbecauseitcouldbebroughtinanyquantityfromdistantwoodlands;soildestructionandriverfloodswerenotnationalproblems;nobodyhadyetstudiedlong-termclimaticcyclesinrelationtoproperlanduse;eventheword“conservation”hadnothingofthemeaningthatithasforustoday.Forthesakeofourselvesandthosewhowillcomeafterus,wemustnowsetaboutrepairingthemistakesofourforefathers.Conservationshould,therefore,bemadeapartofeveryone'sdailylife.Toknowaboutthewatertable(水位)inthegroundisjustasimportanttousasaknowledgeofthebasicarithmeticformulas.Weneedtoknowwhyallwatersheds(上游源头森林地带集水区)needtheprotectionofplantlifeandwhytherunningcurrentofstreamsandriversmustbemadetoyieldtheirfullbenefittothesoilbeforetheyfinallyescapetothesea.Weneedtobetaughtthedutyofplantingtreesaswellasofcuttingthem.Weneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees,becauselivingspaceformostofman'sfellowcreaturesonthisplanetisfigurednotonlyinsquaremeasureofsurfacebutalsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth.Inbrief,itshouldbeourgoaltorestoreasmuchoftheoriginalbeautyofnatureaswecan.26.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthecurrentsituationintheexploitationofnaturalresourcesis.A)criticalC)positiveB)neutralD)suspicious
1927.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatestmistakeofourforefatherswasthat.A)theyhadnoideaaboutscientificforestryB)theywerenotawareofthesignificanceofnaturestudyC)theyhadlittleornosenseofenvironmentalprotectionD)theyhadnoideaofhowtomakegooduseofrawmaterials28.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthatearliergenerationsdidn'trealize.A)theimportanceoftheproperuseoflandB)thevalueofthebeautyofnatureC)theharmfulnessofsoildestructionandriverfloodsD)theinterdependenceofwater,soil,andlivingthings29.Toavoidthemistakesofourforefathers,theauthorsuggeststhat.A)weplantmoretreesB)wereturntonatureC)naturalsciencesbetaughttoeverybodyD)environmentaleducationbedirectedtowardeveryone30.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“livingspace...isfigured...alsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth”(Para.3,Lines8-10)?A)Weneedtotakesomemeasurestoprotectspace.B)Ourlivingspaceshouldbemeasuredincubicvolume.C)Ourlivingspaceontheearthisgettingsmallerandsmaller.D)Wemustpreservegoodlivingconditionsforbothbirdsandanimals.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemic(流行病)ofsleepinessinthenation.“Ican'tthinkofasinglestudythathasn'tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyoughtto,”saysDr.David.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest.Thebeginningofoursleep-deficit(睡眠不足)crisiscanbetracedtotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.Fromdiaryentriesandotherpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavereachedtheconclusionthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanight.“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.”Bythe1950sand1960s,thatsleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5andeighthours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock.“Peoplecheatontheirsleep,andtheydon'tevenrealizethey'redoingit,”saysDr.David.“Theythinkthey'reokeybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,eightorevenmoretofeelideallyvigorous.”Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogramme.“Inoursociety,you'reconsidereddynamicif
20yousayyouonlyneed5.5hours'sleep.Ifyou'vegottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition.”Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.“We'vefoundthatifyou'reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,”saysDr.David.“Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.”31.Peopleinthe18thand19thcenturiesusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanightbecausetheyhad.A)noelectriclightingC)thebestsleephabitsB)nodriveandambitionD)nothingtodointheevening32.AccordingtoDr.David,Americans.A)areideallyvigorousevenunderthepressureoflifeB)cangetbyon6.5hoursofsleepC)donotknowhowtorelaxthemselvesproperlyD)oftenneglecttheconsequencesofsleepdeficit33.ManyAmericansbelievethat.A)theyneedmoresleeptocopewiththecomplexitiesofeverydaylifeB)sleepisthefirstthingthatcanbesacrificedwhenoneisbusyC)tosleepissomethingonecandoatanytimeofthedayD)enoughsleeppromotespeople'sdriveandambition34.Theword“subjects”(Para.4,Line1)refersto.A)thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficitB)specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudiedC)peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudied;D)thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdefinit35.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatoneshouldsleepasmanyhoursasisnecessaryto.A)maintainone'sdailyscheduleC)feelenergeticandperformadequatelyB)improveone'smemorydramaticallyD)beconsidereddynamicbyotherpeopleQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessesmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesbaseduponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodswewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.The
21freedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.Amultitudeoffactors,bothinheritedandenvironmental,influencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviors,anditisbeyondthescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.However,thedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoice.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Indiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoice,FriesandCrapodrewacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.Thus,forthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.36.Theconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecause.A)wrongdecisionscouldleadtopoorhealthB)ithelpsraisethelevelofourmedicalknowledgeC)itisessentialtopersonalfreedominAmericansocietyD)personalhealthchoiceshelpcuremostillnesses37.To“liveacompletelysedentarylife-style”(Para.1,Line7-8)inthepassagemeans.A)to“liveadecentlife”C)to“livealifeofvice”B)to“liveaninactivelife”D)to“livealifewithcompletefreedom”38.Soundpersonalhealthchoiceisoftendifficulttomakebecause.A)fewpeoplearewillingtotradethequalityoflifeforthequantityoflife B)peopleareusuallyinfluencedbythebehavioroftheirfriendsC)currentmedicalknowledgeisstillinsufficientD)therearemanyfactorsinfluencingourdecisions39.ToknowinglyallowoneselftopursueunhealthyhabitsiscomparedbyFriesandCrapoto.A)deliberatelyendingone'slifeC)limitingone'spersonalhealthchoiceB)improvingthequalityofone'slifeD)breakingtherulesofsocialbehavior40.AccordingtoFriesandCraposoundhealthchoicesshouldbebasedon.A)personaldecisionsC)friends'opinionsB)statisticalevidenceD)society'slawsUnit5PartⅡReadingComprehension
22(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Therearedesertplantswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae(幼虫).Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdrought(干旱)intheformofinactiveeggs.Thesearetheshrimps(小虾)thatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50℃areoftenrecorded.TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch(孵化).Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimetrelongwhichfeedontinyplantandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetretoalengthofabout1.5centimetres.Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequallyrapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,however,whentheyareabout3centimetrelong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,havingensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryear,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.21.WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTdistinctivefeatureofMojaveshrimps?A)Theirlivesarebrief.B)Theyfeedonplantandanimalorganisms.C)Theireggscansurviveyearsofdrought.D)Theylaytheireggsinthemud.22.Bysaying“fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime”(Para.3,Line2)theauthormeans.A)theyhavetoswimfasttoavoiddangerintherapidlyevaporatinglake
23B)theyhavetoswimfasttocatchtheanimalorganismsonwhichtheysurviveC)theyhavetomultiplyasmanyaspossiblewithinthirteendaysD)theyhavetocompletetheirlifecyclewithinashortspanoftimepermittedbytheenvironment23.Thepassagemainlydealswith.A)thelifespanoftheMojaveshrimpsC)theimportanceofwatertolifeB)thesurvivalofdesertshrimpsD)lifeintheMojaveDesert24.Theword“dormant”(Para.4,Line3)mostprobablymeans.A)inactiveB)strongC)alertD)soft25.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat.A)appearanceandsizearemostimportantforlifetosurviveinthedesertB)aspeciesmustbeabletomultiplyquicklyinordertosurviveC)forsomespeciesonelifecycleinayearisenoughtosurvivethedesertdroughtD)somespeciesdevelopauniquelifepatterntosurviveinextremelyharshconditionsQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Opportunitiesforrewardingworkbecomefewerforbothmenandwomenastheygrowolder.Afterage40,jobhuntingbecomesevenmoredifficult.Manyworkersstayatjobstheyaretoooldforratherthanfacepossiblerejection.Ouryouth-oriented,throw-awaycultureseeslittlevalueinolderpeople.InwriterLilianHellman'swords,theyhave“thewisdomthatcomeswithagethatwecan'tmakeuseof.”Unemploymentandeconomicneedforworkishigheramongolderwomen,especiallyminorities,thanamongyoungerwhitewomen.Anationalcouncilreportsthesefindings:Thoughunemployedlongerwhenseekingwork,olderwomenjob-huntharder,holdajoblongerwithlessabsenteeism(缺勤),performaswellorbetter,aremorereliable,andaremorewillingtolearnthanmenoryoungerwomen.Yetmanyolderwomenearnpoorpayandfaceafutureofpovertyintheirretirementyears.When“sexismmeetsageism,povertyisnolongeronthedoorstep—itmovesin,”accordingtoTishSommers,directorofaspecialstudyonolderwomenfortheNationalOrganizationforWomen.Yeta1981reportontheWhiteHouseConferenceonAgingshowsthatasagroup,olderAmericansarethe“wealthiest,bestfed,besthoused,healthiest,mostself-reliantolderpopulationinourhistory.”Thisstatementissmallcomforttothoselivingbelowthepovertyline,butitdoesexplodesomeoftheoldtraditionalbeliefsandfears.Opportunitiesformovinginandupinalargecompanymayshrinkbutmanyolderpeoplebeginsuccessfulsmallbusinesses,volunteerinsatisfyingactivities,andstayactiveformanyyears.Theyhavefewrolemodelsbecauseinpreviousgenerationsthelifespanwasmuchshorterandexpectationsoflifewerefewer.Theyareploughingnewground.Employersarebeginningtorecognizethatthematurepersoncanbringagreatdealofstabilityandresponsibilitytoaposition.Onedoesn'tloseabilityandexperienceontheeveof
24one's65thor70thbirthdayanymorethanonegrowsupinstantlyatage21.26.Aftertheageof40,.A)mostworkersaretiredoftheirpresentjobsB)manyworkerstendtosticktotheirpresentjobsC)peoplefindtheirjobsmorerewardingthanbeforeD)peoplestillwishtohuntformoresuitablejobs27.FromHeilman'sremark,wecanseethat.A)fullusehasbeenmadeofthewisdomofolderpeopleB)thewisdomofolderpeopleisnotvaluedbyAmericansocietyC)olderpeoplearenolessintelligentthanyoungpeopleD)thewisdomofolderpeopleisofgreatvaluetoAmericansociety28.TishSommersarguesthat.A)olderwomenfindithardtoescapepovertyB)olderwomenusuallyperformbetterintheirjobsC)themajorcauseofthepovertyofolderwomenissexismD)morepeoplehavecometobelieveinsexismandageism29.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,itcanbeseenthatolderAmericans.A)havemorejobopportunitiesthanyoungpeopleB)livebelowthepovertylineC)havenewopportunitiestoremainactiveinsocietyD)nolongerbelieveinthepromiseofahappylifeuponretirement30.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatthewriter.A)callsattentiontothelivingconditionsofolderAmericansB)believesthatthevalueofolderpeopleisgainingincreasingrecognitionC)attemptstojustifytheyouth-oriented,throw-awaycultureoftheUnitedStatesD)arguespeopleshouldnotretireattheageof65or70Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Themostexcitingkindofeducationisalsothemostpersonal.Nothingcanexceedthejoyofdiscoveringforyourselfsomethingthatisimportanttoyou!Itmaybeanideaorabitofinformationyoucomeacrossaccidentally—orasuddeninsight,fittingtogetherpiecesofinformationorworkingthroughaproblem.Suchpersonalencountersarethe“payoff”ineducation.Ateachermaydirectyoutolearningandevenencourageyouinit—butnoteachercanmaketheexcitementorthejoyhappen.That'suptoyou.Aresearchpaper,assignedinacourseandperhapscheckedatvariousstagesbyaninstructor,leadsyoubeyondclassrooms,beyondthetextsforclassesandintoaprocesswherethejoyofdiscoveryandlearningcancometoyoumanytimes.Preparingtheresearchpaperisanactiveandindividualprocess,andideallearningprocess.Itprovidesastructurewithinwhichyoucanmake
25excitingdiscoveries,ofknowledgeandofself,thatarebasictoeducation.Buttheresearchpaperalsogivesyouachancetoindividualizeaschoolassignment,tosuitapieceofworktoyourowninterestsandabilities,toshowotherswhatyoucando.Writingaresearchpaperismorethanjustaclassroomexercise.Itisanexperienceinsearchingout,understandingandsynthesizing,whichformsthebasisofmanyskillsapplicabletobothacademicandnonacademictasks.Itis,inthefullestsense,adiscovering,aneducation.So,toproduceagoodresearchpaperisbothausefulandathoroughlysatisfyingexperience!Tosome,thethoughtofhavingtowriteanassignednumberofpages,oftenmorethaneverproducedbefore,isdisconcerting.Toothers,theveryideaofhavingtoworkindependentlyisthreatening.Butthereisnoneedtoapproachtheresearchpaperassignmentwithanxiety,andnobodyshouldviewtheresearchpaperasanobstacletoovercome.Instead,consideritagoaltoaccomplish,agoalwithinreachifyouusethehelpthisbookcangiveyou.31.Accordingtothewriter,personaldiscoveries.A)willgiveoneencouragementanddirectionB)arehelpfulinfindingtherightinformationC)arethemostvaluablepartofone'spersonaleducationD)willhelponetosuccessfullycompleteschoolassignments32.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwritingaresearchpapergivesonechances.A)tofullydevelopone'spersonalabilitiesB)tousetheskillslearntintheclassroomC)toprovethatoneisaproductivewriterD)todemonstratehowwellonecanaccomplishschoolassignment33.Fromthecontext,theword“disconcerting”(Para.3,Line2)mostprobablymeans.A)misleadingB)embarrassingC)stimulatingD)upsetting34.Thewriterarguesinthepassagethat.A)oneshouldexplorenewareasinresearchB)oneshouldtrustone'sownabilitytomeetcourserequirementsC)oneshouldconsiderresearchpaperwritingapleasure,notaburdenD)oneshoulduseallone'sknowledgeandskillswhendoingresearch35.Whatwillprobablyfollowthispassage?A)Howtowritearesearchpaper.B)Theimportanceofresearchineducation.C)Howtomakenewdiscoveriesforoneself.D)Theskillofputtingpiecesofinformationtogether.Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Inourculture,thesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof“mastery”—feelingimportantandworthwhile—andthesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof“pleasure”—findinglifeenjoyable
26—arenotalwaysidentical.Womenoftenaretold“Youcan'thaveitall.”Sometimeswhatthespeakerreallyissayingis:“Youchoseacareer,soyoucan'texpecttohavecloserrelationshipsorahappyfamilylife.”or“Youhaveawonderfulhusbandandchildren—what'sallthisaboutwantingacareer?”Butwomenneedtounderstandanddevelopbothaspectsofwell-being,iftheyaretofeelgoodaboutthemselves.Ourstudyshowsthat,forwomen,well-beinghastwodimensions.Oneismastery,whichincludesself-esteem(自尊),asenseofcontroloveryourlife,andlowlevelsofanxietyanddepression.Masteryiscloselyrelatedtothe“doing”sideoflife,toworkandactivity.Pleasureistheotherdimension,anditiscomposedofhappiness,satisfactionandoptimism(乐观).Itistiedmorecloselytothe“feeling”sideoflife.Thetwoareindependentofeachother.Awomancouldbehighinmasteryandlowinpleasure,andviceversa.Forexample,awomanwhohasagoodjob,butwhosemotherhasjustdied,mightbefeelingverygoodaboutherselfandincontrolofherworklife,butthepleasuresidecouldbedamagedforatime.Theconceptsofmasteryandpleasurecanhelpusidentifythesourcesofwell-beingforwomen,andremedypastmistakes.Inthepast,womenwereencouragedtolookonlyatthefeelingsideoflifeasthesourceofallwell-being.Butweknowthatbothmasteryandpleasurearecritical.Andmasteryseemstobeachievedlargelythroughwork.Inourstudy,allthegroupsofemployedwomenratedsignificantlyhigherinmasterythandidwomenwhowerenotemployed.Awoman'swell-beingisenhanced(增进)whenshetakesonmultipleroles.Atleastbymiddleadulthood,thewomenwhowereinvolvedinacombinationofroles—marriages,motherhood,andemployment—werethehighestinwell-being,despitewarningsaboutstressandstrain.36.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat.A)forwomen,asenseof“mastery”ismoreimportantthanasenseof“pleasure”B)forwomen,asenseof“pleasure”ismoreimportantthanasenseof“mastery”C)womencan'thaveasenseof“mastery”andasenseof“pleasure”atthesametimeD)asenseof“mastery”andasenseof“pleasure”arebothindispensabletowomen37.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswomenhavingacareeris.A)criticalB)positiveC)neutralD)realistic38.Onecanconcludefromthepassagethatifawomantakesonseveralsocialroles,.A)itwillbeeasierforhertoovercomestressandstrainB)shewillbemoresuccessfulinhercareerC)herchancesofgettingpromotedwillbegreaterD)herlifewillbericherandmoremeaningful39.Whichofthefollowingcanbeidentifiedasasourceof“pleasure”forwomen?A)Familylife.C)Multiplerolesinsociety.B)Regularemployment.D)Freedomfromanxiety.
2740.Themostappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe.A)Thewell-beingofCareerWomenC)TwoAspectsofWomen'sWell-BeingB)SourcesofMasteryandPleasureD)MultipleRolesofWomeninSocietyUnit6PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Theprocessofperceivingotherpeopleisrarelytranslated(toourselvesorothers)intocold,objectiveterms.“Shewas5feet8inchestall,hadfairhair,andworeacoloredskirt.”Moreoften,wetrytogetinsidetheotherpersontopinpointhisorherattitudes,emotions,motivations,abilities,ideasandcharacters.Furthermore,wesometimesbehaveasifwecanaccomplishthisdifficultjobveryquickly—perhapswithatwo-secondglance.Wetrytoobtaininformationaboutothersinmanyways.Bergersuggestsseveralmethodsforreducinguncertaintiesaboutothers:watching,withoutbeingnoticed,apersoninteractingwithothers,particularlywithotherswhoareknowntoyousoyoucancomparetheobservedperson'sbehaviorwiththeknownothers'behavior;observingapersoninasituationwheresocialbehaviorisrelativelyunrestrainedorwhereawidevarietyofbehavioralresponsesarecalledfor;deliberatelystructuringthephysicalorsocialenvironmentsoastoobservetheperson'sresponsestospecificstimuli;askingpeoplewhohavehadorhavefrequentcontactwiththepersonabouthimorher;andusingvariousstrategiesinface-to-faceinteractiontouncoverinformationaboutanotherperson—questions,self-disclosures(自我表露)，andsoon.Gettingtoknowsomeoneisanever-endingtask,largelybecausepeopleareconstantlychangingandthemethodsweusetoobtaininformationareoftenimprecise.Youmayhaveknownsomeonefortenyearsandstillknowverylittleabouthim.Ifweaccepttheideathatwewon'teverfullyknowanotherperson,itenablesustodealmoreeasilywiththosethingsthatgetinthewayofaccurateknowledgesuchassecretsanddeceptions.Itwillalsokeepusfrombeingtoosurprisedorshockedbyseeminglyinconsistentbehavior.Ironically(讽刺性地),thosethingsthatkeepusfromknowinganotherpersontoowell(e.g.,secretsanddeceptions)maybejustasimportanttothedevelopmentofasatisfyingrelationshipasthosethingsthatenableustoobtainaccurateknowledgeaboutaperson(e.g.,disclosuresandtruthfulstatements).21.Theword“pinpoint”(para.1,Line3)basicallymeans.A)appreciateB)obtainC)interpretD)identify
2822.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A)Peoplearebetterdescribedincold,objectiveterms.B)Thedifficultyofgettingtoknowapersonisusuallyunderestimated.C)Oneshouldnotjudgepeoplebytheirappearances.D)Oneisusuallysubjectivewhenassessingotherpeople'spersonality.23.ItcanbeinferredfromBerger'ssuggestionsthat.A)Peopledonotrevealtheirtrueselfoneveryoccasion.B)inmostcasesweshouldavoidcontactingtheobservedpersondirectly.C)thebestwaytoknowapersonisbymakingcomparisons.D)face-to-faceinteractionisthebeststrategytouncoverinformationaboutaperson24.Indevelopingpersonalrelationships,secretsanddeceptions,intheauthor'sopinion,are.A)personalmattersthatshouldbeseriouslydealtwithB)barriersthatshouldbedoneawaywith.C)assignificantasdisclosuresandtruthfulstatementsD)thingspeopleshouldguardagainst25.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassageis.A)togiveadviceonappropriateconductforsocialoccasionsB)toprovidewaysofhowtoobtaininformationaboutpeopleC)tocallthereader'sattentiontothenegativesideofpeople'scharactersD)todiscussthevariousaspectsofgettingtoknowpeopleQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thecompetitionamongproducersofpersonalcomputersisessentiallyaracetogetthebest,mostinnovativeproductstothemarketplace.Marketersinthisenvironmentfrequentlyhavetomakeajudgmentastotheircompetitors'rolewhenmakingmarketingstrategydecisions.Ifmajorcompetitorsarechangingtheirproducts,thenamarketermaywanttofollowsuittoremaincompetitive.AppleComputer,Inc.hasintroducedtwonew,fasterpersonalcomputers,theMackintoshⅡandMackintoshSE,inanticipationoftheintroductionofanewPCbyIBM,oneofApple'smajorcompetitors.Apple'snewcomputersaremuchfasterandmorepowerfulthanitsearliermodels.TheimprovedMackintoshisabletorunprogramsthatpreviouslywereimpossibletorunonanApplePC,includingIBM-compatible(兼容的)programs.Thiscompatibilityfeatureillustratescomputermanufacturers'newattitudeofgivingcustomersthefeaturestheywant.MakingApplecomputerscapableofrunningIBMsoftwareisApple'seffortatmakingtheMackintoshcompatiblewithIBMcomputersandthusmorepopularintheoffice,whereApplehopestoincreasesales.UsersofthenewApplecanalsoaddaccessories(附件)tomaketheirmachinesspecializeinspecificuses,suchasengineeringandwriting.Thenewcomputersrepresentabigimprovementoverpastmodels,buttheyalsocostmuchmore.Companyofficialsdonotthinkthehigherpricewillslowdownbuyerswhowanttostepup
29toamorepowerfulcomputer.ApplewantstostayintheHigh-priceendofthepersonalcomputermarkettofinanceresearchforevenfaster,moresophisticatedcomputers.EventhoughAppleandIBMaremajorcompetitors,bothcompaniesrealizethattheircompetitor'scomputershavecertainfeaturesthattheirownmodelsdonot.TheApplelinehasalwaysbeenpopularforitssophisticatedcolorgraphics(图形),whereastheIBMmachineshavealwaysbeenfavoredinoffices.Inthefuture,therewillprobablybemorecompatibilitybetweenthetwocompanies'products,whichnodoubtwillrequirethatbothAppleandIBMchangemarketingstrategies.26.Accordingtothepassage,AppleComputer,Inc,hasintroducedtheMackintoshⅡandtheMackintoshSEbecause.A)IBMischangingitscomputermodelscontinuouslyB)itwantstomakeitsmachinesspecializeinspecificusesC)itwantstostayaheadofIBMinthecompetitivecomputermarketD)itexpectsitsmajorcompetitorIBMtofollowitsexample27.ApplehopestoincreaseMackintoshsaleschieflyby.A)makingitsnewmodelscapableofrunningIBMsoftwareB)improvingthecolorgraphicsofitsnewmodelsC)copyingthemarketingstrategiesofIBMD)givingthecustomerswhattheywant28.Applesellsitsnewcomputermodelsatahighpricebecause.A)theyhavenewfeaturesandfunctionsB)theyaremoresophisticatedthanothermodelsC)theyhavenewaccessoriesattachedD)itwantstoaccumulatefundsforfutureresearch29.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbothAppleandIBMtrytogainacompetitiveadvantageby.A)copyingeachother'stechnologyB)incorporatingfeaturesthatmaketheirproductsdistinctiveC)makingtheircomputersmoreexpensiveD)makingtheircomputersrunmuchfaster30.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe.A)Apple'sEffortstoStayAheadofIBMC)Apple'sNewpersonalComputersB)Apple'sNewComputerTechnologyD)Apple'sResearchActivitiesQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”,andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,and
30theseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth'ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,orevenofearth'sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomesinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderofhardnessandseethesocialsciencesasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitanditsrecord-keepingistrivialascomparedwiththerichrecordsofthesocialsystems,oreventhelimitedrecordsofbiologicalsystems.Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatweseedistantthingsastheywerelongago,arelimitedintheextreme.Eveninregardtosuchacloseneighbourasthemoon,whichwehaveactuallyvisited,theoriesaboutitsoriginandhistoryareextremelydifferent,contradictory,andhardtochooseamong.Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandhighlyinsecure.31.Theword“paradox”(Para.1,Line1)means“”A)implicationB)contradictionC)interpretationD)confusion32.Accordingtotheauthor,weshouldreverseourclassificationofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”andthesocialsciencesas“soft”because.A)areverseorderingwillhelppromotethedevelopmentofthephysicalsciencesB)ourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorereliablethanthatofsocialsystemsC)ourunderstandingofthesocialsystemsisapproximatelycorrectD)wearebetterabletoinvestigatesocialphenomenathanphysicalphenomena33.Theauthorbelievesthatourknowledgeofsocialsystemsismoresecurethanthatofphysicalsystemsbecause.A)itisnotbasedonpersonalexperienceB)newdiscoveriesarelesslikelytooccurinsocialsciencesC)itisbasedonafairlyrepresentativequantityofdataD)therecordsofsocialsystemsaremorereliable34.Thechancesofthephysicalsciencesbeingsubjecttogreatchangesarethebiggestbecause.A)contradictorytheorieskeepemergingallthetimeB)newinformationisconstantlycomingin
31C)thedirectionoftheirdevelopmentisdifficulttopredictD)ourknowledgeofthephysicalworldisinaccurate35.Weknowlessabouttheastronomicaluniversethanwedoaboutanysocialsystembecause.A)theoriesofitsoriginandhistoryarevariedB)ourknowledgeofitishighlyinsecureC)onlyaverysmallsampleofithasbeenobservedD)fewscientistsareinvolvedinthestudyofastronomyQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Intheearlydaysofnuclearpower,theUnitedStatesmademoneyonit.Buttodayopponentshavesocomplicateditsdevelopmentthatnonuclearplantshavebeenorderedorbuiltherein12years.Thegreatestfearofnuclearpoweropponentshasalwaysbeenareactor“meltdown”(堆内熔化).Today,thechancesofameltdownthatwouldthreatenU.S.publichealthareverylittle.Buttoevenfurtherreducethepossibility,engineersaretestingnewreactorsthatrelynotonhumanjudgmenttoshutthemdownbutonthelawsofnature.NowGeneralElectricisalreadybuildingtwoadvancedreactorsinJapan.Butdon'texpectthemeveronU.S.shoresunlessthingschangeinWashington.Theprocedureforlicensingnuclearpowerplantsisabaddream.Anytimeduring,orevenafter,construction,anobjectionbyanygrouporindividualcanbringeverythingtoahaltwhilethematterisinvestigatedortakentocourt.Meanwhile,thebuildermustaddnice-but-not-necessaryimprovements,someofwhichforcehimtoknockdownwallsandstartover.Ineverycasewhereaplanthasbeenopposed,theNuclearRegulationCommissionhasultimatelygrantedalicensetoconstructoroperate.Butthevictoryoftencostssomuchthattheutilityendsupabandoningtheplantanyway.AcaseinpointistheShorehamplantonNewYork'sLongIsland.ShorehamwasavirtualtwintotheMillstoneplantinConnecticut,bothorderedinthemid-'60s.Millstone,completedfor$101million,hasbeengeneratingelectricityfortwodecades.Shoreham,however,wassingledoutbyanti-nuclearactivistswho,bysendinginendlessprotests,drovethecostover$5billionanddelayeditsuseformanyyears.Shorehamfinallywonitsoperationlicense.Buttheplanthasneverproducedawattofpower.GovernorMarioCuomo,anopponentofaShorehamstart-up,usedhispowertoforceNewYork'spublic-utilitiescommissiontoacceptthefollowingsettlement:thepowercompanycouldpassthecostofShorehamalongtoitsconsumersonlyifitagreednottooperatetheplant!Today,aperfectlygoodfacility,capableofservicinghundredsofthousandsofhomes,sitsrusting.36.Whathasmadetheprocedureforlicensingnuclearpowerplantsabaddream? A)TheinefficiencyoftheNuclearRegulationcommission.B)Theenormouscostofconstructionandoperation.C)Thelengthoftimeittakestomakeinvestigations.D)Theobjectionoftheopponentsofnuclearpower.
3237.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that.A)itisnottechnicaldifficultiesthatpreventthebuildingofnuclearpowerplantsintheU.S.B)therearenotenoughsafetymeasuresintheU.S.forrunningnewnuclearpowerplantsC)therearealreadymorenuclearpowerplantsthannecessaryintheU.S.D)theAmericangovernmentwillnotallowJapanesenuclearreactorstobeinstalledintheU.S.38.Anyobjection,howevertrivialitmaybe,can.A)forcethepowercompaniestocanceltheprojectB)delaytheconstructionoroperationofanuclearplantC)causeaseriousdebatewithintheNuclearRegulationCommissionD)takethebuilderstocourt39.GovernorMario'schiefintentioninproposingthesettlementwasto.A)stoptheShorehamplantfromgoingintooperationB)helpthepowercompanytosolveitsfinancialproblemsC)urgethepowercompanytofurtherincreaseitspowersupplyD)permittheshorehamplanttooperateundercertainconditions40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofnuclearpoweris.A)negativeB)neutralC)positiveD)questioningUnit7PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomy,theinformationage,theknowledgesociety.Italltranslatestoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe'repartlythere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesternWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmerica,EuropeandJapan(twothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountries)areintheserviceindustry,andthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemorepart-timejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan'tbemeasuredbynumbersalone,becauseitalsoisgivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareers,theskillsneededtosucceed,eventherelationbetween
33individualsandemployers—allthesearebeingchallenged.Wehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieahead.Noonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichasingleinvention,thechip，wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow'sachievementsinbiotechnology,artificialintelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewhopossessit,whethertheyworkinmanufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbevaluedaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10years,informationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob.21.Acharacteristicoftheinformationageisthat.A)theserviceindustryisrelyingmoreandmoreonthefemaleworkforceB)manufacturingindustriesaresteadilyincreasingC)peoplefinditharderandhardertoearnalivingbyworkinginfactoriesD)mostofthejobopportunitiescannowbefoundintheserviceindustry22.Oneofthegreatchangesbroughtaboutbytheknowledgesocietyisthat.A)thedifferencebetweentheemployeeandtheemployerhasbecomeinsignificantB)people'straditionalconceptsaboutworknolongerholdtrueC)mostpeoplehavetotakepart-timejobsD)peoplehavetochangetheirjobsfromtimetotime23.Byreferringtocomputersandotherinventions,theauthormeanstosaythat.A)peopleshouldbeabletorespondquicklytotheadvancementoftechnologyB)futureachievementsintechnologywillbringaboutinconceivabledramaticchangesC)theimportanceofhightechnologyhasbeenoverlookedD)computersciencewillplayaleadingroleinthefutureinformationservices24.Thefuturewillprobablybelongtothosewho.A)possessandknowhowtomakeuseofinformationB)givefullplaytotheirbrainpotentialC)involvethemselvesinserviceindustriesD)casttheirmindsaheadinsteadoflookingback25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A)ComputersandtheKnowledgeSocietyB)ServiceIndustriesinModernSocietyC)FeaturesandImplicationsoftheNewEraD)RapidAdvancementofInformationTechnologyQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
34Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants(被告).Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultoawoman.Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.Whyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeable?Anattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe“masculine”qualitiesrequired.Thisistrueeveninpolitics.“Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelooks,peopletreatmenandwomendifferently,”saysAnneBowman,whorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,inorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagain,intheordertheywouldvoteforthem.Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.26.Theword“liability”(Para.1,Line5)mostprobablymeans“.”A)misfortuneC)disadvantageB)instabilityD)burden27.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness.A)reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequiredB)makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapableC)isofprimaryimportancetowomenD)oftenenableswomentosucceedquickly28.Bowman'sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness.A)turnsouttobeanobstacletomenB)affectsmenandwomenalikeC)hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomenD)ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomen
3529.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople'sviewsonbeautyareoften.A)practicalC)old-fashionedB)prejudicedD)radical30.Theauthorwritesthispassageto.A)discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractiveB)giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractiveC)demandequalrightsforwomenD)emphasizetheimportanceofappearanceQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooks,aswellasseveralchapters,mainlyin,butnotlimitedto,journalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtexts,stressthe“howto”aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterview,itscontext,andimplications.Muchofthe“howto”materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknow,injournalismasinotherfields,muchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped.Thereis,ashasbeensuggested,agrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcasting,butverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhand,manygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempiricalaspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappily,thisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.First,itseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliar,atleastinapositivemanner,withjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterview,suchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosis(诊断)andtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.However,veryfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmedia,particularlybytelevision.Andyet,wehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders,listeners,andviewers.Evenso,trueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterview,especiallytelevisioninterviews,requiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudy,asthisbookindicates.31.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat.A)generalizedprinciplesforjournalisticinterviewsarethechiefconcernforwritersonjournalismB)importanceshouldbeattachedtothesystematicstudyofjournalisticinterviewing
36C)conceptsandcontextualimplicationsareofsecondaryimportancetojournalisticinterviewingD)personalexperiencesandgeneralimpressionsshouldbeexcludedfromjournalisticinterviews32.Muchresearchhasbeendoneoninterviewsingeneral.A)sothetrainingofjournalisticinterviewershaslikewisebeenstrengthenedB)thoughthestudyoftheinterviewingtechniqueshasn'treceivedmuchattentionC)butjournalisticinterviewingasaspecificfieldhasunfortunatelybeenneglectedD)andtherehasalsobeenadramaticgrowthinthestudyofjournalisticinterviewing33.Westernersarefamiliarwiththejournalisticinterview,.A)butmostofthemwishtostayawayfromitB)andmanyofthemhopetobeinterviewedsomedayC)andmanyofthemwouldliketoacquireatrueunderstandingofitD)butmostofthemmaynothavebeeninterviewedinperson34.Whoistheintervieweeinaclinicalinterview?A)Thepatient.C)Thejournalist.B)Thephysician.D)Thepsychologist.35.Thepassageismostlikelyapartof.A)anewsarticleC)aresearchreportB)ajournalisticinterviewD)aprefaceQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Therelationshipbetweenthehomeandmarketeconomieshasgonethroughtwodistinctstages.Earlyindustrializationbegantheprocessoftransferringsomeproductionprocesses(e.g.clothmaking,sewingandcanningfoods)fromthehometothemarketplace.Althoughthehomeeconomycouldstillproducethesegoods,theprocesseswerelaborious(费力的)andthemarketeconomywasusuallymoreefficient.Soon,themoreimportantsecondstagewasevident—themarketplacebeganproducinggoodsandservicesthathadneverbeenproducedbythehomeeconomy,andthehomeeconomywasunabletoproducethem(e.g.electricityandelectricalappliances,theautomobile,advancededucation,sophisticatedmedicalcare).Inthesecondstage,thequestionofwhetherthehomeeconomywaslessefficientinproducingthesenewgoodsandserviceswasirrelevant;ifthefamilyweretoenjoythesefruitsofindustrialization,theywouldhavetobeobtainedinthemarketplace.Thetraditionalwaysoftakingcareoftheseneedsinthehome,suchasinnursingthesick,becamesociallyunacceptable(and,inmostseriouscases,probablylesssuccessful).Justastheappearanceoftheautomobilemadetheuseofthehorse-drawncarriageillegalandthenimpractical,andtheappearanceoftelevisionchangedtheradiofromasourceofentertainmenttoasourceofbackgroundmusic,somostofthefruitsofeconomicgrowthdidnotincreasetheoptionsavailabletothehomeeconomytoeitherproducethegoodsorservicesorpurchasetheminthemarket.Growthbroughtwithitincreasedvarietyin
37consumergoods,butnotincreasedflexibilityforthehomeeconomyinobtainingthesegoodsandservices.Instead,economicgrowthbroughtwithitincreasedconsumerrelianceonthemarketplace.Inordertoconsumethesenewgoodsandservices,thefamilyhadtoenterthemarketplaceaswageearnersandconsumers.Theneoclassical(新古典主义的)modelthatviewsthefamilyasdecidingwhethertoproducegoodsandservicesdirectlyortopurchasetheminthemarketplaceisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage.Itcannotaccuratelybeappliedtothesecond(andcurrent)stage.36.Thereasonwhymanyproductionprocessesweretakenoverbythemarketplacewasthat.A)itwasanecessarystepintheprocessofindustrializationB)theydependedonelectricityavailableonlytothemarketeconomyC)itwastroublesometoproducesuchgoodsinthehomeD)themarketplacewasmoreefficientwithrespecttoprocesses37.Itcanbeseenfromthepassagethatinthesecondstage.A)sometraditionalgoodsandserviceswerenotsuccessfulwhenprovidedbythehomeeconomyB)themarketeconomyprovidednewgoodsandservicesneverproducedbythehomeeconomyC)producingtraditionalgoodsathomebecamesociallyunacceptableD)whethernewgoodsandserviceswereproducedbythehomeeconomybecameirrelevant38.Duringthesecondstage,ifthefamilywantedtoconsumenewgoodsandservices,theyhadtoenterthemarketplace.A)aswageearnersC)bothasworkersandpurchasersB)bothasmanufacturersandconsumersD)ascustomers39.Economicgrowthdidnotmakeitmoreflexibleforthehomeeconomytoobtainthenewgoodsandservicesbecause.A)thefamilywasnotefficientinproductionB)itwasillegalforthehomeeconomytoproducethemC)itcouldnotsupplythembyitselfD)themarketforthesegoodsandserviceswaslimited40.Theneoclassicalmodelisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage,becauseatthisstage.A)thefamilycouldrelyeitheronthehomeeconomyoronthemarketplacefortheneededgoodsandservicesB)manyproductionprocesseswerebeingtransferredtothemarketplaceC)consumersreliedmoreandmoreonthemarketeconomyD)thefamilycoulddecidehowtotransferproductionprocessestothemarketplaceUnit8
38PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things”—physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used—thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture'stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonograph(留声机)wasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturedinart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusicculturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowsmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,Britain,andAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotation(乐谱)hasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.Onemoreimportantpartofmusic'smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia—radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,television,andvideocassette,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe“informationrevolution,”atwentieth-centuryphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutionwasinthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodernnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.21.Researchintothematerialcultureofanationisofgreatimportancebecause.A)ithelpsproducenewculturaltoolsandtechnologyB)itcanreflectthedevelopmentofthenationC)ithelpsunderstandthenation'spastandpresentD)itcandemonstratethenation'scivilization22.Itcanbelearnedfromthispassagethat.
39A)theexistenceofthesymphonywasattributedtothespreadofNearEasternandChinesemusicB)NearEasternmusichadaninfluenceonthedevelopmentoftheinstrumentsinthesymphonyorchestraC)thedevelopmentofthesymphonyshowsthemutualinfluenceofEasternandWesternmusicD)themusicalinstrumentsinthesymphonyorchestraweredevelopedonthebasis ofNearEasternmusic23.Accordingtotheauthor,musicnotationisimportantbecause.A)ithasagreateffectonthemusic-cultureasmoreandmorepeopleareabletoreaditB)ittendstostandardizefolksongswhenitisusedbyfolkmusiciansC)itistheprintedversionofstandardizedfolkmusicD)itencouragespeopletopopularizeprintedversionsofsongs24.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheintroductionofelectronicmediaintotheworldofmusic.A)hasbroughtaboutaninformationrevolutionB)hasspeededupthearrivalofanewgenerationofcomputersC)hasgivenrisetonewformsofmusiccultureD)hasledtothetransformationoftraditionalmusicalinstruments25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?A)Musicalinstrumentsdevelopedthroughtheyearswillsoonerorlaterbereplacedbycomputers.B)Musiccannotbepassedontofuturegenerationsunlessitisrecorded.C)Folksongscannotbespreadfarunlesstheyareprintedonmusicsheets.D)Thedevelopmentofmusiccultureishighlydependentonitsmaterialaspect. PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld'sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,itwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother,isdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanother,whilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofopposition,whichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperation,theprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictisnot.Conflict,nevertheless,isverylikelytooccur,andisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,however,thisstruggleinnatureiscompetition,notconflict.Socialanimals,suchasmonkeysandcattle,fighttowinor
40maintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfights,butinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy(占有)ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwar,butratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobs,markets,andmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall.Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresources,trades,skills,andasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper(繁荣)；theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothes,andthusleadtoconflict,itcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis.26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorgivesthedefinitionsofsometermsinorderto.A)argueforthesimilaritiesbetweenanimalsocietiesandhumansocietiesB)smoothouttheconflictsinhumansocietiesC)distinguishbetweentwokindsofoppositionD)summarizethecharacteristicfeaturesofoppositionandcooperation27.Accordingtotheauthor,competitiondiffersfromconflictinthat.A)itresultsinwarinmostcasesB)itinduceseffortstoexpandterritoryC)itisakindofoppositionamongsocialentitiesD)itisessentiallyastruggleforexistence28.Thephrase“functioninthedisserviceofoneanother”(Para7,Line.1)mostprobablymeans“”.A)betrayeachotherC)helptocollaboratewitheachotherB)harmoneanotherD)benefitoneanother29.Theauthorindicatesinthepassagethatconflict.A)isaninevitablestruggleresultingfromcompetitionB)reflectsthestruggleamongsocialanimalsC)isanoppositionamongindividualsocialentitiesD)canbeavoided30.Thepassageisprobablyintendedtoanswerthequestion“”.A)Iswarinevitable?C)Isconflictdesirable?B)Whyisthereconflictandcompetition?D)Cancompetitionleadtoconflict?PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreaching,thesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanaman,butthattheythinkatall.Theearly
41electroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperience,followanargument,askproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations.Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplex,theimitationgetsbetter.Finally,thelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorso,wewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife.Theopinionseemsridiculousbecause,foronething,computerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer'sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival.Computersmatchpeopleinsomeroles,andwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisis,theyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslower,thehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup.Wearestillincontrol,butthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticrate,whilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowly,ifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990s,whenthesixthgenerationappears,thereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain.Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepast,wecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofman,surpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman'sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon.31.WhatdoyousupposewastheattitudeofDr.SamuelJohnsontowardsladiespreaching?A)Hebelievedthatladieswerebornworsepreachersthanmen.B)Hewaspleasedthatladiescouldpreach,thoughnotaswellasmen.C)Hedisapprovedofladiespreaching.D)Heencouragedladiestopreach.32.Today,computersarestillinferiortomanintermsof.A)decisionmakingC)growthofreasoningpowerB)drivesandfeelingsD)informationabsorption33.Intermsofmakingquickdecisions,thehumanbraincannotbecomparedwiththecomputerbecause.A)inthelongprocessofevolutiontheslowpaceoflifedidn'trequiresuchabilityofthehumanbrainB)thehumanbrainisinfluencedbyotherfactorssuchasmotivationandemotionC)thehumanbrainmaysometimesfreezeupinadangeroussituationD)computersimitatelifewhilethehumanbraindoesnotimitatecomputers34.Thoughhethinkshighlyofthedevelopmentofcomputerscience,theauthordoesn'tmeanthat.A)computersarelikelytobecomeanewformofintelligentlife
42B)humanbeingshavelostcontrolofcomputersC)theintelligenceofcomputerswilleventuallysurpassthatofhumanbeingsD)theevolutionofintelligencewillprobablydependonthatofelectronicbrains35.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Futuremanwillbemadeofsiliconinsteadoffleshandblood.B)Somedayitwillbedifficulttotellacomputerfromaman.C)Thereasoningpowerofcomputershasalreadysurpassedthatofman.D)Futureintelligentlifemaynotnecessarilybemadeoforganicmatter.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Videorecordersandphotocopiers,eventicketmachinesontherailways,oftenseemunnecessarilydifficulttouse.LastDecemberIboughtmyselfavideocassetterecorder(VCR)describedas“simpletouse”.InthefirstthreeweeksIfailedrepeatedlytoprogramthemachinetorecordfromtheTV,andaftermonthsofpracticeIstillmademistakes.Iamnotalone.AccordingtoasurveylastyearbyFerguson,theBritishmanufacturer,morethanoneinfourVCRownersneverusethetimer(定时器)ontheirmachinestorecordaprogramme:theydon'tuseitbecausethey'vefounditfartoohardtooperate.SowhydomanufacturerskeepondesigningandproducingVCRSthatareawkwardtouseiftheproblemsaresoobvious?First,theproblemswenoticearenotobvioustotechnicallyminded(有技术思想的)designerswithyearsofexperienceandtrainedtounderstandhowapplianceswork.Secondly,designerstendtoaddoneortwofeaturesatatimetoeachmodel,whereasyouorIfaceallamachine'sfeaturesatonce.Thirdly,althoughfindingproblemsinafinishedproductiseasy,itistoolatebythentodoanythingaboutthedesign.Finally,ifmanufacturerscangetawaywithsellingproductsthataredifficulttouse,itisnotworththeeffortofanyoneofthemtomakeimprovements.Somemanufacturerssaytheyconcentrateonprovidingawiderangeoffeaturesratherthanonmakingthemachineseasytouse.Butthatgivesrisetothequestion,“Whycan'tyouhavefeaturesthatareeasytouse?”Theanswerisyoucan. Gooddesignpracticeisamixtureofspecificproceduresandgeneralprinciples.Forastart,designersshouldbuildanoriginalmodelofthemachineandtryitoutontypicalmembersofthepublic—notoncolleaguesinthedevelopmentlaboratory.Simplepublictrialswouldquicklyrevealmanydesignmistakes.Inanidealworld,therewouldbesomewaysofcontrollingqualitysuchasthattheVCRmustberedesignedrepeatedlyuntil,say,90percentofuserscanwork90percentofthefeaturescorrectly90percentofthetime.36.TheauthorhadtroubleoperatinghisVCRbecause.A)hehadneglectedtheimportanceofusingthetimerB)themachinehadfarmoretechnicalfeaturesthannecessaryC)hehadsetaboutusingitwithoutpropertrainingD)itsoperationwasfarmoredifficultthanthedesignerintendedittobe
4337.Accordingtotheauthor,manufacturers.A)shouldaddmoreusefulfeaturestotheirmachinesB)oftenfailtomaketheirproductseasytouseC)shouldmaketheirappliancesasattractiveaspossibleD)oftenfailtoprovidepropertrainingintheuseoftheirproducts38.Itseemsthatmanufacturerswillremainreluctanttomakeimprovementsunless.A)theycandosoataverylowcostB)theyfindtheirmachineshardtooperateC)theyhavedifficultysellingtheirproductsD)theyreceivealotofcomplaintsabouttheirmachines39.Accordingtothepassage,beforeaVCRissoldonthemarket,itsoriginalmodelshouldbetriedout.A)amongordinaryconsumerswhoarenottechnicallymindedB)amongpeoplewhoaretechnicallymindedC)amongexperiencedtechniciansandpotentialusersD)amongpeoplewhoareinchargeofpublicrelations40.OneofthereasonswhyVCRsaresodifficulttouseisthat.A)thedesignersareofteninsensitivetotheoperationalcomplexitiesoftheirmachines.B)therangeoffeaturesprovidedisunlimitedC)thereisnoidealwayofcontrollingqualityD)theirdesignersoftenignorethecomplaintsoftheirusersUnit9PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:ThreeEnglishdictionariespublishedrecentlyalllayclaimtopossessinga“new”feature.TheBBCEnglishDictionarycontainsbackgroundinformationon1,000peopleandplacesprominentinthenewssince1988;theOxfordAdvancedLearner'sDictionary:Encyclopedic(百科全书的)EditionistheOALDplusencyclopedicentries;theLongmanDictionaryofEnglishLanguageandCultureistheLDOCEplusculturalinformation.
44Thekeyfactisthatallthreedictionariescanbeseentohaveadistinctly“cultural”aswellaslanguagelearningcontent.Thatbeingsaid,thewayinwhichtheyapproachtheculturalelementisnotidentical,makingdirectcomparisonsbetweenthethreedifficult.Whilethereissomecommongroundbetweentheencyclopedic/culturalentriesfortheOxfordandLongmandictionaries,thereisacleardifference.OxfordlaysclaimtobeingencyclopediconcontentwhereasLongmandistinctlyconcentratesonthelanguageandcultureoftheEnglish-speakingworld.TheOxforddictionarycanthereforestandmorevigorousscrutiny(审视)forculturalbiasthantheLongmanpublicationbecausethelatterdoesnothesitateaboutviewingtherestoftheworldfromtheculturalperspectivesoftheEnglish-speakingworld.TheculturalobjectivesoftheBBCdictionaryareinturnmoredistinctstill.Basedonananalysisofover70millionwordsrecordedfromtheBBCWorldServiceandNationalPublicRadioofWashingtonoveraperiodoffouryears,their1,000briefencyclopedicentriesarebasedonpeopleandplacesthathavefeatured(占显著地位)inthenewsrecently.TheintendedusertheyhaveinmindisaregularlistenertotheWorldServicewhowillhaveareasonablestandardofEnglishandadevelopedskillinlisteningcomprehension.Inreality,though,theBBCdictionarywillbepurchasedbyafarwiderrangeoflanguagelearners,aswilltheothertwodictionaries.Wewillbefacedwithasituationwheremanyoftheusersofthesedictionarieswillattheveryleasthavedistinctsocio-culturalperspectivesandmayhaveworldviewswhicharetotallyopposedandevenhostiletothoseoftheWest.Advancedlearnersfromthiskindofbackgroundwillnotonlyevaluateadictionaryonhowuser-friendlyitisbutwillalsohavedefiniteviewsaboutthescopeandappropriatenessofthevarioussocio-culturalentries.21.Whatfeaturesetsapartthethreedictionariesdiscussedinthepassagefromtraditionalones?A)ThecombinationoftwodictionariesintooneB)ThenewapproachtodefiningwordsC)TheinclusionofculturalcontentD)Theincreaseinthenumberofentries22.TheLongmandictionaryismorelikelytobecriticizedforculturalprejudicebecause.A)itsscopeofculturalentriesgoesbeyondthecultureoftheEnglish-speakingworldB)itpayslittleattentiontotheculturalcontentofthenon-English-speakingcountriesC)itviewstheworldpurelyfromthestandpointoftheEnglish-speakingpeopleD)itfailstodistinguishlanguagefromcultureinitsencyclopedicentries23.TheBBCdictionarydiffersfromOxfordandLongmaninthat.A)ithasawiderselectionOfencyclopedicentriesB)itismainlydesignedtomeettheneedsofradiolistenersC)itlaysmoreemphasisonlanguagethanoncultureD)itisintendedtohelplistenersdeveloptheirlisteningcomprehensionskills24.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat,inapproachingsocio-culturalcontentinadictionary,specialthoughtshouldbegivento.
45A)thelanguagelevelsofitsusersB)thenumberofitsprospectivepurchasersC)thedifferenttastesofitsusersD)thevariousculturalbackgroundsofitsusers25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Differentwaysoftreatingsocio-culturalelementsinthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.B)Acomparisonofpeople'sopinionsontheculturalcontentinthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.C)TheadvantagesoftheBBCdictionaryoverOxfordandLongman.D)Theuser-friendlinessofthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman'srealliferevolvesroundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyer,andwhatismore,hehastoapplyitonhisfeet,inthedarkandrain,runningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchatting.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsad,unimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupid,pettycrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe'sarrested,thestoryisover.Inreallife,findingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching.Havingmadeanarrest,adetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressures:first,asmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw.Secondly,asexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworld,theworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizens,socialworkers,doctors,law-makers,andjudges,who,insteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresult,detectivesfeel,isthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisre-catchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical(愤世嫉俗的).26.Apolicemanhastobetrainedincriminallawbecause.A)hemustworkhardtohelpreformcriminalsB)hemustbehaveasprofessionallawyersdoC)hemustbeabletotellwhenandwhereacrimeiscommitted
46D)hemustjustifythearrestshemakesofcriminals27.Whatisthemostsuitablewordthatdescribestheworkofapolicemanaccordingtothepassage?A)DangerousB)DemandingC)DistressingD)Dramatic28.Accordingtothepassage,policemenspendmostoftheirtimeandefforts.A)patrollingthestreet,rainorshineC)collectingandprovidingevidenceB)trackingandarrestingcriminalsD)consultingtherulesoflaw29.What'sthepoliceman'sbiggestheadache?A)Hehastogetthemostdesirableresultswithoutbreakingthelawinanyway.B)Hehastojustifyhisarrestswhileunabletoprovidesufficientevidenceinmostcases.C)HecanhardlyfindenoughtimetolearncriminallawwhileburdenedwithnumerouscriminalcasesD)Hehastoprovidethebestpossiblepublicserviceattheleastpossibleexpense30.Whydopolicemenfeelseparatedfromtherestoftheworld?A)Becausetheydonotreceiveduesupportfromsociety.B)Becausetheyfindpeopleinsinceretothem.C)Becausetheyfeelsuperiortosimple-mindedpeoplearoundthem.D)Becausetheyaresuspiciousofthepeoplearoundthem.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorf'sassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technology,theapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalends,isamajorsourceofsocialchange.Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachineparts,neitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorest,aspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttle(挑战者号航天飞机)andtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology;theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlywenthaywire(变得混乱)andtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreation,Weareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseouttechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecades,andsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearly,theimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination.Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestones,particularlytheIndustrial
47Revolution.YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolution,wefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.Itgaverisetomassproductionand,throughmassproduction,toasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.Insomewhatsimilarfashion,computerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlife,particularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandanimalsbymechanicalmethods.Thecomputerextendsthisdevelopmenttosupplementandreplacesomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety.31.Aspearorarobothasthequalityoftechnologyonlywhenit.A)isusedbothasaculturalandaphysicalobjectB)servesdifferentpurposesequallywellC)isutilizedbymanD)canbeofusetobothmanandanimal32.TheexamplesoftheChallengerandChernobylcitedbytheauthorservetoshowthat.A)ifnotgivencloseexamination,technologycouldbeusedtodestroyourworld B)technologyisahumancreation,soweareresponsibleforitC)technologyusuallygoeswrong,ifnotcontrolledbymanD)beingahumancreation,technologyisliabletoerror33.Accordingtotheauthor,theintroductionofthecomputerisarevolutionmainlybecause.A)thecomputerhasrevolutionizedtheworkingsofthehumanmindB)thecomputercandothetasksthatcouldonlybedonebypeoplebeforeC)ithashelpedtoswitchtoaninformationtechnologyD)ithasagreatpotentialimpactonsociety34.Byusingthephrase“thehumanqualityoftechnology”(Para.2,Lines6-7),theauthorreferstothefactthattechnology.A)hasagreatimpactonhumanlifeB)hassomecharacteristicsofhumannatureC)canreplacesomeaspectsofthehumanmindD)doesnotexistinthenaturalworld35.Thepassageisbasedontheauthor's.A)keeninsightintothenatureoftechnologyB)prejudicedcriticismoftheroleoftheIndustrialRevolutionC)cautiousanalysisofthereplacementofthehumanmindbycomputersD)exaggerateddescriptionofthenegativeconsequencesoftechnology
48Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristine(未受外界影响的)eyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes(固定的模式)；hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothelanguageofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiessocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopindependently,thefigure(这种比喻)becomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.36.Theauthorthinksthereasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat.A)customrevealsonlythesuperficialnatureofhumanbehaviorB)thestudyofsocialorderscanreplacethestudyofcustomC)peoplearestillnotawareoftheimportantrolethatcustomplaysinformingourworldoutlookD)customhaslittletodowithourwaysofthinking37.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoJohnDewey?A)Anindividualcanexerciseverylittleinfluenceontheculturaltraditionintowhichheisborn.B)Customisthedirectresultofthephilosophicalprobingsofagroupofpeople.C)Anindividualisstronglyinfluencedbytheculturaltraditionevenbeforeheisborn.D)Customrepresentsthecollectivewisdomwhichbenefitstheindividual.38.Theword“custom”inthispassagemostprobablymeans.A)theconceptofthetrueandthefalseofasocietyB)theindependentlydevelopedsocialordersC)theadjustmentoftheindividualtothenewsocialenvironmentD)thepatternsandstandardsofbehaviorofacommunity
4939.Accordingtothepassage,aperson'slife,fromhisbirthtohisdeath,.A)isconstantlyshapingtheculturaltraditionsofhispeopleB)ispredominatedbytraditionalcustomC)iscontinuallyinfluencedbythehabitsofothercommunitiesD)ischieflyinfluencedbythepeoplearoundhim.40.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis.A)tourgeindividualstofollowtraditionalcustomsB)tostressthestronginfluenceofcustomsonanindividualC)toexaminetheinteractionofmanandsocialcustomsD)toshowman'sadjustmenttotraditionalcustomsUnit10PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Moreandmore,theoperationsofourbusinesses,governments,andfinancialinstitutionsarecontrolledbyinformationthatexistsonlyinsidecomputermemories.Anyonecleverenoughtomodifythisinformationforhisownpurposescanreapsubstantialrewards.Evenworse,anumberofpeoplewhohavedonethisandbeencaughtatithavemanagedtogetawaywithoutpunishment.It'seasyforcomputercrimestogoundetectedifnoonechecksuponwhatthecomputerisdoing.Butevenifthecrimeisdetected,thecriminalmaywalkawaynotonlyunpunishedbutwithaglowingrecommendationfromhisformeremployers. Ofcourse,wehavenostatisticsoncrimesthatgoundetected.Butit'sdisturbingtonotehowmanyofthecrimeswedoknowaboutweredetectedbyaccident,notbysystematicinspectionsorothersecurityprocedures.Thecomputercriminalswhohavebeencaughtmaybethevictimsofuncommonlybadluck.Forexample,acertainkeypunch(键盘打孔)operatorcomplainedofhavingtostayovertimetopunchextracards.Investigationrevealedthattheextracardsshewasbeingaskedtopunchwerefordishonesttransactions.Inanothercase,dissatisfiedemployeesofthethieftippedoff(向……透露)thecompanythatwasbeingrobbed.Unlikeotherlawbreakers,whomustleavethecountry,commitsuicide,orgotojail,
50computercriminalssometimesescapepunishment,demandingnotonlythattheynotbechargedbutthattheybegivengoodrecommendationsandperhapsotherbenefits.Alltoooften,theirdemandshavebeenmet.Why?Becausecompanyexecutivesareafraidofthebadpublicitythatwouldresultifthepublicfoundoutthattheircomputerhadbeenmisused.Theyhesitateatthethoughtofacriminalboastinginopencourtofhowhejuggled(耍弄)themostconfidentialrecordsrightunderthenosesofthecompany'sexecutives,accountants,andsecuritystaff.Andsoanothercomputercriminaldepartswithjusttherecommendationsheneedstocontinuehiscrimeselsewhere.21.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.A)itisstillimpossibletodetectcomputercrimestodayB)computercrimesarethemostseriousproblemintheoperationoffinancialinstitutionsC)computercriminalscanescapepunishmentbecausetheycan'tbedetectedD)peoplecommitcomputercrimesattherequestoftheircompany22.Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat.A)manymorecomputercrimesgoundetectedthanarediscoveredB)therapidincreaseofcomputercrimesisatroublesomeproblemC)mostcomputercriminalsaresmartenoughtocoveruptheircrimesD)mostcomputercriminalswhoarecaughtblametheirbadluck23.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?A)Astrictlawagainstcomputercrimesmustbeenforced.B)Companiesneedtoimposerestrictionsonconfidentialinformation.C)Companieswillguardagainstcomputercrimestoprotecttheirreputation.D)Companiesusuallyhesitatetouncovercomputercrimes.24.Whatmayhappentocomputercriminalsoncetheyarecaught?A)Withabadreputationtheycanhardlyfindanotherjob.B)Theywillbedeniedaccesstoconfidentialrecords.C)Theymaywalkawayandeasilyfindanotherjob.D)Theymustleavethecountryorgotojail.25.Thepassageismainlyabout.A)whycomputercrimesaredifficulttodetectbysystematicinspectionsB)whycomputercriminalsareoftenabletoescapepunishmentC)howcomputercriminalsmanagetogetgoodrecommendationfromtheirformeremployersD)whycomputercrimescan'tbeeliminatedQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Itisoftenclaimedthatnuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.Weliveinaconsumersocietywherethereisanenormousdemandforcommercialproductsofallkinds.Moreover,anincreaseinindustrialproductionisconsideredtobeonesolutiontotheproblemofmassunemployment.Suchanincreasepresumesanabundantandcheapenergysupply.Many
51peoplebelievethatnuclearenergyprovidesaninexhaustibleandeconomicalsourceofpowerandthatitisthereforeessentialforanindustriallydevelopingsociety.Thereareanumberofotheradvantagesintheuseofnuclearenergy.Firstly,nuclearpower,exceptforaccidents,isclean.Afurtheradvantageisthatanuclearpowerstationcanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff.Thenuclearreactorrepresentsanenormousstepinourscientificevolutionand,whatevertheanti-nucleargroupsays,itiswrongtoexpectareturntomoreprimitivesourcesoffuel.However,opponentsofnuclearenergypointoutthatnuclearpowerstationsbringadirectthreatnotonlytotheenvironmentbutalsotocivilliberties.Furthermore,itisquestionablewhetherultimatelynuclearpowerisacheapsourceofenergy.Therehave,forexample,beenverycostlyaccidentsinAmerica,inBritainand,ofcourse,inRussia.Thepossibilityofincreasesinthecostofuranium(铀)inadditiontothecostofgreatersafetyprovisionscouldpricenuclearpoweroutofthemarket.Inthelongrun,environmentalistsargue,nuclearenergywastesvaluableresourcesanddisturbstheecologytoanextentwhichcouldbringaboutthedestructionofthehumanrace.Thusifwewishtosurvive,wecannotaffordnuclearenergy.Inspiteofthecaseagainstnuclearenergyoutlinedabove,nuclearenergyprogrammesareexpanding.Suchanexpansionassumesacontinualgrowthinindustrialproductionandconsumerdemands.However, itisdoubtfulwhetherthisgrowthwillorcancontinue.Havingweigheduptheargumentsonbothsides,itseemstherearegoodeconomicandecologicalreasonsforsourcesofenergyotherthannuclearpower.26.Thewriter'sattitudetowardnuclearenergyis.A)indifferentC)favorableB)tolerantD)negative27.Accordingtotheopponentsofnuclearenergy,whichofthefollowingisTRUEofnuclearenergy?A)Primitive.C)Exhaustible.B)Cheap.D)Unsafe.28.Somepeopleclaimthatnuclearenergyisessentialbecause.A)itprovidesaperfectsolutiontomassunemploymentB)itrepresentsanenormousstepforwardinourscientificevolutionC)itcanmeetthegrowingdemandofanindustriallydevelopingsocietyD)nuclearpowerstationscanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthewritersupport?A)Thedemandforcommercialproductswillnotnecessarilykeepincreasing.B)Nuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.C)Uraniumisagoodsourceofenergyforeconomicandecologicalreasons.D)Greatersafetyprovisionscanbringabouttheexpansionofnuclearenergyprogrammes.30.Thefunctionofthelastsentenceisto.A)advancethefinalargument
52B)reflectthewriter'sattitudeC)reversepreviouslyexpressedthoughtsD)showthedisadvantagesofnuclearpowerQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearer'sbackground,personality,status,mood,andsocialoutlook.Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeople'simpressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienated(疏远……)byayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson'seducation,background,orinterests.Peopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits(套装)，includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollegestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobinterview,oracourtappearance.Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof“masculine”and“feminine”attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine”grooming(打扮)—shorterhair,moderateuseofmake-up,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon'tgetajob.”31.Accordingtothepassage,thewaywedress.A)providescluesforpeoplewhoarecriticalofusB)indicatesourlikesanddislikesinchoosingacareerC)hasadirectinfluenceonthewaypeopleregardusD)isofparticularimportancewhenwegetoninage32.Fromthethirdparagraphofthepassage,wecanconcludethatyoungadultstendtobelievethatcertaintypesofclothingcan.A)changepeople'sconservativeattitudestowardstheirlifestyles
53B)helpyoungpeoplemakefriendswiththeoppositesexC)makethemcompetitiveinthejobmarketD)helpthemachievesuccessintheirinterpersonalrelationships33.Theword“precedent”(Line1,Para.4)probablyrefersto.A)earlyactsformentofollowasexamplesB)particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportanceC)thingsthatmenshouldagreeuponD)men'sbeliefsthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecided34.Accordingtothepassage,manycareerwomenfindthemselvesindifficultsituationsbecause.A)thevarietyoftheprofessionalclothingistoowideforthemtochooseB)womenaregenerallythoughttobeonlygoodatbeingfashionmodelsC)menaremorefavorablyjudgedformanagerialpositionsD)theyarenotsuretowhatextenttheyshoulddisplaytheirfemininequalitiesthroughclothing35.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Dressingforeffect.C)Managerialpositionsandclothing.B)Howtodressappropriately.D)Dressingfortheoccasion.Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye,intheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone'sexperienceintheorganization.ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBM,halfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopment,andnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&T,Coca-Cola,Prudential,andMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe'sseenatbigcompanies,heweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlong-termcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%,image,30%;andexposure,afull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreases,itwon'tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourwork,andhowhighuptheyare.Ridiculousbeliefs?Nottomanypeople,especiallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswho,likeColeman,feelthatthescales(障眼物)havedroppedfromtheireyes.“Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs,”saysKaleelJamison,aNewYork-basedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues.“Theythinkthatifyouworkhard,you'llgetahead—thatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion.”sheadds,“Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey'vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydown(使……不突出)theirvisibility.”Heradviceto
54thosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshave traditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight.36.Accordingtothepassage,“thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid”(Line2,Para.1)probablyrefersto“”.A)criticismsthatshapeeveryone'sexperienceB)theopinionswhichcontradicttheestablishedbeliefsC)thetendenciesthathelpthenewcomerstoseeofficematterswithafresheye D)theideaswhichusuallycomeupwithnewwaysofmanagementintheorganization37.Toachievesuccessinyourcareer,themostimportantfactor,accordingtothepassage,isto.A)letyoursuperiorsknowhowgoodyouareB)projectafavorableimagetothepeoplearoundyouC)workasaconsultanttoyoursuperiorsD)performwellyourtasksgivenbyyoursuperiors38.Thereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey.A)knowthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgivethemapromotionB)wanttogivepeopletheimpressionthattheyworkunderfalsebeliefsC)don'twantpeopletothinkthattheirpromotionswereduetosexorcolorD)believetheycangetpromotedbyreasonoftheirsexorcolor.39.TheauthorisoftheopinionthatColeman'sbeliefsare.A)biasedC)insightfulB)popularD)superficial40.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.A)RoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagementB)TheImportanceofBeingVisibleC)JobPerformanceandAdvancementD)SexandCareerSuccessUnit11PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.
55Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:ItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptive(欺骗性的)packagingrumpus(喧嚣)startedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to101/2ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Therewerestilltwelvebiscuits,buttheyhadbeenreducedinsize.Later,theSenatorrightlycomplainedofastore-boughtpieinahandsomelyillustratedboxthatpictured,inasingleslice,almostasmanycherriesastherewereinthewholepie.Themanufacturerwhoincreasestheunitpriceofhisproductbychanginghispackagesizetolowerthequantitydeliveredcan,withoutunduehardship,puthisproductintoboxes,bags,andtinsthatwillcontaineven4-ounce,8-ounce,one-pound,two-poundquantitiesofbreakfastfoods,cakemixes,etc.Astudyofdrugstore(杂货店)andsupermarketshelveswillconvinceanyobserverthatallpossiblesizesandshapesofboxes,jars,bottles,andtinsareinuseatthesametime,and,asthepackagejournalsshow,weekbyweek,thereisneveranyhesitationinintroducinganewsizeandshapeofboxorbottlewhenitaidsinproductdifferentiation.Theproducersofpackagedproductsarguestronglyagainstchangingsizesofpackagestocontainevenweightsandvolumes,butnooneinthetradecommentsunfavorablyonthehugecostsincurredbyendlesschangesofpackagesizes,materials,shape,artwork,andnetweightsthatareusedforimprovingaproduct'smarketposition.Whenapackagingexpertexplainedthathewasabletomultiplythepriceofhardsweetsby2.5,from$1to$2.50bychangingtoafancyjar,orthathehadmadea5_ouncebottlelookasthoughitheld8ounces,hewasineffecttellingthepublicthatpackagingcanbeaveryexpensiveluxury.Itevidentlydoescomehigh,whenanaveragefamilypaysabout$200ayearforbottles,cans,boxes,jarsandothercontainers,mostofwhichcan'tbeusedforanythingbutstuffingthegarbagecan.21.WhatstartedthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpus?A)Consumers'complaintsaboutthechangesinpackagesize.B)Asenator'sdiscoveryofthetricksinpackaging.C)Expensivepackagingforpoorqualityproducts.D)Theriseintheunitpriceformanyproducts.22.Theword“undue”(Line2,Para.2)means“”.A)improperC)excessiveB)adequateD)unexpected23.Consumersareconcernedaboutthechangesinpackagesize,mainlybecause.A)theunitpriceforaproductoftenrisesasaresultB)theyhatetoseeanychangesinthingstheyarefamiliarwithC)theyhavetopayforthecostofchangingpackagesizesD)thisentailsanincreaseinthecostofpackaging
5624.Accordingtothispassage,varioustypesofpackagingcomeintoexistenceto.A)meettheneedsofconsumersB)suitallkindsofproductsC)introducenewproductsD)enhancethemarketpositionofproducts25.Theauthoriscriticalmainlyof.A)inferiorpackagingC)thechangesinpackagesizeB)dishonestpackagingD)exaggeratedillustrationsonpackagesQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapanthehead ofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm'shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.26.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?A)Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.
57B)Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.C)Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.D)Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees'ownbusiness.27.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?A)Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.B)Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.C)Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.D)Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexective.28.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto.A)technologicalandmanagerialstaffB)workerswhocanoperatenewequipmentC)workerswholackbasicbackgroundskillsD)topexecutives29.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm'scompetitiveadvantageis.A)theintroductionofnewtechnologiesB)theimprovementofworkers'basicskillsC)therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployeesD)theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees30.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A)AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.B)Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement. C)Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.D)Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm'shierarchy.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject(研究对象).Tooclosearelation,andthewritermayloseobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul—thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking'sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking'sbiography—notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everyposition
58hasstrengthsandweaknesses:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesus(耶稣)foundintheBibleareinthisclass.Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe“authentic”one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis“authorized”bythesubject;thispresumablyallowsthebiographerspecialaccesstoprivateinformation.“Unauthorized”biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,the“unauthorized”characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral“authentic”ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotell“the”storyofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.31.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho.A)possessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictowardthesubjectB)isclosetothesubjectandknowsthetechniquesofbiographywritingC)isindependentandtreatsthesubjectwithfairnessandobjectivityD)knowsthesubjectverywellandyetmaintainsaproperdistancefromhim32.TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat.A)biographiescanservedifferentpurposesB)biographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubjects'livesC)thebestbiographiesarethoseofheroesandfamousfiguresD)thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreaders33.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtothepassage?A)Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.B)Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.C)Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.D)Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.34.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause. A)itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividlyB)itrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsidersC)itcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject'sprivatelifeD)itusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofsubject'scharacter35.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson.A)thesecretofabiographertowinmorereadersB)thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjobC)thetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteagoodbiography
59D)thecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographiesQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Whethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoul”isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafact.Duringthefirsttwomonthsofababy'slife,thestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmile.Significantly,arealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmile,norwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.Inonestudy,whenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople,75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouths,but99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapan,however,wherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother'sback,infantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.Asaresult,Japaneseadultsmakelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencode(把…编码)ordecode(理解)meaning.Infact,Argylerevealsthatthe“properplacetofocusone'sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone'sconversationpartner.”TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecond,thenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyre-establisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentive,thenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listeners,meanwhile,keeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeaker,allowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses:theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruption,falsestarts,andunpredictablepauses.36.Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare.A)somethingthevalueofwhichislargelyamatteroflongdebateB)somethingthroughwhichonecanseeaperson'sinnerworldC)ofconsiderablesignificanceinmakingconversationsinterestingD)ofextremeimportanceinexpressingfeelingsandexchangingideas37.Babieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson.A)whosefaceisseenfromthesideC)whosefrontviewisfullyperceivedB)whosefaceiscoveredwithamaskD)whosefaceisfreeofanycovering 38.Accordingtothepassage,theJapanesefixtheirgazeontheirconversationpartner'sneckbecause.A)theydon'tliketokeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerB)theyneednotcommunicatethrougheyecontactC)theydidn'thavemuchopportunitytocommunicatethrougheyecontactinbabyhoodD)theydon'tthinkitpolitetohaveeyecontact
6039.Accordingtothepassage,aconversationbetweentwoAmericansmaybreakdowndueto.A)improperly-timedceasingofeyecontactB)eyecontactofmorethanonesecondC)onetemporarilyglancingawayfromtheotherD)constantadjustmentofeyecontact40.Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothly,itisbetterfortheparticipants.A)nottomakeanyinterruptionsC)nottoglanceawayfromeachotherB)nottoweardarkspectaclesD)nottomakeunpredictablepausesUnit12PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Afewcommonmisconceptions.Beautyisonlyskin-deep.One'sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon'tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.Overthelast30years,socialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1,000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomatter,morethanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggest,forexample,thatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirparents,soughtoutasfriends,andpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobs,theyarealsomorelikelytobehired,paidwell,andpromoted.Un-American,yousay,unfairandextremelyunbelievable?Onceagain,thescientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieties(虔诚)whileactingjustthecontrary.Theirtypicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup—collegestudents,perhaps,orteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagers—apieceofpaperrelatinganindividual'saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractiveperson,someanaverage-lookingcharacter,andsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributes,anythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillbepromoted.Almostinvariably,thebetterlookingthepersoninthepicture,thehigherthepersonisrated.In
61thephrase,borrowedfromSappho,thatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperception,whatisbeautifulisgood.Inbusiness,however,goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen,anddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessor,whoisanauthorityonthesubject,explains:Intermsoftheircareers,theimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendous,makingiteasier,forexample,forthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernote,though,thereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspire(追求)tomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomenwhomaybelessattractive.21.Accordingtothepassage,peopleoftenwronglybelievethatinpursuingacareerasamanager.A)aperson'spropertyordebtsdonotmattermuchB)aperson'soutwardappearanceisnotacriticalqualificationC)womenshouldalwaysdressfashionablyD)womenshouldnotonlybeattractivebutalsohigh-minded22.Theresultofresearchcarriedoutbysocialscientistsshowthat.A)peopledonotrealizetheimportanceoflookingone'sbestB)womeninpursuitofmanagerialjobsarenotlikelytobepaidwellC)good-lookingwomenaspiretomanagerialpositionsD)attractivepeoplegenerallyhaveanadvantageoverthosewhoarenot23.Experimentsbyscientistshaveshownthatwhenpeopleevaluateindividualsoncertainattuibrtes.A)theyobservetheprinciplethatbeautyisonlyskin-deepB)theydonotusuallyactaccordingtotheviewstheysupportC)theygiveordinary-lookingpersonsthelowestratingsD)theytendtobasetheirjudgmentontheindividual'saccomplishments24.“Goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen”(Line1,Para.5)meansthat. A)attractivewomenhavetremendouspotentialimpactonpublicjobsB)good-lookingwomenalwaysgetthebestofeverythingC)beingattractiveisnotalwaysanadvantageforwomen.D)attractivewomendonotdoaswellasunattractivewomeninmanagerialpositions25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthebusinessworld.A)handsomemenarenotaffectedasmuchbytheirlooksasattractivewomenare B)physicallyattractivewomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallydoquitewellC)physicallyattractivemenandwomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallygetalongquitewellD)goodlooksareimportantforwomenastheyareformenQuestion26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
62Notcontentwithitsdoubtfulclaimtoproducecheapfoodforourownpopulation,thefactoryfarmingindustryalsoarguesthat“hungrynationsarebenefitingfromadvancesmadebythepoultry(家禽)industry”.Infact,ratherthanhelpingthefightagainstmalnutrition(营养不良)in“hungrynations”,thespreadoffactoryfarminghas,inevitablyaggravatedtheproblem.Large-scaleintensivemeatandpoultryproductionisawasteoffoodresources.Thisisbecausemoreproteinhastobefedtoanimalsintheformofvegetablematterthancaneverberecoveredintheformofmeat.Muchofthefoodvalueislostintheanimal'sprocessofdigestionandcellreplacement.Neither,inthecaseofchicken,canoneeatfeathers,blood,feetorhead.Inall,onlyabout44%oftheliveanimalfitstobeeatenasmeat.Thismeansonehastofeedapproximately9_10timesasmuchfoodvaluetotheanimalthanonecanconsumefromthecarcass.Asasystemforfeedingthehungry,theeffectscanprovedisastrous.Attimesofcrisis,grainisthefoodoflife.Nevertheless,thehugeincreaseinpoultryproductionthroughoutAsiaandAfricacontinues.NormallyBritishorUSfirmsareinvolved.Forinstance,anAmericanbasedmultinationalcompanyhasthisyearannounceditsinvolvementinprojectsinseveralAfricancountries.Britain'slargestsuppliersofchickens,RossBreeders,arealsoinvolvedinprojectsallovertheworld.Becausesuchtradeisgoodforexports,Westerngovernmentsencourageit.In1979,afirminBangladeshcalledPhoenixPoultryreceivedagranttosetupaunitof6,000chickensand18,000layinghens.Thisalmostdoubledthenumberofpoultrykeptinthecountryallatonce.ButBangladeshlackscapital,energyandfoodandhaslargenumbersofunemployed.Suchchicken-raisingdemandscapitalforbuildingandmachinery,extensiveuseofenergyresourcesforautomation,andinvolvesfeedingchickenswithpotentialfamine-reliefproteinfood.Atpresent,oneofBangladesh'smainimportsisfoodgrains,becausethecountryisunabletogrowenoughfoodtofeeditspopulation.Onwhatthencantheypossiblyfeedthechicken?26.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat.A)efficiencymustberaisedinthepoultryindustryB)raisingpoultrycanprovidemoreproteinthangrowinggrainC)factoryfarmingwilldomoreharmthangoodtodevelopingcountriesD)hungrynationsmaybenefitfromthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustry27.Accordingtotheauthor,infactoryfarming,vegetablefood.A)iseasyforchickenstodigestB)isinsufficientfortheneedsofpoultryC)isfullyutilizedinmeatandeggproductionD)isinefficientlyconvertedintomeatandeggs28.WesterngovernmentsencouragethepoultryindustryinAsiabecausetheyregarditasaneffectivewayto.A)boosttheirownexportsB)alleviatemalnutritioninAsiancountriesC)createjobopportunitiesinAsiancountriesD)promotetheexportsofAsiancountries
6329.Theword“carcass”(Line2,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“”.A)vegetablespreservedforfutureuseB)thedeadbodyofananimalreadytobecutintomeatC)expensivefoodthatconsumerscanhardlyaffordD)meatcannedforfutureconsumption30.Whatthelastparagraphtellsusistheauthor's.A)detailedanalysisofthewaysofraisingpoultryinBangladeshB)greatappreciationofthedevelopmentofpoultryindustryinBangladeshC)criticalviewonthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustryinBangladeshD)practicalsuggestionfortheimprovementofthepoultryindustryinBangladeshQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareother,moresurprisingcauses.Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsaliva(唾液)slows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevil-smellinggases,theworstofwhichishydrogensulfide(硫化物).Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygen-richsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfur-producingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.Alcohol,hunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexercise —anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit'snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople'sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebad-breathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.Formostofus,thesimple,dry-mouthvarietyofbadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdry-mouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbad-breathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon'tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus(粘液).Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.31.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“”.A)thriveonB)accountforC)originatefromD)descendfrom
6432.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?A)Toothtrouble.C)Toomuchexercise.B)Sulfur-richfood.D)Mentalstrain.33.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause.A)itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducingB)itssmelladdstobadbreathC)itkillssomehelpfulbacteriaD)itaffectsthenoumalflowofsaliva34.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause. A)theycan'tmaskthebadodorlongenoughB)theycan'tgettoalltheoffendingbacteriaC)theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworseD)theycan'tcoverthethicklayersofmucus35.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat.A)offensivebreathcan'teasilybecuredB)elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreathC)heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreathD)offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcoholQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:“WelcometotheU.S.A.!MajorCreditcardsaccepted!”Bythemillionstheyarecomingnolongerthetired,thepoor,thewretchedmasseslongingforabetterliving.Thesearethewealthy.“Wedon'thaveabudget，”saysabiologistfromBrazil,asshewalkswithtwocompanionsthroughNewYorkCity'sSouthStreet.“Wejustuseourcreditcards.”TheU.S.haslongbeenoneoftheworld'smostpopulartouristdestinations,butthisyearhasbeenexceptional.FirsttherewastheWorldCup,whichdrewthousandsfromeverycorneroftheglobe;thencametheweakeningoftheU.S.dollaragainstmajorcurrencies.NowtheU.S.,stilltheworld'ssuperpower,canalsoclaimtobetheworld'sbargainbasement(廉价商品部).NobodyundersellsAmericathesedaysonjustabouteverything,fromconsumerelectronicstofashionclothestotennisrackets.Bottomretailprices—anywherefrom30%to70%lowerthanthoseinEuropeandAsia—haveattractedsome47millionvisitors,whoareexpectedtoleavebehind$79billionin1994.That'supfrom$74billiontheyearbefore.True,noteveryonecomesjustforbargains.ThereremainsanundeniablefascinationintherestoftheworldwithallthingsAmerican,nourishedbyHollywoodfilmsandU.S.televisionseries.ButshoppingtheU.S.A.isprovingirresistible.Everyweekthousandsarrivewithemptysuitcasesreadytobefilled;someevenrentanadditionalhotelroomtoholdtheirpurchases.Thebuyingbinge(无节制)hasbecomeasimportantaswatchingOldFaithfulfountainseruptin
65YellowstoneParkorsunbathingonabeachinFlorida.TheU.S.hascomeatlasttoappreciatewhatothercountrieslearnedlongago:thepouringinofforeigntouristsmaynotalwaysbeconvenient,butitdoesputmoneyinthebank.Andwithatradedeficitatabout$130billionandgrowingforthepast12months,theU.S.needsallthedepositsitcanget.ComparedwithAmericantouristsabroad,visitorstotheU.S.staylongerandspendmoremoneyateachstop;anaverageof12.2nightand$1624atravellerversustheAmericans'fournightsand$298.36.FromwhattheBrazilianbiologistsays,weknowthattouristslikeher.A)arereluctanttocarrycashwiththemB)simplydon'tcarehowmuchtheyspendC)arenotgoodatplanningtheirexpenditureD)oftenspendmoremoneythantheycanafford37.Thereasonwhy1994wasexceptionalisthat.A)itsawanunusuallylargenumberoftouriststotheU.S.B)itwitnessedadropinthenumberoftouriststotheU.S.C)tourismwashardlyaffectedbytheweakeningoftheU.S.dollarthatyearD)touristscametotheU.S.forsightseeingratherthanforbargainsthatyear 38.Bysaying“nobodyundersellsAmerica”(Line4,Para.3),theauthormeansthat.A)noothercountryunderestimatesthecompetitivenessofAmericanproductsB)nobodyexpectstheAmericanstocutthepricesoftheircommoditiesC)nobodyrestrainsthesellingofAmericangoodsD)noothercountrysellsatalowerpricethanAmerica39.WhydoestheauthorassertthatallthingsAmericanarefascinatingtoforeigners?A)BecausetheyhavegainedmuchpublicitythroughtheAmericanmedia.B)Becausetheyrepresenttheworld'slatestfashions.C)Becausetheyembodythemostsophisticatedtechnology.D)Becausetheyareavailableatalltouristdestinations.40.FromthepassagewecanconcludethattheU.S.hascometorealize.A)theweakeningiftheU.S.dollarcanresultintradedeficitsB)thelowertheretailprices,thegreatertheprofitsC)tourismcanmakegreatcontributionstoitseconomyD)visitorstotheU.S.arewealthierthanU.S.touristsabroadUnit13PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)
66Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Cyberspace(网络空间)，datasuperhighways,multimedia—forthosewhohaveseenthefuture,thelinkingofcomputers,televisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopia(乌托邦)littleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.Aswithallnewhightechnology,whiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththe“how,”thequestionof“forwhom”isputasideonceagain.Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundaries,andtransnationalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftrade,exchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets—withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots. Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.As“futures”(期货)aretradedoncomputerscreens,developingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies.Sowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrol?Onealterativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves—so-called“developmentcommunications”modernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries'economies. CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.,EuropeorJapan;thepatents,skillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries.Itisalsoexpensive,andimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit—creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain.Furthermore,whennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelites,foreigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransnationalcorporationsmaybenefit,thosewhoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit.21.Fromthepassageweknowthatthedevelopmentofhightechnologyisintheinterestsof.A)therichcountriesC)theeliteB)scientificdevelopmentD)theworldeconomy22.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A)internationaltradeshouldbeexpanded
67B)theinterestsofthepoorcountrieshavenotbeengivenenoughconsideration C)theexportsofthepoorcountriesshouldbeincreasedD)communicationstechnologyinthedevelopingcountriesshouldbemodernized23.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheelectroniceconomymayhaveadestructiveimpactondevelopingcountries?A)Becauseitenablesthedevelopedcountriestocontroltheinternationalmarket.B)Becauseitdestroystheeconomicbalanceofthepoorcountries.C)becauseitviolatesthenationalboundariesofthepoorcountries.D)Becauseitinhibitstheindustrialgrowthofdevelopingcountries.24.Thedevelopmentofmoderncommunicationstechnologyindevelopingcountriesmay.A)hindertheirindustrialproductionB)causethemtolosecontroloftheirtradeC)forcethemtoreducetheirshareofexportsD)costthemtheireconomicindependence25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardthecommunicationsrevolutionis.A)positiveB)criticalC)indifferentD)tolerantQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Theestimatesofthenumbersofhome-schooledchildrenvarywidely.TheU.S.DepartmentofEducationestimatesthereare250,000to350,000home-schooledchildreninthecountry.Home-schooladvocatesputthenumbermuchhigher—ataboutamillion.Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolers,perceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceforpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.Homeschoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschools,chargingshortcomingsthatrangefromlackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherdlikeapproachtoteachingchildren.Yet,aspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulation,andashomeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschools,thesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Publicschoolsandhomeschoolershavemovedclosertotoleranceand,insomecases,evencooperation.SaysJohnMarshall,aneducationofficial,“Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantofhomeschoolers.Theideais,‘Let'sgivethekidsaccesstopublicschoolsothey'llseeit'snotasterribleasthey'vebeentold,andthey'llwanttocomeback.’”Perhaps,butdon'tcountonit,sayhome-schooladvocates.Homeschoolersopposethesystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation—whetherfueledbyreligiousenthusiasmortheindividualchild'sinterestsandnaturalpace—isbest.“Thebulkofhomeschoolersjustwanttobeleftalone,”saysEngeCannon,associatedirectoroftheNationalCenterForHomeEducation.Shesayshomeschoolerschoosethatpathforavarietyofreasons,butreligionplaysarole85percentofthetime.
68ProfessorVanGalenbreakshomeschoolersintotwogroups.Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalso“strictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.Notincidentally,theyalsowanttheirchildrentolearn—bothintellectuallyandemotionally—thatthefamilyisthemostimportantinstitutioninsociety.”Otherhomeschoolerscontend“notsomuchthattheschoolsteachheresy(异端邪说)，butthatschoolsteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately,”VanGalenwrites.“Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto‘takeresponsibility’fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.”26.Accordingtothepassage,homeschoolersare.A)thosewhoengageprivateteacherstoprovideadditionaleducationfortheirchildrenB)thosewhoeducatetheirchildrenathomeinsteadofsendingthemtoschoolC)thosewhoadvocatecombiningpubliceducationwithhomeschoolingD)thosewhodon'tgotoschoolbutareeducatedathomebytheirparents27.Publicschoolsaresofteningtheirpositiononhomeschoolingbecause.A)thereisn'tmuchtheycandotochangethepresentsituationB)theywanttoshowtheirtolerancefordifferentteachingsystemsC)homeschoolingprovidesanewvarietyofeducationforchildrenD)publicschoolshavesomanyproblemsthattheycannotofferpropereducationforallchildren28.Home-schooladvocatesareoftheopinionthat.A)thingsinpublicschoolsarenotsobadashasoftenbeensaidB)theirtoleranceofpubliceducationwillattractmorekidstopublicschoolsC)homeschoolingissuperiorand,therefore,theywillnoteasilygiveinD)theirincreasedcooperationwithpublicschoolwillbringabouttheimprovementofpubliceducation29.Mosthomeschoolers'oppositiontopubliceducationstemsfromtheir.A)respectfortheinterestsofindividualsB)worryabouttheinefficiencyofpublicschoolsC)concernwiththecostinvolvedD)devotiontoreligion30.AccordingtoVanGalensomehomeschoolersbelievethat.A)publicschoolstakeupaherdlikeapproachtoteachingchildrenB)teachersinpublicschoolarenotasresponsibleastheyshouldbeC)publicschoolscannotprovideaneducationthatisgoodenoughfortheirchildrenD)publicschoolsarethesourceofbureaucracyandinefficiencyinmodernsocietyQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Everyyeartelevisionstationsreceivehundredsofcomplaintsabouttheloudnessof
69advertisements.However,federalrulesforbidthepracticeofmakingadslouderthantheprogramming.Inaddition,televisionstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevelallowedforreasonsofefficiency.AccordingtooneNBCexecutive,nodifferenceexistsinthepeaksoundlevelofadsandprogramming.Giventhisinformation,whydocommercialssoundsoloud?Thesensationofsoundinvolvesavarietyoffactorsinadditiontoitsspeaklevel.Advertisersareskilfulatcreatingtheimpressionofloudnessthroughtheirexpertuseofsuchfactors.Onemajorcontributortotheperceivedloudnessofcommercialsisthatmuchlessvariationinsoundleveloccursduringacommercial.Inregularprogrammingtheintensityofsoundvariesoveralargerange.However,soundlevelsincommercialstendtostayatornearpeaklevels.Other“tricksofthetrade”arealsoused.Becauselow-frequencysoundscanmaskhigherfrequencysounds,advertisersfilteroutanynoisesthatmaydrownouttheprimarymessage.Inaddition,thehumanvoicehasmoreauditory(听觉的)impactinthemiddlefrequencyranges.Advertiserselectronicallyvaryvoicesoundssothattheystaywithinsuchafrequencyband.Anotherapproachistowritethescriptsothatlotsofconsonants(辅音)areused,becausepeoplearemoreawareofconsonantsthanvowel(元音)sounds.Finally,advertiserstrytobegincommercialswithsoundsthatarehighlydifferentfromthoseoftheprogrammingwithinwhichthecommercialisburied.Becausepeoplebecomeadaptedtothetypeofsoundscomingfromprogramming,adramaticchangeinsoundqualitydrawsviewerattention.Forexample,noticehowmanycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsometype.Theattention-gettingpropertyofcommercialscanbeseenbyobservingone-to-two-year-oldchildrenwhohappentobeplayingaroundatelevisionset.Theymaytotallyignoretheprogramming.However,whenacommercialcomeson,theirattentionisimmediatelydrawntoitbecauseofitsdramaticsoundquality.31.Accordingtothepassage,themaximumintensityofsoundcomingfromcommercials.A)doesnotexceedthatofprogramsB)isgreaterthanthatofprogramsC)variesoveralargerangethanthatofprogramsD)islessthanthatofprograms32.Commercialscreatethesensationofloudnessbecause.A)TVstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevelsB)theirsoundlevelsarekeptaroundpeaklevelsC)theirsoundlevelsarekeptinthemiddlefrequencyrangesD)unlikeregularprogramstheirintensityofsoundvariesoverawiderange33.Manycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsomekindbecause.A)popsongsattractviewerattentionB)itcanincreasetheirloudnessC)advertiserswanttomakethemsounddifferentfromregularprogramsD)advertiserswanttomergemusicwithcommercials34.Oneofthereasonswhycommercialsareabletoattractviewerattentionisthat.
70A)thehumanvoicesincommercialshavemoreauditoryimpactB)peoplelikecheerfulsongsthatchangedramaticallyinsoundqualityC)high-frequencysoundsareusedtomasksoundsthatdrownouttheprimarymessageD)theypossesssoundqualitiesthatmaketheviewerfeelthatsomethingunusualishappening35.Inthepassage,theauthoristryingtotellus.A)howTVadsvaryvocalsoundstoattractattentionB)howtheloudnessofTVadsisovercomeC)howadvertiserscontrolthesoundpropertiesofTVadsD)howtheattention-gettingpropertiesofsoundsaremadeuseofinTVadsQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:IntheUnitedStates,theneedtoprotectplantandanimalspecieshasbecomeahighlycontroversialandsharplypoliticalissuesincethepassageoftheEndangeredSpeciesActin1973.Theact,designedtoprotectspecies'livingareas,andpoliciesthatpreservelandandforestscompetewitheconomicinterests.Inthe1990's,forexample,thewoodcuttersintheWesternUnitedStateswerechallengedlegallyintheirattempttocuttreesfortimberintheCascadeMountains.Thechallengewasmountedtoprotecttheendangeredspottedowl(猫头鹰),whoseremainingpopulationoccupiestheseforestsandrequirestheintact,ancientforestforsurvival.Theproblematicsituationsettheinterestsofenvironmentalistsagainstthoseofcorporationsandofindividualswhostoodtolosejobs.Aftermonthsofdebateandlegalbattles,thefateofthewoodcutters—andtheowls—wasstillundecidedinmid-1992.Similartensionsexistbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingnations.Manypeopleinindustrializednations,forexample,believethatdevelopingnationsintropicalregionsshoulddomoretoprotecttheirrainforestsandothernaturalareas.Butthedevelopingcountriesmaybeimpoverished(使穷困),withpopulationsgrowingsorapidlythatusingthelandisameanstotemporarilyavoidworseningpovertyandstarvation.ManyofthechangestoEarththatconcernscientistshavethepotentialtorobtheplanetofitsbiologicalrichness.ThedestructionofEarth'sozonelayer(臭氧层),forexample,couldcontributetothegeneralprocessofimpoverishmentbyallowingultra-violetraystoharmplantsandanimals.Andglobalwarmingcouldwipeoutspeciesunabletoquicklyadapttochangingclimates.Clearly,protectingEarth'sbiologicaldiversityisacomplexproblem.Butsolutionstohumanity'scurrentproblemswillcomeonlythroughcoordinatedinternationaleffortstocontrolhumanpopulation,stabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere,andpreserveintactEarth'scomplexweboflife.36.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheprotectionofendangeredspeciesisahighlycontroversialissue?A)Becausepeoplecan'tagreeastowhatspeciestoprotect.B)Becauseitisdifficulttofindaneffectivewaytoprotectsuchspecies.C)Becauseitaffectstheinterestsofcertaingroupsofpeople.D)Becauseitisamajorprobleminvolvingaseriesoflegalprocedures. 37.Accordingtothepassage,thepreservationofrainforests.
71A)mayhamperadevelopingcountryinitsfightagainstpovertyB)benefitsdevelopedcountriesratherthandevelopingcountriesC)shouldtakepriorityoverthecontrolofhumanpopulationD)willhelpimprovethelivingconditionsindevelopingcountries38.Accordingtothepassage,cuttingtreestogrowmorefood.A)willwidenthegapbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingcountriesB)isbutashort-termrelieftothefoodproblemC)canhardlyalleviatetheshortageoffoodD)provestobeaneffectivewayoutforimpoverishednations39.Amonghumanity'scurrentproblems,thechiefconcernofthescientistsis.A)theimpoverishmentofdevelopingcountriesB)theexplosionofthehumanpopulationC)thereductionofbiologicaldiversityD)theeffectofglobalwarming40.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis.A)todescribethedifficultiesinsolvinghumanity'scurrentproblemsB)topresentthedifferentviewsonhumanity'scurrentproblemsC)toanalyzethecontradictionbetweencountriesindealingwithhumanity'scurrentproblemsD)topointoutthathumanity'scurrentproblemscanonlybesolvedthroughthecooperationofnationsUnit14PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:ManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheUniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst,saysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve.“thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere.”Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,
72chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant'sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides(杀虫剂).Sayshe:“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyemploychemicalwarfare.”Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens—asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms(蘑菇)mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives(添加剂).DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornellUniversity:“We'vegotfarworsenaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made.”Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewmanmadeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpractiesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychain,fromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.21.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheAmericans'viewoftheirfood?A)Theyoverstatethegovernment'sinterferencewiththefoodindustry.B)Theyareoveroptimisticaboutthesafetyoftheirfood.C)Theyoverestimatethehazardsoftheirfood.D)Theyoverlooktherisksofthefoodtheyeat.22.Theauthorconsidersitimpossibletoobtainno-riskfoodbecause.A)nofoodisfreefrompollutionintheenvironmentB)pesticidesarewidelyusedinagricultureC)manyvegetablescontaindangerousnaturalchemicalsD)almostallfoodshaveadditives23.Bysaying“theyemploychemicalwarfare”(Line4,Para.2),BruceAmesmeans“”.A)plantsproducecertainchemicalstocombatpestsanddiseasesB)plantsabsorbusefulchemicalstopromotetheirgrowthC)farmersuseman-madechemicalstodissolvethenaturalchemicalsinplants.D)farmersusechemicalstoprotectplantsagainstpestsanddiseases24.Thereductionofthepossiblehazardsinfoodultimatelydependson. A)thegovernmentC)theprocessor
73B)theconsumerD)thegrower25.Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantstoconveyinthepassage?A)Eatinganddrinkinghavebecomemorehazardousthanbefore.B)Immediatemeasuresmustbetakentoimprovefoodproductionandprocessing.C)Healthfoodisnotadreaminmodernsociety.D)Thereisreasonforcautionbutnocauseforalarmwithregardtofoodconsumption.Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Therearesomephenomenayoucancounton,butthemagneticfield,somedayisnotofthem.Itfluctuatesinstrength,driftsfromitsaxis,andeveryfew100,000yearsundergodramaticpolarityreversal—aperiodwhennorthpolebecomessouthpoleandsouthpolebecomesnorthpole.Buthowisthefieldgenerated,andwhyisitsounstable?GroundbreakingresearchbytwoFrenchgeophysicistspromisestoshedsomelightonthemystery.Using80metresofdeepseasediment(沉淀物)core,theyhaveobtainedmeasuredlotsofmagnetic-fieldintensitythatspan11polarityreversalsandfourmillionyears.Theanalysisrevealsthatintensityappearstofluctuatewithaclear,well-definedrhythm.Althoughthestrengthofthemagneticfieldvariesirregularlyduringtheshortterm,thereseemstobeaninevitablelongtermdeclineprecedingeachpolarityreversal.Whenthepolesflip—aprocessthattakesseveralhundredthousandyears—themagneticfieldrapidlyregainsitsstrengthandthecycleisrepeated.Theresultshavecausedastiramonggeophysicists.Themagneticfieldisthoughttooriginatefrommolten(熔化的)ironintheoutercore,3,000kilometresbeneaththeearth'ssurface.Bystudyingmineralgrainsfoundinmaterialrangingfromrockstoclayarticles,previousresearchershavealreadybeenabletoidentifyreversalsdatingback170millionyears,includingthemostrecentswitch730,000yearsago.Howandwhytheyoccur,however,hasbeenwidelydebated.Severaltheorieslinkpolarityflipstoexternaldisasterssuchasmeteor(陨星)impacts.ButPeterOlson,ageophysicistattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,saysthisisunlikelyiftheFrenchresearchersareright.Infact,Olsonsaysintensitythatpredictablydeclinesfromonereversaltothenextcontradicts90percentofthemodelscurrentlyunderstudy.Iftheresultsprovetobevalidgeophysicistswillhaveanewtheorytoguidethemintheirquesttounderstandtheearth'sinnerphysics.Itcertainlypointsthedirectionforfutureresearch.26.Whichofthefollowingtitlesismostappropriatetothepassage?A)PolarityReversal:AFantasticPhenomenonofNatureB)MeasurementoftheEarth'sMagnetic-FieldIntensityC)FormationoftheTwoPolesoftheEarthD)ANewApproachtotheStudyofGeophysics27.Theword“flip”(Line6,Para.2)mostprobablymeans“”.A)declineB)intensifyC)fluctuateD)reverse
7428.WhathavethetwoFrenchgeophysicistsdiscoveredintheirresearch?A)Someregularityinthechangesoftheearth'smagneticfield.B)Somecausesofthefluctuationoftheearth'smagneticfield.C)Theoriginoftheearth'smagneticfield.D)Thefrequencyofpolarityreversals.29.TheFrenchgeophysicists'studyisdifferentfromcurrentlyprevailingtheoriesin.A)itsidentificationoftheoriginoftheearth'smagneticfieldB)thewaytheearth'smagneticintensityismeasuredC)itsexplanationoftheshiftintheearth'spolarityD)thewaytheearth'sfluctuationrhythmisdefined30.InPeterOlson'sopiniontheFrenchexperiment.A)islikelytodirectfurtherresearchintheinnerphysicsoftheearthB)hassuccessfullysolvedthemysteryofpolarityreversalsC)iscertaintohelppredictexternaldisastersD)hascausedgreatconfusionamongtheworld'sgeophysicistsQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion—aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,anxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,orbondsamongmembersofgroups.Society'seconomicunderpinnings(支柱)wouldbedestroyed:sinceearning$10millionwouldbenomorepleasantthancarning$10,therewouldbenoincentivetowork.Infact,therewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillsee,incentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,wecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.Trueweconsiderthelength,shape,size,ortexture,butanobject'sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcandotous—hurtus,surpriseus,angerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscoloredbyemotionsinourfamilies,communities,andoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsare“good”andothersare“bad”,andweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife—fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.Infact,societyexploitsouremotionalreactionsandattitudes,suchasloyalty,morality,pride,shame,guilt,fearandgreed,inordertomaintainitself.Itgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhoperformimportanttaskssuchassurgery,makes
75heroesoutofindividualsforunusualordangerousachievementssuchasflyingfighterplanesinawar,andusesthelegalandpenal(刑法的)systemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.31.Thereasonwhypeoplemightnotbeabletostayaliveinaworldwithoutemotionisthat.A)theywouldnotbeabletotellthetextureofobjectsB)theywouldnotknowwhatwasbeneficialandwhatwasharmfultothemC)theywouldnotbehappywithalifewithoutloveD)theywoulddothingsthathurteachother'sfeelings32.Accordingtothepassage,people'slearningactivitiesarepossiblebecausethey.A)believethatemotionsarefundamentalforthemtostayaliveB)benefitfromprovidinghelpandsupporttooneanotherC)enjoybeingrewardedfordoingtherightthingD)knowwhatisvitaltotheprogressofsociety33.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheeconomicfoundationofsocietyisdependenton.A)theabilitytomakemoneyB)thewilltoworkforpleasureC)thecapacitytoenjoyincentivesD)thecategorizationsofouremotionalexperiences34.Emotionsaresignificantforman'ssurvivalandadaptationbecause. A)theyprovidethemeansbywhichpeopleviewthesizeorshapeofobjectsB)theyarethebasisforthesocialfeelingofagreementbywhichsocietyismaintainedC)theyencouragepeopletoperformdangerousachievementsD)theygeneratemorelovethanhateamongpeople35.Theemotionalaspectsofanobjectaremoreimportantthanitsphysicalaspectsinthatthey.A)helpsocietyexploititsmembersforprofitB)encourageustoperformimportanttasksC)helptoperfectthelegalandpenalsystemD)helpusadaptourbehaviortotheworldsurroundingusQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:TheCarnegieFoundationreportsaysthatmanycollegeshavetriedtobe“allthingstoallpeople”.Indoingso,theyhaveincreasinglycateredtoanarrowmindedcareerismwhilefailingtocultivateaglobalvisionamongtheirstudents.Thecurrentcrisis,itcontends,doesnotderivefromalegitimatedesiretoputlearningtoproductiveends.Theproblemisthatintoomany
76academicfields,theworkhasnocontext;skills,ratherthanbeingmeans,havebecomeends.Studentsareofferedavarietyofoptionsandallowedtopicktheirwaytoadegree.Inshort,drivenbycareerism,“thenation'scollegesanduniversitiesaremoresuccessfulinprovidingcredentials(文凭)thaninprovidingaqualityeducationfortheirstudents.”Thereportconcludesthatthespecialchallengeconfrontingtheundergraduatecollegeisoneofshapingan“integratedcore”ofcommonlearning.Suchacorewouldintroducestudents“toessentialknowledge,toconnectionsacrossthedisciplines,andintheend,toapplicationofknowledgetolifebeyondthecampus.”Althoughthekeytoagoodcollegeisahigh—qualityfaculty,theCarnegiestudyfoundthatmostcollegesdoverylittletoencouragegoodteaching.Infact,theydomuchtoundermineit.Asoneprofessorobserved:“Teachingisimportant,wearetold,andyetfacultyknowthatresearchandpublicationmattermost.”Notsurprisingly,overthelasttwentyyearscollegesanduniversitieshavefailedtograduatehalfoftheirfour-yeardegreecandidates.Facultymemberswhodedicatethemselvestoteachingsoondiscoverthattheywillnotbegrantedtenure(终身任期),promotion,orsubstantialsalaryincreases.Yet70percentofallfacultysaytheirinterestsliemoreinteachingthaninresearch.Additionally,afrequentcomplaintamongyoungscholarsisthat“Thereispressuretopublish,althoughthereisvirtuallynointerestamongadministratorsorcolleaguesinthecontentofthepublications.”36.Whenacollegetriestobe“allthingstoallpeople”(Lines1-2,Para.1),itaimsto.A)satisfytheneedsofallkindsofstudentssimultaneouslyB)focusontrainingstudentsinvariousskillsC)encouragestudentstotakeasmanycoursesaspossibleD)makelearningserveacademicratherthanproductiveends37.Bysayingthat“intoomanyacademicfields,theworkhasnocontext”(Lines4-5,Pare.1)theauthormeansthattheteachingintheseareas.A)ignorestheactualsituationB)isnotbasedontherightperspectiveC)onlyfocusesonanintegratedcoreofcommonlearningD)givesprioritytothecultivationofaglobalvisionamongstudents38.OneofthereasonsforthecurrentcrisisinAmericancollegesanduniversitiesisthat.A)anarrowvocationalismhascometodominatemanycollegesB)studentsdon'thaveenoughfreedominchoosingwhattheywanttolearnC)skillsarebeingtaughtasameanstoanendD)studentsareonlyinterestedinobtainingcredentials39.Americancollegesanduniversitiesfailedtograduatehalfoftheirfour-yeardegreecandidatesbecause.A)mostofthemlackhigh-qualityfaculties
77B)theinterestsofmostfacultymemberslieinresearchC)therearenotenoughincentivesforstudentstostudyhardD)theyattachgreaterimportancetoresearchandpublicationthantoteaching40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethathigh-qualitycollegeeducationcallsfor.A)puttingacademicworkinthepropercontextB)acommitmenttostudentsandeffectiveteachingC)thepracticeofputtinglearningtoproductiveendsD)dedicationtoresearchinfrontierareasofknowledgeUnit15PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫学家)MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression. Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成条件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioning
78died.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.21.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity.A)wasalteredC)wasweakenedB)wasstrengthenedD)wasnotaffected22.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto.A)turnofftheelectricityB)trytocontrolunpleasantstimuliC)becomeabnormallysuspiciousD)behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations23.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat.A)theyassociateditwithstomachachesB)itaffectedtheirimmunesystemsC)itledtostomachpainsD)theydislikeditstaste24.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperimentwasthat.A)thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemB)theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemindC)theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharinD)theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning25.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals.A)canbealteredbyelectricshocksB)canbeweakenedbyconditioningC)canbesuppressedbydruginjectionsD)canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharinQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinuetooccur,largelybecauseoftheextremedifficultyinaffixing(把……固定)legalresponsibilityonthosewhocontinuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandon(放任).Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislation,economicincentivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeenmetbylawsuits,personalandindustrialdenialandlongdelays—notonlyinacceptingresponsibility,butmoreimportantly,indoingsomethingaboutit. Itseemsthatonlywhengovernmentdecidesitcanaffordtaxincentivesorproductionsacrificesisthereanyinitiativeforchange.Whereisindustry'sandourrecognitionthatprotectingmankind'sgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportantresponsibility?Ifevertherewillbetimefor
79environmentalhealthprofessionalstocometothefrontlinesandprovideleadershiptosolveenvironmentalproblems,thattimeisnow.Wearebeingasked,and,infact,thepublicisdemandingthatwetakepositiveaction.Itisourresponsibilityasprofessionalsinenvironmentalhealthtomakethedifference.Yes,theecologists,theenvironmentalactivistsandtheconservationistsservetocommunicate,stimulatethinkingandpromotebehavioralchange.However,itisthoseofuswhoarepaidtomakethedecisionstodevelop,improveandenforceenvironmentalstandards,Isubmit,whomustleadthecharge. Wemustrecognizethatenvironmentalhealthissuesdonotstopatcitylimits,countylines,stateorevenfederalboundaries.Wecannolongeraffordtobetunnel-visionedinourapproach.Wemustvisualizeissuesfromeveryperspectivetomaketheobjectivedecisions.Wemustexpressourviewsclearlytopreventmediadistortionandpublicconfusion. Ibelievewehaveathree-partmissionforthepresent.First,wemustcontinuetopressforimprovementsinthequalityoflifethatpeoplecanmakeforthemselves.Second,wemustinvestigateandunderstandthelinkbetweenenvironmentandhealth.Third,wemustbeabletocommunicatetechnicalinformationinaformthatcitizenscanunderstand.Ifwecanaccomplishthesethreegoalsinthisdecade,maybewecanfinallystopenvironmentaldegradation,andnotmerelyholditback.Wewillthenbeabletospendpollutiondollarstrulyonpreventionratherthanonbandages.26.Wecaninferfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthattheindustrialistsdisregardenvironmentalprotectionchieflybecause.A)itisdifficultforthemtotakeeffectivemeasuresB)timehasnotyetcomeforthemtoputdueemphasisonitC)theyarereluctanttosacrificetheirowneconomicinterestsD)theyareunawareoftheconsequencesofwhattheyaredoing27.Themaintasknowfacingecologists,environmentalactivistsandconservationistsis.A)toarousepublicawarenessoftheimportanceofenvironmentalprotectionB)topreventpollutionbylegislation,economicincentivesandpersuasionC)toimprovethequalityoflifebyenforcingenvironmentalstandardsD)totakeradicalmeasurestocontrolenvironmentalpollution28.Theword“tunnel-visioned”(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablymeans“”.A)narrow-mindedC)abletoseeonlyoneaspectB)short-sightedD)blindtothefacts29.Whichofthefollowing,accordingtotheauthor,shouldplaytheleadingroleinthesolutionofenvironmentalproblems?A)Thecooperationofecologists,environmentalactivistsandconservationists.B)Theeffortsofenvironmentalhealthprofessionals.C)Theindustry'sunderstandingandsupport.D)Legislationandgovernmentintervention.
8030.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?A)Moremoneyshouldbespentinordertostoppollution.B)Environmentaldegradationwillbestoppedbytheendofthisdecade.C)Ordinarycitizenshavenoaccesstotechnicalinformationonpollution.D)Effortsshouldbeexertedonpollutionpreventioninsteadofonremedialmeasures.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Britishuniversities,groaningundertheburdenofahugeincreaseinstudentnumbers,arewarningthatthetraditionofafreeeducationisatrisk.Theuniversitieshavethreatenedtoimposeanadmissionfeeonstudentstoplugagapinrevenueifthegovernmentdoesnotacttoimprovetheirfinancesandscrapsomepublicspendingcutbacks. Thegovernmentrespondedtotheuniversities'threatbysettingupthemostfundamentalreviewofhighereducationforageneration,underanon-partytroubleshooter(调停人),SirRonDearing. Oneinthreeschool-leaversentershighereducation,fivetimesthenumberwhenthelastreviewtookplacethirtyyearsago. Everyoneagreesasystemthatisfeelingthestrainafterrapidexpansionneedsalotmoremoney—butthereislittlehopeofgettingitfromthetaxpayerandnotmuchscopeforattractingmorefinancefrombusiness.Mostcollegesbelievestudentsshouldcontributetotuitioncosts,somethingthatiscommonelsewhereintheworldbutwouldmarkarevolutionarychangeinBritain.Universitieswantthegovernmenttointroducealoanschemefortuitionfeesandhavesuspendedtheirownthreatenedactionfornow.TheyawaitDearing'sadvice,hopingitwillnotbetoolate—somearealreadyreportedtobeinfinancialdifficulty. Asthecenturynearsitsend,thewholeconceptofwhatauniversityshouldbeisunderthemicroscope.Expertsponderhowmuchtheycanusecomputersinsteadofclassrooms,talkoftheneedforlifelonglearningandrefertostudentsas“consumers”. TheConfederation(联盟)ofBritishIndustry,thekeyemployers'organization,wantsevenmoreexpansioninhighereducationtohelpfightcompetitiononworldmarketsfromboomingAsianeconomies.Butthegovernmenthasdoubtsaboutmoreexpansion.TheTimesnewspaperagrees,complainingthatqualityhassufferedasstudentnumberssoared,withclosetutorialsupervisiongivingwayto“massproductionmethodsmoretypicalofEuropeanuniversities.”31.ThechiefconcernofBritishuniversitiesis.A)howtotackletheirpresentfinancialdifficultyB)howtoimprovetheireducationaltechnologyC)howtoexpandtheenrollmenttomeettheneedsofenterprisesD)howtoputanendtothecurrenttendencyofqualitydeterioration32.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatinBritain.
81A)highereducationisprovidedfreeofchargeB)universitiesaremainlyfundedbybusinessesC)thegovernmentpaysdearlyforitsfinancialpolicyD)studentsarereadytoacceptloanschemesfortuition33.WhatwasthepercentageofhighschoolgraduatesadmittedtouniversitiesinBritainthirtyyearsago?A)About15%.C)Below10%.B)20%orso.D)Above30%.34.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A)Britishemployersdemandanexpansioninenrollmentattheexpenseofquality B)thebestwayoutforBritishuniversitiesistofollowtheirEuropeancounterpartsC)theBritishgovernmentwillbeforcedtoincreaseitsspendingonhighereducationD)Britishstudentswillprobablyhavetopayfortheirhighereducationinthenearfuture35.WhichofthefollowingistheviewpointoftheTimesnewspaper?A)Britishuniversitiesshouldexpandtheirenrollmenttomeettheneedsofindustry.B)ExpansioninenrollmentisboundtoaffectthequalityofBritishhighereducation.C)Britishuniversitiesshouldhelpfightcompetitiononworldmarkets.D)Europeanuniversitiescanbettermeettheneedsofthemodernworld. Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:There'sasimplepremisebehindwhatLarryMyersdoesforaliving:Ifyoucansmellit,youcanfindit. MyersisthefounderofAuburnUniversity'sInstituteforBiologicalDetectionSystems,themaintaskofwhichistochasetheultimateindetectiondevices—anartificialnose. Fornow,thesubjectoftheirresearchislittlemorethanastackofgleamingchipstuckedawayinalaboratorydrawer.Butsoon,suchatoolcouldbehangingfromthebeltsofpolice,arson(纵火)investigatorsandfood-safetyinspectors. Thetechnologythattheyareworkingonwouldsuggestquitereasonablythat,withinthreetofiveyears,we'llhavesomeworkablesensorsreadytouse.Suchdevicesmightfindwideuseinplacesthatattractterrorists.Policecoulddetectdrugs,bodiesandbombshiddenincars,whilefoodinspectorscouldeasilytestfoodandwaterforcontamination. Theimplicationsforrevolutionaryadvancesinpublicsafetyandthefoodindustryareastonishing.Butso,too,arethepossibilitiesforabuse:Suchmachinescoulddeterminewhetherawomanisovulating(排卵),withoutaphysicalexam—orevenherknowledge. OneofthetraditionalprotectorsofAmericanlibertyisthatithasbeenimpossibletosearcheveryone.That'sgettingnottobethecase.ArtificialbiosensorscreatedatAuburnworktotallydifferentlyfromanythingeverseenbefore.Aromascan,forexample,isadesktopmachinebasedonabankofchipssensitivetospecificchemicalsthatevaporateintotheair.Asairissuckedintothemachine,chemicalspassoverthesensorsurfacesandproducechangesintheelectricalcurrentflowingthroughthem.
82Thosecurrentchangesareloggedintoacomputerthatsortsoutodorsbasedontheirelectricalsignatures. Myerssaystheyexpecttoloadasinglefingernail-sizechipwiththousandsofodorreceptors(感受器)，enoughtocreateasensorthat'snearlyassensitiveasadog'snose.36.Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?A)Monitoringfoodprocessing.B)Performingphysicalexaminations.C)Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.D)Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.37.Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis.A)ahazardtophysicalhealthB)negligenceofpublicsafetyC)athreattoindividualprivacyD)anabuseofpersonalfreedom38.Theword“logged”(Line5,Para.7)mostprobablymeans“”.A)presetC)enteredB)simulatedD)processed39.Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential.A)tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthroughB)todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptorsC)todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmellsD)toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicals40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsLarryMyers'workis.A)approvingC)cautiousB)overenthusiasticD)suspicious Unit16PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Intheworldofentertainment,TVtalkshowshaveundoubtedlyfloodedeveryinchofspaceondaytimetelevision.Andanyonewhowatchesthemregularlyknowsthateachonevariesin
83styleandformat.Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeincontent,whileatthesametimestandingoutabovetherest,thantheJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshows.JerrySpringercouldeasilybeconsideredthekingof“trashtalk(废话)”.Thetopicsonhisshowareasshockingasshockingcanbe.Forexample,theshowtakestheever-commontalkshowthemesoflove,sex,cheating,guilt,hate,conflictandmoralitytoadifferentlevel.Clearly,theJerrySpringershowisadisplayandexploitationofsociety'smoralcatastrophes(灾难),yetpeoplearewillingtoeatuptheintriguingpredicaments(困境)ofotherpeople'slives.LikeJerrySpringer,OprahWinfreytakesTVtalkshowtoitsextreme,butOprahgoesintheoppositedirection.Theshowfocusesontheimprovementofsocietyandanindividual'squalityoflife.Topicsrangefromteachingyourchildrenresponsibility,managingyourworkweekly,togettingtoknowyourneighbors.ComparedtoOprah,theJerrySpringershowlookslikepoisonouswastebeingdumpedonsociety.Jerryendseveryshowwitha“finalword”.Hemakesasmallspeechthatsumsuptheentiremoraloftheshow.Hopefully,thisisthepartwheremostpeoplewilllearnsomethingveryvaluable.Clearasitis,theOprahshowisnotforeveryone.Theshow'smaintargetaudiencearemiddle-classAmericans.Mostofthesepeoplehavethetime,money,andstabilitytodealwithlife'stougherproblems.JerrySpringer,ontheotherhand,hasmoreofanassociationwiththeyoungadultsofsociety.Theseare18-to21-year-oldswhosemaintroublesinlifeinvolvelove,relationship,sex,moneyandpeers.Theyaretheoneswhoseesomevalueandlessonstobelearnedunderneaththeshow'sexploitation.Whilethetwoshowsareasdifferentasnightandday,bothhaveruledthetalkshowcircuitformanyyearsnow.Eachonecaterstoadifferentaudiencewhilebothhaveastrongfollowingfromlargegroupsoffans.Ironically,bothcouldalsobeconsideredpioneersinthetalkshowworld.21.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyare.A)morefamily-orientedB)unusuallypopularC)moreprofoundD)relativelyformal22.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience.A)remainfascinatedbythemB)arereadytofaceuptothemC)remainindifferenttothemD)arewillingtogetinvolvedinthem23.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow?A)Anewtypeofrobot.B)Racisthatred.C)Familybudgetplanning.
84D)Streetviolence.24.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth.A)ironicalC)instructiveB)sensitiveD)cynical25.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows.A)havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuitB)exploittheweaknessesinhumannatureC)appearatdifferenttimesofthedayD)aretargetedatdifferentaudiencesQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.Thisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction—thefirmandthecustomer—andeachmustbesatisfiedbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtotheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid_1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.ThenonacceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenew.KingCustomerruled!26.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,A)thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoneyB)makinggoodsavailableforpurchaseC)thecustomer-centredapproachD)aformofpersuasivesalesmanship27.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?A)Theneedsofthemarket.B)Theefficiencyofproduction.
85C)Thesatisfactionoftheuser.D)Thepreferencesofthedealer.28.Accordingtothepassage,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”(Lines3_4,Para.1)means“”.A)tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoodB)totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossibleC)todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantitiesD)toredesignthesegoodsforlarge-scaleproduction29.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?A)Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.B)Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.C)Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.D)Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.30.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson. A)itsmaincharacteristicB)itssocialimpactC)itspossibleconsequenceD)itstheoreticalbasisQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Conventionalwisdomaboutconflictseemsprettymuchcutanddried.Toolittleconflictbreedsapathy(冷漠)andstagnation(呆滞).Toomuchconflictleadstodivisiveness(分裂)andhostility.Moderatelevelsofconflict,however,cansparkcreativityandmotivatepeopleinahealthyandcompetitiveway.RecentresearchbyProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk,however,suggeststhattheoptimallevelofconflictmaybemorecomplextodeterminethanthesesimplegeneralizations.Hestudiedperceptionsofconflictamongasampleofexecutives.Someoftheexecutivesworkedforprofit-seekingorganizationsandothersfornot-for-profitorganizations.Somewhatsurprisingly,Schwenkfoundthatopinionsaboutconflictvariedsystematicallyasafunctionofthetypeoforganization.Specifically,managersinnot-for-profitorganizationsstronglybelievedthatconflictwasbeneficialtotheirorganizationsandthatitpromotedhigherqualitydecisionmakingthanmightbeachievedintheabsenceofconflict.Managersoffor-profitorganizationssawadifferentpicture.Theybelievedthatconflictgenerallywasdamagingandusuallyledtopoor-qualitydecisionmakingintheirorganizations.Schwenkinterpretedtheseresultsintermsofthecriteriaforeffectivedecisionmakingsuggestedbytheexecutives.Intheprofit-seekingorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasmostoftenassessedinfinancialterms.Theexecutivesbelievedthatconsensusratherthanconflictenhancedfinancialindicators.Inthenot-for-profitorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasdefinedfromtheperspectiveofsatisfyingconstituents.Giventhecomplexitiesandambiguitiesassociatedwithsatisfyingmanydiverseconstituentsexecutivesperceivedthatconflictledtomoreconsideredand
86acceptabledecisions.31.Intheeyesoftheauthor,conventionalopiniononconflictis.A)wrongC)misleadingB)oversimplifiedD)unclear32.ProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk'sresearchshows.A)theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofconflictB)therealvalueofconflictC)thedifficultyindeterminingtheoptimallevelofconflictD)thecomplexityofdefiningtherolesofconflict33.WecanlearnfromSchwenk'sresearchthat.A)aperson'sviewofconflictisinfluencedbythepurposeofhisorganizationB)conflictisnecessaryformanagersoffor-profitorganizationsC)differentpeopleresolveconflictsindifferentwaysD)itisimpossibleforpeopletoavoidconflict34.Thepassagesuggeststhatinfor-profitorganization.A)thereisnoendofconflictB)expressionofdifferentopinionsisencouragedC)decisionsmustbejustifiableD)successliesingeneralagreement35.Peopleworkinginanot-for-profitorganization.A)seemtobedifficulttosatisfyB)arefreetoexpressdiverseopinionsC)arelesseffectiveinmakingdecisionsD)finditeasiertoreachagreementQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Imagineeatingeverythingdeliciousyouwant—withnoneofthefat.Thatwouldbegreat,wouldn'tit?New“fakefat”productsappearedonstoreshelvesintheUnitedStatesrecently,butnoteveryoneishappyaboutit.Makersoftheproducts,whichcontainacompoundcalledolestra,sayfoodmanufacturerscannoweliminatefatfromcertainfoods.Critics,however,saythenewcompoundcanrobthebodyofessentialvitaminsandnutrients(营养物)andcanalsocauseunpleasantsideeffectsinsomepeople.Soit'suptoconsumerstodecidewhetherthenewfat-freeproductstastegoodenoughtokeepeating.Chemistsdiscoveredolestrainthelate1960s,whentheyweresearchingforafatthatcouldbedigestedbyinfantsmoreeasily.Insteadoffindingthedesiredfat,theresearcherscreatedafatthatcan'tbedigestedatall.Normally,specialchemicalsintheintestines(肠)“grab”moleculesofregularfatandbreakthemdownsotheycanbeusedbythebody.Amoleculeofregularfatismadeupofthree
87moleculesofsubstancescalledfattyacids.ThefattyacidsareabsorbedbytheintestinesandbringwiththemtheessentialvitaminsA,D,E,andK.Whenfatmoleculesarepresentintheintestineswithanyofthosevitamins,thevitaminsattachtothemoleculesandarecarriedintothebloodstream.Olestra,whichismadefromsixtoeightmoleculesoffattyacids,istoolargefortheintestinestoabsorb.Itjustslidesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingbrokendown.Manufacturerssayit'sthatabilitytoslideunchangedthroughtheintestinesthatmakesolestrasovaluableasafatsubstitute.Itprovidesconsumerswiththetasteofregularfatwithoutanybadeffectsonthebody.ButcriticssayolestracanpreventvitaminsA,D,E,andKfrombeingabsorbed.Itcanalsopreventtheabsorptionofcarotenoids(类胡萝卜素)，compoundsthatmayreducetheriskofcancer,heartdisease,etc.ManufacturersareaddingvitaminsA,D,E,andKaswellascarotenoidstotheirproductsnow.Evenso,somenutritionistsarestillconcernedthatpeoplemighteatunlimitedamountsoffoodmadewiththefatsubstitutewithoutworryingabouthowmanycaloriestheyareconsuming.36.Welearnfromthepassagethatolestraisasubstancethat.A)containsplentyofnutrientsB)rendersfoodscalorie-freewhileretainingtheirvitaminsC)makesfoodseasilydigestibleD)makesfoodsfat-freewhilekeepingthemdelicious37.Theresultofthesearchforaneasilydigestiblefatturnedouttobe.A)commerciallyuselessB)justasanticipatedC)somewhatcontroversialD)quiteunexpected38.Olestraisdifferentfromordinaryfatsinthat.A)itpassesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingabsorbedB)itfacilitatestheabsorptionofvitaminsbythebodyC)ithelpsreducetheincidenceofheartdiseaseD)itpreventsexcessiveintakeofvitamins39.Whatisapossiblenegativeeffectofolestraaccordingtosomecritics?A)Itmayimpairthedigestivesystem.B)Itmayaffecttheoverallfatintake.C)Itmayincreasetheriskofcancer.D)Itmayspoiltheconsumers'appetite.40.Whyarenutritionistsconcernedaboutaddingvitaminstoolestra?A)Itmayleadtotheover-consumptionofvitamins.B)Peoplemaybeinducedtoeatmorethanisnecessary.C)Thefunctionoftheintestinesmaybeweakened.
88D)Itmaytriggeranewwaveoffakefoodproduction.Unit17PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Inthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarⅠandinstitutedausterity(紧缩)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearliertimeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seed,andfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1930s.In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,theFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.Itestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinterferencewithsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.PresidentHoover'ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandprovidingflood-controlmeasures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenation'ssoilwasinthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplantohelpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernmentguaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid(杂交)grain,andfertilizers.21.WhatbroughtaboutthedeclineinthedemandforAmericanfarmproducts?A)TheimpactoftheGreatDepression.B)Theshrinkingofoverseasmarkets.
89C)ThedestructioncausedbytheFirstWorldWar.D)TheincreasedexportsofEuropeancountries.22.ThechiefconcernoftheAmericangovernmentintheareaofagricultureinthe1920swas.A)toincreasefarmproductionB)toestablishagriculturallawsC)topreventfarmersfromgoingbankruptD)topromotethemechanizationofagriculture23.TheAgriculturalAdjustmentActencouragedAmericanfarmersto.A)reducetheirscaleofproductionB)makefulluseoftheirlandC)adjustthepricesoftheirfarmproductsD)beself-sufficientinagriculturalproduction24.TheSupremeCourtrejectedtheAgriculturalAdjustmentActbecauseitbelievedthattheAct.A)mightcausegreaterscarcityoffarmproductsB)didn'tgivetheSecretaryofAgricultureenoughpowerC)wouldbenefitneitherthegovernmentnorthefarmersD)benefitedonegroupofcitizensattheexpenseofothers25.ItwasclaimedthatthenewlawspassedduringtheRooseveltAdministrationwereaimedat.A)reducingthecostoffarmingB)conservingsoilinthelong-terminterestofthenationC)loweringtheburdenoffarmersD)helpingfarmerswithoutshiftingtheburdenontoothertaxpayersQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Inthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence(AI)predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconversingwithusatworkandrobotswouldbeperformingourhousework.Butasusefulascomputersare,they'renowhereclosetoachievinganythingremotelyresemblingtheseearlyaspirationsforhumanlikebehavior.Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversation:themostpowerfulcomputersstruggletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobject,themostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwherethefieldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI,ontheotherhand,takesacloserlookatthemoreroundaboutwayinwhichnaturecameupwithintelligence.Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionand
90naturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.Imitatingthebrain'sneural(神经的)networkisahugestepintherightdirection,sayscomputerscientistandbiophysicistMichaelConrad,butitstillmissesanimportantaspectofnaturalintelligence.“peopletendtotreatthebrainasifitweremadeupofcolor-codedtransistors,”heexplains.“Butit'snotsimplyaclevernetworkofswitches.Therearelotsofimportantthingsgoingoninsidethebraincellsthemselves.”Specifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain’scapabilitiesstemfromthepattern-recognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildanartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.Rightnow,thenotionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.26.Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday.A)arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheshapeofanobjectB)areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehaviorC)arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50'sD)stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguage27.Thenewtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom.A)theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjectsB)thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprogramsC)theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchildD)theeffortsmadebyscientistsinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincells28.ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto.A)findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputersB)buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitchesC)findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnatureD)separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthought29.What'stheauthor'sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?A)Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.B)It'sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.C)It'smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.D)Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.30.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase“theonlygameintown”(line3,Para.4)?A)Theonlyapproachtobuildinganartificiallyintelligentcomputer.
91B)Theonlywayforthemtowinaprizeinartificialintelligenceresearch.C)Theonlyareaworthstudyingincomputerscience.D)Theonlygametheywouldliketoplayintown.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:CarsaccountforhalftheoilconsumedintheU.S.,abouthalftheurbanpollutionandonefourththegreenhouse(温室)gases.Theytakeasimilartollof(损耗)resourcesinotherindustrialnationsandinthecitiesofthedevelopingworld.Asvehicleusecontinuestoincreaseinthecomingdecade,theU.S.andothercountrieswillhavetodealwiththeseissuesorelsefaceunacceptableeconomic,health-relatedandpoliticalcosts.ItisunlikelythatoilpriceswillremainattheircurrentlowlevelorthatothernationswillacceptalargeandgrowingU.S.contributiontoglobalclimaticchange.Policymakersandindustryhavefouroptions:reducevehicleuse,increasetheefficiencyandreducetheemissionsofconventionalgasoline-poweredvehicles,switchtolessharmfulfuels,orfindlesspollutingdrivingsystems.Thelastofthese—inparticulartheintroductionofvehiclespoweredbyelectricity—isultimatelytheonlysustainableoption.Theotheralternativesareattractiveintheorybutinpracticeareeitherimpracticalorofferonlymarginalimprovements.Forexample,reducedvehicleusecouldsolvetrafficproblemsandahostofsocialandenvironmentalproblems,butevidencefromaroundtheworldsuggeststhatitisverydifficulttomakepeoplegiveuptheircarstoanysignificantextent.IntheU.S.,mass-transitridershipandcarpooling(合伙用车)havedeclinedsinceWorldWarⅡ.EveninwesternEurope,withfuelpricesaveragingmorethan1aliter(about4agallon)andwitheasilyaccessiblemasstransitanddensepopulations,carsstillaccountfor80percentofallpassengertravel.Improvedenergyefficiencyisalsoappealing,butautomotivefueleconomyhasbarelymadeanyprogressin10years.Alternativefuelssuchasnaturalgas,burnedininternal-combustionengines,couldbeintroducedatrelativelylowcost,buttheywouldleadtoonlymarginalreductionsinpollutionandgreenhouseemissions(especiallybecauseoilcompaniesarealreadyspendingbillionsofdollarseveryyeartododeveloplesspollutiontypesofgasoline.)31.Fromthepassageweknowthattheincreaseduseofcarswill.A)consumehalfoftheoilproducedintheworldB)haveseriousconsequencesforthewell-beingofallnationsC)widenthegapbetweenthedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesD)imposeanintolerableeconomicburdenonresidentsoflargecities32.TheU.S.hastodealwiththeproblemsarisingfromvehicleusebecause.A)mostAmericansarereluctanttoswitchtopublictransportationsystemsB)thepresentlevelofoilpricesisconsideredunacceptableC)othercountrieswillprotestitsincreasinggreenhouseemissionsD)itshouldtakealeadinconservingnaturalresources33.Whichofthefollowingisthebestsolutiontotheproblemsmentionedinthepassage?A)Thedesigningofhighlyefficientcarengines.
92B)Areductionofvehicleuseincities.C)Thedevelopmentofelectriccars.D)Theuseoflesspollutingfuels.34.Whichofthefollowingispracticalbutonlymakesamarginalcontributiontosolvingtheproblemofgreenhouseemissions?A)Theuseoffuelsotherthangasoline.B)Improvedenergyefficiency.C)Theintroductionoflesspollutingdrivingsystems.D)Reducingcarusebycarpooling.35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A)ThedeclineofpublictransportationaccountsforincreasedcaruseinwesternEurope.B)CarsarepopularinwesternEuropeeventhoughfuelpricesarefairlyhigh.C)ThereductionofvehicleuseistheonlysustainableoptionindenselypopulatedwesternEurope.D)WesternEuropeanoilcompaniescannotsustainthecostofdevelopingnew-typefuels.Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Reebokexecutivesdonotliketohearstylishathleticshoescalled“footwearforyuppies(雅皮士，少壮高薪职业人士)”.TheycontendthatReebokshoesappealtodiversemarketsegments.Especiallynowthatthecompanyoffersbasketballandchildren'sshoesfortheunder_18setandwalkingshoesforoldercustomersnotinterestedinaerobics(健身操)orrunning.Theexecutivesalsopointoutthatthroughrecentacquisitionstheyhaveaddedhikingboots,dressandcasualshoes,andhigh-performanceathleticfootweartotheirproductlines,allofwhichshouldattractnewandvariedgroupsofcustomers.Still,despiteitsemphasisonnewmarkets,Reebokplansfewchangesintheunmarked(高档消费人群的)retailingnetworkthathelpedpushsalesto$1billionannually,aheadofallothersportsshoemarketers.Reebokshoes,whicharepricedfrom$27to$85,willcontinuetobesoldonlyinbetterspecialty,sportinggoods,anddepartmentstores,inaccordancewiththecompany'sviewthatconsumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution.Inthepastfewyears,theMassachusetts-basedcompanyhasimposedlimitsonthenumberofitsdistributors(andthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores),partlyoutofnecessity.AttimestheunexpecteddemandforReeboksexceededsupply,andthecompanycouldbarelykeepupwithordersfromthedealersitalreadyhad.Thesefulfillmentproblemsseemtobeundercontrolnow,butthecompanyisstillselectiveaboutitsdistributors.Atpresent,ReebokshoesareavailableinaboutfivethousandretailstoresintheUnitedStates.Reebokhasalreadyanticipatedthatwalkingshoeswillbethenextfitness-relatedcrazereplacingaerobicsshoesthesamewayitsbrightlycolored,softleatherexercisefootwearreplacedconventionalrunningshoes.Throughproductdiversificationandcarefulmarketresearch,ReebokhopestoavoidthedistributionproblemsNikecameacrossseveralyearsago,whenNikemisjudgedthestrengthoftheaerobicsshoecrazeandwasforcedtounloadhugeinventoriesofrunning
93shoes throughdiscountstores.36.OnereasonwhyReebok'smanagerialpersonneldon'tliketheirshoestobecalled“footwearforyuppies”isthat.A)theybelievethattheirshoesarepopularwithpeopleofdifferentagegroupsB)newproductionlineshavebeenaddedtoproduceinexpensiveshoesC)“yuppies”usuallyevokesanegativeimageD)thetermmakespeoplethinkofprohibitiveprices37.Reebok'sviewthat“consumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution”(Line5,para.2)impliesthat.A)thequalityofabrandismeasuredbytheservicequalityofthestoresellingitB)thequalityofaproductdeterminesthequalityofitsdistributorsC)thepopularityofabrandisdeterminedbythestoresthatsellit.D)consumersbelievethatfirst-rateproductsareonlysoldbyhigh-qualitystores38.Reebokoncehadtolimitthenumberofitsdistributorsbecause.A)itssupplyofproductsfellshortofdemandB)toomanydistributorswouldcutintoitsprofitsC)thereductionofdistributorscouldincreaseitsshareofthemarketD)itwantedtoenhanceconsumerconfidenceinitsproducts39.AlthoughtheReebokCompanyhassolvedtheproblemoffulfillingitsorders,it.A)doesnotwanttofurtherexpanditsretailingnetworkB)stilllimitsthenumberofshoessuppliedtostoresC)isstillparticularaboutwhosellsitsproductsD)stillcarefullychoosesthemanufacturersofitsproducts40.WhatlessonhasReeboklearnedfromNike'sdistributionproblems? A)Acompanyshouldnotsellitshighqualityshoesindiscountstores.B)Acompanyshouldnotlimititsdistributionnetwork.C)Acompanyshoulddofollow-upsurveysofitsproducts.D)Acompanyshouldcorrectlyevaluatetheimpactofanewcrazeonthemarket.Unit18PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Birdsthatareliterallyhalf-asleep─withonebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleeping─controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake,accordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks.
94Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleepinghemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphere’seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerable,end-of-the-rowsleepers.Sureenough,theendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.Also,birdsdozing(打盹)attheendofthelineresortedtosingle-hemispheresleep,ratherthantotalrelaxation,moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotating16birdsthroughthepositionsinafour-duckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalf-asleepduringsome32percentofdozingtimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots.“Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain,”theresearcherssay.Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalong-standingsuppositionthatsingle-hemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutsidecouldbewidespread,hepredicts.He’sseenitinapairofbirdsdozingside-by-sideinthezooandinasinglepetbirdsleepingbyamirror.Themirror-sideeyeclosedasifthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen.Usefulashalf-sleepingmightbe,it’sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammals（哺乳动物）asdolphins,whales,andseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsasleepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.Studiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUCLAsayshewondersifbirds’half-brainsleep“isjustthetipoftheiceberg（冰山）.”Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.11.Anewstudyonbirds’sleephasrevealedthat.A)half-brainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofbirdsB)half-brainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainwavesC)birdscancontroltheirhalf-brainsleepconsciouslyD)birdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatrest12.Accordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause.A)theyhavetowatchoutforpossibleattacksB)theirbrainhemispherestaketurnstorestC)thetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructuredD)theyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanions13.Theexampleofabirdsleepinginfrontofamirrorindicatesthat.A)thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsiswidespreadB)birdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofsecurityC)evenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofsecurityD)asinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectioninthemirror
9514.Whilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfawakeinorderto.A)alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemyB)emergefromwaternowandthentobreatheC)besensitivetotheever-changingenvironmentD)avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents15.By“justthetipoftheiceberg”(Line2,Para.8),Siegelsuggeststhat.A)half-brainsleephassomethingtodowithicyweatherB)themysteryofhalf-brainsleepisclosetobeingsleepersC)mostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfsleepersD)half-brainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherspeciesPassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Anine-year-oldschoolgirlsingle-handedlycooksupascience-fairexperimentthatendsupdebunking（揭穿…的真相）awidelypracticedmedicaltreatment.EmilyRosa’stargetwasapracticeknownastherapeutic（治疗的）touch(TTforshort),whoseadvocatesmanipulatepatients’“energyfield”tomakethemfeelbetterandeven,saysome,tocurethemofvariousills.YetEmily’stestshowsthattheseenergyfieldscan’tbedetected,evenbytrainedTTpractitioners（行医者）.Obviouslymindfulofthepublicityvalueofthesituation,JournaleditorGeorgeLundbergappearedonTVtodeclare,“Agedoesn’tmatter.It’sgoodsciencethatmatters,andthisisgoodscience.”Emily’smotherLindaRosa,aregisterednurse,hasbeencampaigningagainstTTfornearlyadecade.LindafirstthoughtaboutTTinthelate‘80s,whenshelearneditwasontheapprovedlistforcontinuingnursingeducationinColorado.Its100,000trainedpractitioners(48,000intheU.S.)don’teventouchtheirpatients.Instead,theywavedtheirhandsafewinchesfromthepatient’sbody,pushingenergyfieldsarounduntilthey’rein“balance.”TTadvocatessaythesemanipulationscanhelphealwounds,relievepainandreducefever.TheclaimsaretakenseriouslyenoughthatTTtherapistsarefrequentlyhiredbyleadinghospitals,atupto$70anhour,tosmoothpatients’energy,sometimesduringsurgery.YetRosacouldnotfindanyevidencethatitworks.Toprovidesuchproof,TTtherapistswouldhavetositdownforindependenttesting-somethingtheyhaven’tbeeneagertodo,eventhoughJamesRandihasofferedmorethan$1milliontoanyonewhocandemonstratetheexistenceofahumanenergyfield.(He’shadonetakersofar.Shefailed).AskepticmightconcludethatTTpractitionersareafraidtolaytheirbeliefsontheline.Butwhocouldturndownaninnocentfourth-grader?SaysEmily:“Ithinktheydidn’ttakemeveryseriouslybecauseI’makid.”Theexperimentwasstraightforward:21TTtherapistsstucktheirhands,palmsup,throughascreen.Emilyheldherownhandoveroneoftheirs─leftorright─andthepractitionershadtosaywhichhanditwas.Whentheresultswererecorded,they’ddonenobetterthantheywouldhavebysimplyguessing.Iftherewasanenergyfield,theycouldn’tfeelit.16.WhichofthefollowingisevidencethatTTiswidelypracticed?A)TThasbeeninexistencefordecades.
96A)Manypatientswerecuredbytherapeutictouch.B)TTtherapistsareoftenemployedbyleadinghospitals.C)Morethan100,000peopleareundergoingTTtreatment.17.VeryfewTTpractitionersrespondedtothe$1millionofferbecause.A)theydidn’ttaketheofferseriouslyB)theydidn’twanttorisktheircareerC)theywereunwillingtorevealtheirsecretD)theythoughtitwasnotinlinewiththeirpractice18.ThepurposeofEmilyRosa’sexperimentwas.A)toseewhyTTcouldworkthewayitdidB)tofindouthowTTcuredpatients’illnessesC)totestwhethershecouldsensethehumanenergyfieldD)totestwhetherahumanenergyfieldreallyexisted19.WhydidsomeTTpractitionersagreetobethesubjectsofEmily’sexperiment?A)Itinvolvednothingmorethanmereguessing.B)Theythoughtitwasgoingtobealotoffun.C)Itwasmorestraightforwardthanotherexperiments.D)Theysensednoharminalittlegirl’sexperiment.20.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A)Somewidelyacceptedbeliefscanbedeceiving.B)Solidevidenceweightsmorethanpuretheories.C)LittlechildrencanbeascleverastrainedTTpractitioners.D)TheprincipleofTTistooprofoundtounderstand.PassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependsonwhatkindofsystemisultimatelyadopted.Twodistincttypesareonthedrawingboard.Thefirstisaspecialpurposelanesystem,inwhichcertainlanesarereservedforautomatedvehicles.Thesecondisamixedtrafficsystem:fullyautomatedvehicleswouldsharetheroadwithpartiallyautomatedormanuallydrivencars.Aspecial-purposelanesystemwouldrequiremoreextensivephysicalmodificationstoexistinghighways,butitpromisesthegreatestgainsinfreeway(高速公路)capacity.Undereitherscheme,thedriverwouldspecifythedesireddestination,furnishingthisinformationtoacomputerinthecaratthebeginningofthetriporperhapsjustbeforereachingtheautomatedhighway.Ifamixedtrafficsystemwasinplace,automateddrivingcouldbeginwheneverthedriverwasonsuitableequippedroads.Ifspecial-purposelaneswereavailable,thecarcouldenterthemandjoinexistingtrafficintwodifferentways.Onemethodwoulduseaspecialonramp（入口引道）.Asthedriverapproachedthepointofentryforthehighway,devicesinstalledontheroadsidewouldelectronicallycheckthevehicletodetermineits
97destinationandtoascertainthatithadtheproperautomationequipmentingoodworkingorder.Assumingitpassedsuchtests,thedriverwouldthenbeguidedthroughagateandtowardanautomatedlane.Inthiscase,thetransitionfrommanualtoautomatedcontrolwouldtakeplaceontheentranceramp.Analternativetechniquecouldemployconventionallanes,whichwouldbesharedbyautomatedandregularvehicles.Thedriverwouldsteerontothehighwayandmoveinnormalfashiontoa“transition”lane.Thevehiclewouldthenshiftundercomputercontrolontoalanereservedforautomatedtraffic.(Thelimitationoftheselanestoautomatedtrafficwould,presumably,bewellrespected,becausealltrespassers（非法进入者）couldbeswiftlyidentifiedbyauthorities.)Eitherapproachtojoiningalaneofautomatedtrafficwouldharmonizethemovementofnewlyenteringvehicleswiththosealreadytraveling.Automaticcontrolhereshouldallowforsmoothmerging,withouttheusualuncertaintiesandpotentialforaccidents.Andonceavehiclehadsettledintoautomatedtravel,thedriverwouldbefreetoreleasethewheel,openthemorningpaperorjustrelax.21.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthattwosystemsofautomatedhighways.A)arebeingplannedC)arenowinwideuseB)arebeingmodifiedD)areunderconstruction22.Aspecial-purposelanesystemisprobablyadvantageousinthat.A)itwouldrequireonlyminorchangestoexistinghighwaysB)itwouldachievethegreatesthighwaytrafficefficiencyC)ithasalaneforbothautomatedandpartiallyautomatedvehiclesD)itoffersmorelanesforautomatedvehicles23.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdrivingonanautomatedhighway?A)Vehiclestravelingonitareassigneddifferentlanesaccordingtotheirdestinations.B)Acarcanjoinexistingtrafficanytimeinamixedlanesystem.C)Thedrivershouldinformhiscarcomputerofhisdestinationbeforedrivingontoit.D)Thedrivershouldsharetheautomatedlanewiththoseofregularvehicles.24.Weknowfromthepassagethatacarcanenteraspecial-purposelane.A)bysmoothlymergingwithcarsontheconventionallaneB)bywayofarampwithelectroniccontroldevicesC)throughaspeciallyguardedgateD)afteralltrespassersareidentifiedandremoved25.Whendrivinginanautomatedlane,thedriver.A)shouldharmonizewithnewlyenteringcarsB)doesn’thavetorelyonhiscomputersystemC)shouldwatchoutforpotentialaccidentsD)doesn’thavetoholdontothesteeringwheel
98PassageFourQuestions21to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Takingchargeofyourselfinvolvesputtingtorestsomeveryprevalentmyths.Atthetopofthelististhenotionthatintelligenceismeasuredbyyourabilitytosolvecomplexproblems;toread,writeandcomputeatcertainlevels;andtoresolveabstractequationsquickly.Thisvisionofintelligenceassertsformaleducationandbookishexcellenceasthetruemeasuresofself-fulfillment.Itencouragesakindofintellectualprejudicethathasbroughtwithitsomediscouragingresults.Wehavecometobelievethatsomeonewhohasmoreeducationalmeritbadges,whoisverygoodatsomeformofschooldisciplineis“intelligent.”Yetmentalhospitalsarefiledwithpatientswhohavealloftheproperlyletteredcertificates.Atruerindicatorofintelligenceisaneffective,happylifelivedeachdayandeachpresentmomentofeveryday.Ifyouarehappy,ifyouliveeachmomentforeverythingit’sworth,thenyouareanintelligentperson.Problemsolvingisausefulhelptoyourhappiness,butifyouknowthatgivenyourinabilitytoresolveaparticularconcernyoucanstillchoosehappinessforyourself,orataminimumrefusetochooseunhappiness,thenyouareintelligent.YouareintelligentbecauseyouhavetheultimateweaponagainstthebigN.B.D.─NervousBreakDown.“Intelligent”peopledonothaveN.B.D.’sbecausetheyareinchargeofthemselves.Theyknowhowtochoosehappinessoverdepression,becausetheyknowhowtodealwiththeproblemsoftheirlives.Youcanbegintothinkofyourselfastrulyintelligentonthebasisofhowyouchoosetofeelinthefaceoftryingcircumstances.Thelifestrugglesareprettymuchthesameforeachofus.Everyonewhoisinvolvedwithotherhumanbeingsinanysocialcontexthassimilardifficulties.Disagreements,conflictsandcompromisesareapartofwhatitmeanstobehuman.Similarly,money,growingold,sickness,deaths,naturaldisastersandaccidentsarealleventswhichpresentproblemstovirtuallyallhumanbeings.Butsomepeopleareabletomakeit,toavoidimmobilizingdepressionandunhappinessdespitesuchoccurrences,whileotherscollapseorhaveanN.B.D.Thosewhorecognizeproblemsasahumanconditionanddon’tmeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsarethemostintelligentkindofhumansweknow;also,themostrare.26.Accordingtotheauthor,theconventionalnotionofintelligencemeasuredintermsofone’sabilitytoread,writeandcompute.A)isawidelyheldbutwrongconceptC)istherootofallmentaldistressB)willhelpeliminateintellectualprejudiceD)willcontributetoone’sself-fulfillment27.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatholdingauniversitydegree.A)mayresultinone’sinabilitytosolvecomplexreal-lifeproblemsB)doesnotindicateone’sabilitytowriteproperlywordeddocumentsC)maymakeonementallysickandphysicallyweakD)doesnotmeanthatoneishighlyintelligent28.Theauthorthinksthatanintelligentpersonknows.A)howtoputupwithsomeveryprevalentmythsB)howtofindthebestwaytoachievesuccessinlife
99A)howtoavoiddepressionandmakehislifeworthwhileB)howtopersuadeotherstocompromise29.Inthelastparagraph,theauthortellsusthat.A)difficultiesarebutpartofeveryone’slifeB)depressionandunhappinessareunavoidableinlifeC)everybodyshouldlearntoavoidtryingcircumstancesD)goodfeelingscancontributetoeventualacademicexcellence30.Accordingtothepassage,whatkindofpeoplearerare?A)Thosewhodon’temphasizebookishexcellenceintheirpursuitofhappiness.B)Thosewhoareawareofdifficultiesinlifebutknowhowtoavoidunhappiness.C)ThosewhomeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsbutseldomsufferfromN.B.D.’s.D)ThosewhoareabletosecurehappinessthoughhavingtostruggleagainsttryingcircumstancesUint19PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeisthewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone’sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat“Gift”meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm’slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.Ourlinguistic(语言上的)andculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguageofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguageonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingual（多语的）guidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Theattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation’sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.
100Formanyyears,AmericaandAmericanscouldgetbywithculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorance.Afterall,Americawasthemostpowerfulcountryofthefreeworld,thedistributorofneededfundsandgoods.Butallthatispast.Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.21.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably.A)standstillB)jumpasideC)stepforwardD)drawback22.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir.A)culturalself-centerednessC)indifferencetowardsforeignvisitorsB)casualmannersD)arrogancetowardsothercultures23.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericans.A)areisolatedbythelocalpeopleB)arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrierC)tendtogetalongwellwiththenativesD)needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants24.Accordingtotheauthor,American’sculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill.A)affecttheirimageintheneweraB)cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworldC)limittheirroleinworldaffairsD)weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar25.Theauthor’sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat.A)itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriendsB)itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairsC)itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplacesD)itistimetogetacquaintedwithotherculturesPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Indepartmentstoresandclosetsallovertheworld,theyarewaiting.Theiroutwardappearanceseemsratherappealingbecausetheycomeinavarietyofstyles,textures,andcolors.Buttheyareultimatelythebiggestdeceptionthatexistsinthefashionindustrytoday.Whatarethey?Theyarehighheels—awoman’sworstenemy(whethersheknowsitornot).Highheel
101shoesarethedownfallofmodernsociety.Fashionmythshaveledwomentobelievethattheyaremorebeautifulorsophisticatedforwearingheels,butinreality,heelssucceedinposingshortaswellaslongtermhardships.Womenshouldfightthehighheelindustrybyrefusingtouseorpurchasetheminordertosavetheworldfromunnecessaryphysicalandpsychologicalsuffering.Forthesakeoffairness,itmustbenotedthatthereisapositivesidetohighheels.First,heelsareexcellentforaerating(使通气)lawns.AnyonewhohaseverwornheelsongrassknowswhatIamtalkingabout.Asimpletriparoundtheyardinapairofthosebabieseliminatesallneedtocallforalawncarespecialist,andprovidestheperfect-sizedholestogiveanylawnoxygenwithoutallthosemessychunksofdirtlyingaround.Second,heelsarequitefunctionalfordefenseagainstoncomingenemies,whocaneasilybescaredawaybythreateningthemwithapairofthesesharp,deadlyfashionaccessories.Regardlessofsuchpracticalusesforheels,thefactremainsthatwearinghighheelsisharmfultoone’sphysicalhealth.Talktoanypodiatrist(足病医生),andyouwillhearthatthemajorityoftheirbusinesscomesfromhigh-heel-wearingwomen.Highheelsareknowntocauseproblemssuchasdeformedfeetandtorntoenails.Theriskofseverebackproblemsandtwistedorbrokenanklesisthreetimeshigherforahighheelwearerthanforaflatshoewearer.Wearingheelsalsocreatesthethreatofgettingaheelcaughtinasidewalkcrackorasewer-grate（阴沟栅）andbeingthrowntotheground—possiblybreakinganose,back,orneck.Andofcourse,afterwearingheelsforaday,anywomanknowsshecanlookforwardtoanightofpainasshetriestocomfortherswollen,achingfeet.26.Whatmakeswomenblindtothedeceptivenatureofhighheels?A)Themulti-functionaluseofhighheels.C)Therichvarietyofhighheelstyles.B)Theirattempttoshowofftheirstatus.D)Theirwishtoimprovetheirappearance.27.Theauthor’spresentationofthepositivesideofhighheelsismeant.A)tobeironicC)tobefairtothefashionindustryB)topokefunatwomenD)tomakehispointconvincing28.Theauthor’spresentationoftheexpression“thosebabies’(Line3,Para.2)torefertohighheels.A)toshowtheirfragilecharacteristicsC)toshowwomen’saffectionforthemB)toindicatetheirfemininefeaturesD)toemphasizetheirsmallsize29.Theauthor’schiefargumentagainsthighheelsisthat.A)theyposeathreattolawnsB)theyareinjurioustowomen’shealthC)theydon’tnecessarilymakewomenbeautifulD)theyareineffectiveasaweaponofdefense30.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomenshould.A)seethroughtheveryhatureoffashionmythsB)boycotttheproductsofthefashionindustryC)gotoapodiatristregularlyforadviceD)avoidfollowingfashiontooclosely
102PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickering（闪烁）atthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitude(独处的状态)goestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy,thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic(心理的),andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfacetofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.31.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is.A)ratherbleakC)veryimpressiveB)fairlybrightD)quiteencouraging32.Theauthor’sbiggestconcernis.A)elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassicsB)thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.C)themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireofreadingD)thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass33.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis.A)theirfondnessofmusicandTVprogramsB)theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliteratureC)theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstandingD)theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput
10334.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis.A)totheabletoappreciateitandmemorizeitB)toanalyzeitsessentialfeaturesC)tothinkitoverconscientiouslyD)tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue35.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels.A)upsetB)uncertainC)alarmedD)pessimisticPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.S.hadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheAppoloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarslooms(隐约出现)ashumanity’snextgreatterraincognita(未探明之地).Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakealeadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonamctcorite(陨石)fromMars.AmoreconclusiveansweraboutlifeonMars,pastorpresent,wouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.36.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplacesinthepastwas.A)todisplaytheircountry’smilitarymightC)tofindnewareasforcolonizationB)toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceD)topursuecommercialandstateinterests
10437.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis.A)internationalcooperationC)scientificresearchB)nationalisticreasonsD)long-termprofits38.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?A)Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B)Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C)Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D)Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.39.Bysaying“WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen”(Line1,Para,4),theauthormeansthat.A)withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB)inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbeveryhighC)inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD)withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareatissue40.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould.A)makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB)confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstravelledtoEarthonameteoriteC)revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlifeoriginatesD)provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverseUnit20PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Navigationcomputers,nowsoldbymostcar-makers,cost$2000andup.Nosurprise,then,thattheyaremostoftenfoundinluxurycars,likeLexus,BMWandAudi.Butitisadevelopingtechnology—meaningpricesshouldeventuallydrop—andthemarketdoesseemtobegrowing.Evenatcurrentprices,anavigationcomputerisimpressive.Itcanguideyoufrompointtopointinmostmajorcitieswithpreciseturn-by-turndirections—spokenbyaclearhuman-soundingvoice,andwrittenonascreeninfrontofthedriver.
105Thecomputerworkswithanantenna（天线）thattakessignalsfromnofewerthanthreeofthe24globalpositioningsystem(GPS)satellites.Bymeasuringthetimerequiredforasignaltotravelbetweenthesatellitesandtheantenna,thecar’slocationcanbepinneddownwithin100meters.Thesatellitesignals,alongwithinputsonspeedfromawheel-speedsensoranddirectionfromameter,determinethecar’spositionevenasitmoves.Thisinformationiscombinedwithamapdatabase.Streets,landmarksandpointsofinterestareincluded.Mostsystemsarebasicallyidentical.Thedifferencescomeinhardware—thewaythecomputeracceptsthedriver’srequestfordirectionsandthewayitpresentsthedrivinginstructions.Onmostsystems,adriverentersadesiredaddress,motorwayjunctionorpointofinterestviaatouchscreenordisc.ButtheLexusscreengoesastepfurther:youcanpointtoanyspotonthemapscreenandgetdirectionstoit.BMW’ssystemoffersasetofcrosshairs（瞄准器上的十字纹）thatcanbemovedacrossthemap(youhaveseveralchoicesofmapscale)topickapointyou’dliketogetto.Audi’sscreencanbeswitchedtoTVreception.Eventhevoicesthatrecitethedirectionscandiffer,withbettersystemslikeBMW’sandLexus’shavingawidervocabulary.TheinstructionsareavailableinFrench,German,Spanish,DutchandItalian,aswellasEnglish.Thedrivercanalsochooseparametersfordeterminingtheroute:fastest,shortestornofreeways(说，高速公路),forexample.21.Welearnfromthepassagethatnavigationcomputers.A)willgreatlypromotesalesofautomobilesB)mayhelpsolvepotentialtrafficproblemsC)arelikelytobeacceptedbymoredriversD)willsoonbeviewedasasymbolofluxury22.Withanavigationcomputer,adriverwilleasilyfindthebestroutetohisdestination.A)byinputtingtheexactaddressB)byindicatingthelocationofhiscarC)bycheckinghiscomputerdatabaseD)bygivingvocalorderstothecomputer23.Despitetheirvarieddesigns,navigationcomputersusedincars.A)aremoreorlessthesamepriceB)providedirectionsinmuchthesamewayC)workonmoreorlessthesameprinciplesD)receiveinstructionsfromthesamesatellites24.Thenavigationcomputerfunctions.A)BymeansofadirectionfinderandaspeeddetectorB)BasicallyonsatellitesignalsandamapdatabaseC)Mainlythroughthereceptionofturn-by-turndirectionsD)Byusingascreentodisplaysatellitesignals25.ThenavigationsystemsincarslikeLexus,BMWandAudiarementionedtoshow.A)theimmaturityofthenewtechnologyB)thesuperiorityoftheglobalpositioningsystemC)thecauseofpricefluctuationsincarequipmentD)thedifferentwaysofprovidingguidancetothedriver
106PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“Theworld’senvironmentissurprisinglyhealthy.Discuss.”Ifthatwereanexaminationtopic,moststudentswouldtearitapart,offeringalonglistofcomplaints:fromlocalsmog（烟雾）toglobalclimatechange,fromthefelling（砍伐）offoreststotheextinctionofspecies.Thelistwouldlargelybeaccurate,theconcernlegitimate.Yetthestudentswhoshouldbegiventhehighestmarkswouldactuallybethosewhoagreedwiththestatement.Thesurpriseishowgoodthingsare,nothowbad.Afterall,theworld’spopulationhasmorethantripledduringthiscentury,andworldoutputhasrisenhugely,soyouwouldexpecttheearthitselftohavebeenaffected.Indeed,ifpeoplelived,consumedandproducedthingsinthesamewayastheydidin1900(or1950,orindeed1980),theworldbynowwouldbeaprettydisgustingplace:smelly,dirty,toxicanddangerous.Buttheydon’t.Thereasonswhytheydon’t,andwhytheenvironmenthasnotbeenruined,havetodowithprices,technologicalinnovation,socialchangeandgovernmentregulationinresponsetopopularpressure.Thatiswhytoday’senvironmentalproblemsinthepoorcountriesought,inprinciple,tobesolvable.Rawmaterialshavenotrunout,andshownosignofdoingso.Logically,onedaytheymust:theplanetisafiniteplace.Yetitisalsoverybig,andmanisveryingenious.Whathashappenedisthateverytimeamaterialseemstoberunningshort,thepricehasrisenand,inresponse,peoplehavelookedfornewsourcesofsupply,triedtofindwaystouselessofthematerials,orlookedforanewsubstitute.Forthisreasonpricesforenergyandformineralshavefalleninrealtermsduringthecentury.Thesameistrueforfood.Pricesfluctuate,inresponsetoharvests,naturaldisastersandpoliticalinstability;andwhentheyrise,ittakessometimebeforenewsourcesofsupplybecomeavailable.Buttheyalwaysdo,assistedbynewfarmingandcroptechnology.Thelong-termtrendhasbeendownwards.Itiswherepricesandmarketsdonotoperateproperlythatthisbenign（良性的）trendbeginstostumble,andthegenuineproblemsarise.Marketscannotalwayskeeptheenvironmenthealthy.Ifnooneownstheresourceconcerned,noonehasaninterestinconservingitorfosteringit:fishisthebestexampleofthis.26.Accordingtotheauthor,moststudents.A)believetheworld’senvironmentisinanundesirableconditionB)agreethattheenvironmentoftheworldisnotasbadasitisthoughttobeC)gethighmarksfortheirgoodknowledgeoftheworld’senvironmentD)appearsomewhatunconcernedaboutthestateoftheworld’senvironment27.Thehugeincreaseinworldproductionandpopulation.A)hasmadetheworldaworseplacetoliveinB)hashadapositiveinfluenceontheenvironmentC)hasnotsignificantlyaffectedtheenvironmentD)hasmadetheworldadangerousplacetolivein
10728.Oneofthereasonswhythelong-termtrendofpriceshasbeendownwardsisthat.A)technologicalinnovationcanpromotesocialstabilityB)politicalinstabilitywillcauseconsumptiontodropC)newfarmingandcroptechnologycanleadtooverproductionD)newsourcesarealwaysbecomingavailable29.Fishresourcesarediminishingbecause.A)nonewsubstitutescanbefoundinlargequantitiesB)theyarenotownedbyanyparticularentityC)impropermethodsoffishinghaveruinedthefishinggroundsD)waterpollutionisextremelyserious30.Theprimarysolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsis.A)toallowmarketforcestooperateproperlyB)tocurbconsumptionofnaturalresourcesC)tolimitthegrowthoftheworldpopulationD)toavoidfluctuationsinpricesPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Aboutthetimethatschoolsandothersquitereasonablybecameinterestedinseeingtoitthatallchildren,whatevertheirbackground,werefairlytreated,intelligencetestingbecameunpopular.Somethoughtitwasunfairtominoritychildren.Throughthepastfewdecadessuchtestinghasgoneoutoffashionandmanycommunitieshaveindeedforbiddenit.However,paradoxically,justrecentlyagroupofblackparentsfiledalawsuit(诉讼)inCaliforniaclaimingthatthestate’sbanonIQtestingdiscriminatesagainsttheirchildrenbydenyingthemtheopportunitytotakethetest.(Theybelieved,correctly,thatIQtestsareavalidmethodofevaluatingchildrenforspecialeducationclasses.)Thejudge,therefore,reversed,atleastpartially,hisoriginaldecision.Andsotheargumentgoesonandon.Doesitbenefitorharmchildrenfromminoritygroupstohavetheirintelligencetested?Wehavealwaysbeenonthesideofpermitting,evenfacilitating,suchtesting.Ifachildofanycolororgroupisdoingpoorlyinschoolitseemstousveryimportanttoknowwhetheritisbecauseheorsheisoflowintelligence,orwhethersomeotherfactoristhecause.Whatschoolandfamilycandotoimprovepoorperformanceisinfluencedbyitscause.Itisnotdiscriminativetoevaluateeitherachild’sphysicalconditionorhisintellectuallevel.Unfortunately,intellectuallevelseemstobeasensitivesubject,andwhatthelawallowsustodovariesfromtimetotime.Thesamefluctuationbackandforthoccursinareasotherthanintelligence.Thirtyyearsorsoago,forinstance,whitefamilieswereencouragedtoadoptblackchildren.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativenottodoso.Andthenthestylechangedandthiscross-racialadoptingbecamegenerallyunpopular,andsocialagenciesfeltthatblackchildrenshouldgotoblackfamiliesonly.Itishardtosaywhatarethebestprocedures.Butsurelygoodwillonthepartofallofusisneeded.Astointelligence,inouropinion,themoreweknowaboutanychild’sintellectuallevel,thebetterforthechildinquestion.
10831.Whydidtheintelligencetestbecomeunpopularinthepastfewdecades?A)Itsvaliditywaschallengedbymanycommunities.B)Itwasconsidereddiscriminativeagainstminoritychildren.C)Itmetwithstrongoppositionfromthemajorityofblackparents.D)Itdeprivedtheblackchildrenoftheirrightstoagoodeducation.32.TherecentlegalactiontakenbysomeblackparentsinCaliforniaaimedto.A)drawpublicattentiontoIQtestingB)putanendtospecialeducationC)removethestate’sbanonintelligencetestsD)havetheirchildrenenterwhiteschools33.Theauthorbelievesthatintelligencetesting.A)mayeaseracialconfrontationintheUnitedStatesB)canencourageblackchildrentokeepupwithwhitechildrenC)mayseriouslyaggravateracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStatesD)canhelpblackparentsmakedecisionsabouttheirchildren’seducation34.Theauthor’sopinionofchildadoptionseemstobethat.A)noruleswhatsoevercanbeprescribedB)whitefamiliesshouldadoptblackchildrenC)adoptionshouldbebasedonIQtestresultsD)cross-racialadoptionistobeadvocated35.Childadoptionismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat.A)goodwillmaysometimescomplicateracialproblemsB)socialsurroundingsarevitaltothehealthygrowthofchildrenC)intelligencetestingalsoappliestonon-academicareasD)AmericanopinioncanshiftwhenitcomestosensitiveissuesPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nottoomanydecadesagoitseemed“obvious”bothtothegeneralpublicandtosociologiststhatmodernsocietyhaschangedpeople’snaturalrelations,loosenedtheirresponsibilitiestokin（亲戚）andneighbors,andsubstitutedintheirplacesuperficialrelationshipswithpassingacquaintances.However,inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofresearchhasrevealedthatthe“obvious”isnottrue.Itseemsthatifyouareacityresident,youtypicallyknowasmallerproportionofyourneighborsthanyoudoifyouarearesidentofasmallercommunity.But,forthemostpart,thisfacthasfewsignificantconsequences.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatifyouknowfewofyourneighborsyouwillknownooneelse.Eveninverylargecities,peoplemaintainclosesocialtieswithinsmall,privatesocialworlds.Indeed,thenumberandqualityofmeaningfulrelationshipsdonotdifferbetweenmoreandlessurbanpeople.Small-townresidentsaremoreinvolvedwithkinthanarebig-cityresidents.Yetcitydwellerscompensatebydevelopingfriendshipswithpeoplewhosharesimilarinterestsand
109activities.Urbanismmayproduceadifferentstyleoflife,butthequalityoflifedoesnotdifferbetweentownandcity.Norareresidentsoflargecommunitiesanylikeliertodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstressoralienation,afeelingofnotbelonging,thanareresidentsofsmallercommunities.However,citydwellersdoworrymoreaboutcrime,andthisleadsthemtoadistrustofstrangers.Thesefindingsdonotimplythaturbanismmakeslittleornodifference.Ifneighborsarestrangerstooneanother,theyarelesslikelytosweepthesidewalkofanelderlycouplelivingnextdoororkeepaneyeoutforyoungtroublemakers.Moreover,asWirthsuggested,theremaybealinkbetweenacommunity’spopulationsizeanditssocialheterogeneity(多样性).Forinstance,sociologistshavefoundmuchevidencethatthesizeofacommunityisassociatedwithbadbehaviorincludinggambling,drugs,etc.Large-cityurbanitesarealsomorelikelythantheirsmall-towncounterpartstohaveacosmopolitan(见多识广者的)outlook,todisplaylessresponsibilitytotraditionalkinshiproles,tovoteforleftistpoliticalcandidates,andtobetolerantofnontraditionalreligiousgroups,unpopularpoliticalgroups,andso-calledundesirables.Everythingconsidered,heterogeneityandunusualbehaviorseemtobeoutcomesoflargepopulationsize.36.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?A)Twocontrastingviewsarepresented.B)Anargumentisexaminedandpossiblesolutionsgiven.C)Researchresultsconcerningthequalityofurbanlifearepresentedinorderoftime.D)Adetaileddescriptionofthedifferencebetweenurbanandsmall-townlifeisgiven.37.Accordingtothepassage,itwasonceacommonbeliefthaturbanresidents.A)didnothavethesameinterestsastheirneighborsB)couldnotdeveloplong-standingrelationshipsC)tendedtobeassociatedwithbadbehaviorD)usuallyhadmorefriends38.Oneoftheconsequenceofurbanlifeisthatimpersonalrelationshipsamongneighbors.A)disruptpeople’snaturalrelationsB)makethemworryaboutcrimeC)causethemnottoshowconcernforoneanotherD)causethemtobesuspiciousofeachother39.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthebiggeracommunityis,.A)thebetteritsqualityoflifeB)themoresimilaritsinterestsC)themoretolerantandopen-mindeditisD)thelikelieritistodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstress40.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Similaritiesintheinterpersonalrelationshipsbetweenurbanitesandsmall-towndwellers.
110A)Advantagesoflivinginbigcitiesascomparedwithlivinginsmalltowns.B)Thepositiverolethaturbanismplaysinmodernlife.C)Thestrongfeelingofalienationofcityinhabitants.Unit21PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenglobalwarmingfinallycame,itstuckwithavengeance(异乎寻常地).Insomeregions,temperaturesroseseveraldegreesinlessthanacentury.Sealevelsshotupnearly400feet,floodingcoastalsettlementsandforcingpeopletomigrateinland.DesertsspreadthroughouttheworldasvegetationshifteddrasticallyinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming:theglobal-warmingcrisisthatgaverisetoithappenedmorethan10,000yearsago.AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthefuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschangedinthepast—andhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyear.Mostimportant,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshiftshaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:fromthedawnofprimates(灵长目动物)some65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs,fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit.ThenewresearchhasprofoundimplicationsfortheenvironmentalsummitinRio.Amongotherthings,thefindingsdemonstratethatdramaticclimatechangeisnothingnewforplanetEarth.Thebenign(宜人的)globalenvironmentthathasexistedoverthepast10,000years—duringwhichagriculture,writing,citiesandmostotherfeaturesofcivilizationappeared—isamerebrightspotinamuchlargerpatternofwidelyvaryingclimateovertheages.Infact,thepatternorclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.
11121.Farmingemergedasasurvivalstrategybecausemanhadbeenobliged.A)togiveuphisformerwayoflifeB)toleavethecoastalareasC)tofollowtheever-shiftingvegetationD)toabandonhisoriginalsettlement22.Earthscientistshavecometounderstandthatclimate.A)isgoingthroughafundamentalchangeB)hasbeengettingwarmerfor10,000yearsC)willeventuallychangefromhottocoldD)hasgonethroughperiodicalchange23.Scientistsbelievethathumanevolution.A)hasseldombeenaccompaniedbyclimaticchangesB)hasexertedlittleinfluenceonclimaticchangesC)haslargelybeeneffectedbyclimaticchangesD)hashadamajorimpactonclimaticchanges24.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat.A)humanactivitieshaveacceleratedchangesofEarth’senvironmentB)Earth’senvironmentwillremainmilddespitehumaninterferenceC)Earth’sclimateisboundtochangesignificantlyinthefutureD)Earth’sclimateisunlikelytoundergosubstantialchangesinthefuture25.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat.A)humancivilizationremainsgloriousthoughitisaffectedbyclimaticchangesB)mankindisvirtuallyhelplessinthefaceofthedramaticchangesofclimateC)manhastolimithisactivitiestoslowdowntheglobalwarmingprocessD)humancivilizationwillcontinuetodevelopinspiteofthechangesofnaturePassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchess（公爵夫人）OfWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.ImyselfhaveFantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter—orworse—partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeither,butthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?Allreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeating,andexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolof
112probablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat－orevenonlysomewhatoverweight－isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsession(迷恋)withthinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthat,inmanycases,beingoverweightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,mayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem—toomuchfatandalackoffiber—thanaweightproblem.Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory(虚荣)。26．Intheeyesoftheauthor,anoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat.A)theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtueB)lookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortuneC)beingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredqualityD)religiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuous27.Sweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor.A)hadtogoonadietforthegreaterpartofherlifeB)couldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrackC)hadtoseekhelpfromrichdistantrelativesD)hadtowearhighlyfashionableclothes28.Inhumanhistory,people’sviewsonbodyweight.A)werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefsB)changedfromtimetotimeC)variedbetweenthepoorandtherichD)ledtodifferentmoralstandards29.Theauthorcriticizeswomen’sobsessionwiththinness.A)fromaneconomicandeducationalperspectiveB)fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofviewC)fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpointD)inthelightofmoralprinciples30.What’stheauthor’sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?A)Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.
113B)Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.C)Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.D)Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassageWarmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Naturalimpulsesofanger,hostility,andterritoriality(守卫地盘的天性)areexpressedthroughactsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumanssharewithanimals.Aggressionisakindofinnate(天生的)survivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservation,thatallowsanimalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.But,ontheotherhand,humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggression,violencecannotbesimplyreducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocialfunction:Itisastrategyforcreatingordestroyingformsofsocialorder.Religioustraditionshavetakenaleadingroleindirectingthepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethical(道德上的)patternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeendirected.Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeanstodealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityfortheirprotection.Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.Whiletheoneprotectstheindividualfromviolence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.Inwarthestateaffirmsitssupremepowerovertheindividualswithinitsownborders.Warisnotsimplyatrialbycombattosettledisputesbetweenstates;itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheircommitment,allegiance,andsupremesacrifice.Timesofwartestacommunity’sdeepestreligiousandethicalcommitments.31.Humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehaviorinthat.A)itthreatenstheexistingsocialsystemsB)itisinfluencedbysocietyC)ithasrootsinreligiousconflictsD)itisdirectedagainstinstitutionsoflaw32.Thefunctionoflegalsystems,accordingtothepassageis.A)tocontrolviolencewithinasocietyB)toprotecttheworldfromchaosC)tofreesocietyfromtheideaofrevenge
114D)togivethegovernmentabsolutepower33.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“…inlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused”(Lines5-6,Para.2)?A)Legalsystemsgreatlyreducethepossibilitiesofphysicalviolence.B)Offensesagainstindividualsarenolongerjudgedonapersonalbasis.C)Victimsofviolencefinditmoredifficulttotakerevenge.D)Punishmentisnotcarriedoutdirectlybytheindividualsinvolved.34.Theword“allegiance”(Line5,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto.A)loyaltyB)ObjectiveC)survivalD)motive35.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A)Governmentstendtoabusetheirsupremepowerintimesofwar.B)Intimesofwargovernmentsmayextendtheirpoweracrossnationalborders.C)Intimesofwargovernmentsimposehighreligiousandethicalstandardsontheirpeople.D)GovernmentsmaysacrificeindividualsintheinterestsofthestateintimesofwarPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingsstudied.Inconductingresearchonculturalandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinanemicfashion,theirconcernisonlythatthequestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinanecitfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach,theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethnicminoritygroups.InasubsequentStudy,theresearchersmaydecidetoadoptaneticapproachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-classWhitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,BlackAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.If
115so,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.36.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto.A)beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfulmeasuresB)viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspectiveC)guardagainstinterferencefromtheirowncultureD)acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture37.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?A)Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues.B)TheformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjectiveC)Theformerconcentratesonstudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.D)Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.38.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore.A)culturallyinteractiveB)culture-orientedC)culturallybiasedD)culture-specific39.Theeticapproachisconcernedwith.A)thegeneralcharacteristicsofminorityfamiliesB)culture-relatedconceptsofindividualethnicgroupsC)featuressharedbyvariousculturesorethnicgroupsD)theeconomicconditionsofdifferenttypesoffamilies40.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheethnicminorityfamiliesintheU.S.accordingtothepassage?A)TheirculturalpatternsareusuallymoreadaptableB)TheirculturalconceptsaredifficulttocomprehendC)Theydon’tinteractwitheachothersomuchasWhitefamiliesD)TheyhavecloserfamilytiesthanWhitefamiliesUnit22PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked
116A),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre. PassageOne Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage. BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld'sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration). TheMBA,a20th-centuryproduct,alwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreed(贪婪)onthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduates,about79,000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday.“Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone,"saidDonaldMorrison,professorofmarketingandmanagementscience.“Butinthelastfiveyearsorso,whensomeonesays,‘ShouldIattempttogetanMBA,'theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalively,fictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. ThearticlecalledMBAhires“extremelydisappointing"andsaid“MBAswantstomoveuptoofast,theydon'tunderstandpoliticsandpeople,andtheyaren'tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythen,they'reoutlookingforotherjobs." Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura(光环)offuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklash(反冲)againsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen'smovement. BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople.“Theydon'tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness,"saidJamesShaffer,vice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm. 21.AccordingtoParagraph2,whatisthegeneralattitudetowardsbusinessoncampuses
117dominatedbypurerdisciplines? A)Envious.B)Scornful.C)Realistic.D)Appreciative. 22.ItseemsthatthecontroversyoverthevaluesofMBAdegreeshasbeenfueledmainlyby. A)thesuccessofmanynon-MBAs B)thecomplaintsfromvariousemployers C)thepoorperformanceofMBAsatwork D)thecriticismfromthescientistsofpurerdisciplines 23.WhatisthemajorweaknessofMBAholdersaccordingtoTheHarvardBusinessReview? A)Theyarenotgoodatdealingwithpeople. B)Theykeepcomplainingabouttheirjobs. C)Theyareusuallyself-centered. D)Theyareaggressiveandgreedy. 24.FromthepassageweknowthatmostMBAs. A)canclimbthecorporateladderfairlyquickly B)cherishunrealisticexpectationsabouttheirfuture C)quittheirjobsoncetheyarefamiliarwiththeirworkmates D)receivesalariesthatdonotmatchtheirprofessionaltraining 25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout? A)Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversitycampuses. B)DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAdegree. C)WhythereisanincreasedenrollmentinMBAprograms. D)ThenecessityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessschools. PassageTwo Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage. GermanChancellor(首相)OttoVonBismarckmaybemostfamousforhismilitaryanddiplomatictalent,buthislegacy(遣产)includesmanyoftoday'ssocialinsuranceprogramsDuringthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Germany,alongwithotherEuropeannations,experiencedanunprecedentedrashofworkplacedeathsandaccidentsasaresultofgrowingindustrialization.MotivatedinpartbyChristiancompassion(怜悯)forthehelplessaswellasapracticalpoliticalimpulsetoundercutthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement,ChancellorBismarckcreated
118the world'sfirstworkers'compensationlawin1884. By1908,theUnitedStateswastheonlyindustrialnationintheworldthatlackedworkers'compensationinsurance.America'sinjuredworkerscouldsuefordamagesinacourtoflaw,buttheystillfacedanumberoftoughlegalbarriers.Forexample,employeeshadtoprovethattheirinjuriesdirectlyresultedfromemployernegligenceandthattheythemselveswereignorantaboutpotentialhazardsintheworkplace.Thefirststateworkers'compensationlawinthiscountrywaspassedin1911,andtheprogramsoonspreadthroughoutthenation. AfterWorldWarⅡbenefitpaymentstoAmericanworkersdidnotkeepupwiththecostofliving. Infact,realbenefitlevelswerelowerinthe1970sthantheywereinthe1940s,andinmoststatesthemaximumbenefitwasbelowthepovertylevelforafamilyoffour.In1970,PresidentRichardNixonsetupanationalcommissiontostudytheproblemsofworkers'compensation.Twoyearslater,thecommissionissued19keyrecommendations,includingonethatcalledforincreasingcompensationbenefitlevelsto100percentofthestates'averageweeklywages. Infact,theaveragecompensationbenefitinAmericahasclimbedfrom55percentofthestates'averageweeklywagesin1972to97percenttoday.But,asmoststudiesshow,every10percentincreaseincompensationbenefitsresultsina5percentincreaseinthenumbersofworkerswhofileforclaims.Andwithsomuchmoremoneyfloatingintheworkers'compensationsystem,it'snotsurprisingthatdoctorsandlawyershavehelpedthemselvestoalargesliceofthegrowingpie. 26.Theworld'sfirstworkers'compensationlawwasintroducedbyBismarck. A)forfearoflosingthesupportofthesocialistlabormovementB)outofreligiousandpoliticalconsiderations C)tospeedupthepaceofindustrialization D)tomakeindustrialproductionsafer 27.WelearnfromthepassagethattheprocessofindustrializationinEurope. A)metgrowingresistancefromlaborersworkingatmachines B)resultedinthedevelopmentofpopularsocialinsuranceprograms C)wasaccompaniedbyanincreasednumberofworkshopaccidents D)requiredworkerstobeawareofthepotentialdangersattheworkplace 28.OneoftheproblemstheAmericaninjuredworkersfacedingettingcompensationintheearly19thcenturywasthat. A)theyhadtoproduceevidencethattheiremployerswereresponsiblefortheaccident B)America'saveragecompensationbenefitwasmuchlowerthanthecostofliving C)differentstateintheU.S.hadtotallydifferentcompensationprogramsD)theyhadtohavethecouragetosuefordamagesinacourtoflaw29.After1972workers'compensationinsuranceintheU.S.becamemorefavorabletoworkerssothat.
119A)thepovertylevelforafamilyoffourwentupdrasticallyB)moremoneywasallocatedtotheircompensationsystem C)therewerefewerlegalbarrierswhentheyfiledforclaims D)thenumberofworkerssuingfordamagesincreased 30.Theauthorendsthepassagewiththeimplicationthat. A)compensationbenefitsinAmericaaresoaringtonewheights B)peoplefromallwalksoflifecanbenefitfromthecompensationsystem C)theworkersarenottheonlyonestobenefitfromthecompensationsystem D)moneyfloatinginthecompensationsystemisahugedrainontheU.S.economy PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage. WhenschoolofficialsinKalkaska,Michigan,closedclasseslastweek,themediaflockedtothestory,portrayingthetown's2,305studentsasvictimsofstingy(吝啬的)taxpayers.Thereissometruthtothat;theproperty-taxratehereisone-thirdlowerthanthestateaverage.ButshuttingtheirschoolsalsoallowedKalkaska'seducatorsandthestate'slargestteachers'union,theMichiganEducationAssociation,tomakeapoliticalpoint.TheiraimwastospurpassageoflegislationMichiganlawmakersaredebatingtoincreasethestate'sshareofschoolfunding. ItwasnocoincidencethatKalkaskashutitsschoolstwoweeksafterresidentsrejecteda28percentproperty-taxincrease.Theschoolboardarguedthatwithouttheincreaseitlackedthe$1.5millionneededtokeepschoolsopen. Buttheschoolsystemhadnotdoneallitcouldtokeeptheschoolsopen.Officialsdeclinedtoborrowagainstnextyear'sstateaid,theyrefusedtotrimextracurricularactivitiesandtheydidnotconsiderseekingasmaller—perhapsmoreacceptable—taxincrease.Infact,closingearlyiscostingKalkaskaasignificantamount,including$600,000inunemploymentpaymentstoteachersandstaffand$250,000inloststateaid.InFebruary,theschoolsystempromisedteachersandstafftwomonthsofretirementpaymentsincaseschoolsclosedearly,adealthatwillcostthedistrict$275,000more. Othersignssuggestschoolauthoritieswereatleastaseagertomakeapoliticalstatementastokeepschoolsopen.TheMichiganEducationAssociationhiredapublicrelationsfirmtostagearallymarkingtheschoolclosings,whichattracted14localandnationaltelevisionstationsandnetworks.ThepresidentoftheNationalEducationAssociation,theMEA'sparentorganization,flewfromWashington,D.C.,fortheevent.Andtheuniontutoredschoolofficialsintheartof televisioninterviews.SchoolsupervisorDoyleDisbrowacknowledgesthedistrictcouldhavekeptschoolsopenbycuttingprogramsbutdeniesthemoveswerepoliticallymotivated. Michiganlawmakershavereactedangrilytotheclosings.ThestateSenatehasalreadyvotedtoputthesystemintoreceivership(破产管理)andreopenschoolsimmediately;theMichigan
120Houseplanstoconsiderthebillthisweek. 31.WelearnfromthepassagethatschoolsinKalkaska,Michigan,arefunded. A)mainlybythestategovernment B)exclusivelybythelocalgovernment C)bytheNationalEducationAssociation D)byboththelocalandstategovernments 32.Oneofthepurposesforwhichschoolofficialsclosedclasseswas.A)todrawtheattentionoflocaltaxpayerstopoliticalissues B)toavoidpayingretirementbenefitstoteachersandstaffC)topressureMichiganlawmakersintoincreasingstatefundsforlocalschools D)tomakethefinancialdifficultiesoftheirteachersandstaffknowntothepublic 33.Theauthorseemstodisapproveof. A)theshuttingofschoolsinKalkaska B)theinvolvementofthemassmediaC)theMichiganlawmakers'endlessdebating D)delayingthepassageoftheschoolfundinglegislation 34.WelearnfromthepassagethatschoolauthoritiesinKalkaskaaremoreconcernedabout.A)makingapoliticalissueoftheclosingoftheschools B)theattitudeoftheMEA'sparentorganization C)araiseintheproperty-taxrateinMichigan D)reopeningtheschoolsthereimmediately 35.Accordingtothepassage,theclosingoftheschoolsdevelopedintoacrisisbecauseof.A)thestrongprotestonthepartofthestudents'parents B)thepoliticalmotivesonthepartoftheeducators C)theweakresponseofthestateofficials D)thecomplexityoftheproblem PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Earlyintheageofaffluence(富裕)thatfollowedWorldWarⅡ，anAmericanretailinganalystnamedVictorLebowproclaimed,“Ourenormouslyproductiveeconomy...demandsthatwemakeconsumptionourwayoflife,thatweconvertthebuyinganduseofgoodsintorituals,thatweseekourspiritualsatisfaction,ouregosatisfaction,inconsumption.Weneedthingsconsumed,burnedup,wornout,replacedanddiscardedataneverincreasingrate."
121 AmericanshaverespondedtoLebow'scall,andmuchoftheworldhasfollowed.Consumptionhasbecomeacentralpillaroflifeinindustriallandsandisevenembeddedinsocialvalues.Opinionsurveysintheworld'stwolargesteconomics-JapanandtheUnitedStates-showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingevermoreprevalent. Overconsumptionbytheworld'sfortunateisanenvironmentalproblemunmatchedinseveritybyanythingbutperhapspopulationgrowth.Theirsurgingexploitationofresourcesthreatenstoexhaustorunalterablyspoilforests,soils,water,airandclimate. Ironically,highconsumptionmaybeamixedblessinginhumanterms,too.Thetime-honoredvaluesofintegrityofcharacter,goodwork,friendship,familyandcommunityhaveoftenbeensacrificedintherushtoriches. Thusmanyintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow,thatmisledbyaconsumeristculture,theyhavebeenfruitlesslyattemptingtosatisfywhatareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterialthings. Ofcourse,theoppositeofoverconsumption,poverty,isnosolutiontoeitherenvironmentalorhumanproblems.Itisinfinitelyworseforpeopleandbadforthenaturalworldtoo.Dispossessed(被剥夺得一无所有的)peasantsslash,andburntheirwayintotherainforestsofLatinAmerica,andhungrynomads(游牧民族)turntheirherdsoutontofragileAfricangrassland,reducingittodesert. Ifenvironmentaldestructionresultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearelefttowonderhowmuchisenough.Whatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupport?Whendosehavingmoreceasetoaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction? 36.TheemergenceoftheaffluentsocietyafterWorldWarII.A)ledtothereformoftheretailingsystem B)resultedintheworshipofconsumerism C)gaverisetothedominanceofthenewegoism D)gavebirthtoanewgenerationofupperclassconsumers 37.Apartfromenormousproductivity,anotherimportantimpetustohighconsumptionisA)thepeople'sdesireforariseintheirlivingstandards B)theconceptthatone'ssuccessismeasuredbyhowmuchtheyconsume C)theimbalancethathasexistedbetweenproductionandconsumption D)theconversionofthesaleofgoodsintorituals 38.Whydoestheauthorsayhighconsumptionisamixedblessing? A)Becausepovertystillexistsinanaffluentsociety. B)Becauseoverconsumptionwon'tlastlongduetounrestrictedpopulationgrowth. C)Becausetraditionalritualsareoftenneglectedintheprocessofmodernization. D)Becausemoralvaluesaresacrificedinpursuitofmaterialsatisfaction.
12239.Accordingtothepassage,consumeristculture. A)willnotalleviatepovertyinwealthycountries B)willnotaggravateenvironmentalproblemsC)cannotthriveonafragileeconomy D)cannotsatisfyhumanspiritualneeds 40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat. A)humanspiritualneedsshouldmatchmaterialaffluence B)whetherhighconsumptionshouldbeencouragedisstillanissue C)howtokeepconsumptionatareasonablelevelremainsaproblem D)thereisneveranendtosatisfyingpeople'smaterialneeds Unit23PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Direction:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B)C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:InthevillagesoftheEnglishcountrysidetherearestillpeoplewhorememberthegoodolddayswhennoonebotheredtolocktheirdoors.Theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryabout.Amazingly,thesehappytimesappearstilltobewithusintheworld’sbiggestcommunity.AnewstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.SATANcantryoutavarietyofwell-knownhacking(黑客的)tricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin.Farmerhasmadetheprogrampubliclyavailable,amidmuchcriticism.Apersonwithevilintentcoulduseittohuntdownsitesthatareeasytoburgle(闯入…行窃).ButFarmerisveryconcernedabouttheneedtoalertthepublictopoorsecurityand,sofar,eventshaveprovedhimright.SATANhasdonemoretoalertpeopletotherisksthancausenewdisorder.SoistheNetbecomingmoresecure?Farfromit.Intheearlydays,whenyouvisitedaWebsiteyourbrowsersimplylookedatthecontent.NowtheWebisfulloftinyprogramsthat
123automaticallydownloadwhenyoulookataWebpage,andrunonyourownmachine.Theseprogramscould,iftheirauthorswished,doallkindsofnastythingstoyourcomputer.Atthesametime,theNetisincreasinglypopulatedwithspiders,worms,agentsandothertypesofautomatedbeastsdesignedtopenetratethesitesandseekoutandclassifyinformation.Allthesemakewonderfultoolsforantisocialpeoplewhowanttoinvadeweaksitesandcausedamage.Butlet’slookonthebrightside.Giventhelackoflocks,theInternetissurelytheworld’sbiggest(almost)crime-freesociety.Maybethatisbecausehackersarefundamentallyhonest.Orthattherecurrentlyisn’tmuchtosteal.Orbecausevandalism(恶意破坏)isn’tmuchfununlessyouhaveapeculiardislikeforsomeone.Whateverthereason,let’senjoyitwhilewecan.Butexpectitalltochange,andsecuritytobecomethenumberoneissue,whenthemostinfluentialinhabitantsoftheNetaresellingservicestheywanttobepaidfor.21.Bysaying“…ownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors”(Line3-4,Para.2),theauthormeansthat______.A)thosehappytimesappearstilltobewithusB)theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryaboutC)manysitesarenotwell-protectedD)hackerstryouttricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin22.SATAN,aprogramdesignedbyDanFarmer,canbeused______.A)toinvestigatethesecurityofInternetsitesB)toimprovethesecurityoftheInternetsystemC)topreventhackersfrombreakingintowebsitesD)todownloadusefulprogramsandinformation23.Farmer’sprogramhasbeencriticizedbythepublicbecause______.A)itcausesdamagetoNetbrowsersB)itcanbreakintoInternetsitesC)itcanbeusedtocausedisorderonallsitesD)itcanbeusedbypeoplewithevilintent24.Theauthor’sattitudetowardSATANis______.A)enthusiasticB)criticalC)positiveD)indifferent25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthat______.A)weshouldmakefulluseoftheInternetbeforesecuritymeasuresarestrengthenedB)weshouldalertthemostinfluentialbusinessmentotheimportanceofsecurityC)influentialbusinessmenshouldgiveprioritytotheimprovementofNetsecurityD)netinhabitantsshouldnotletsecuritymeasuresaffecttheirjoyofsurfingtheInternetPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Icameawayfrommyyearsofteachingontilecollegeanduniversitylevelwithaconvictionthatenactment(扮演角色),performance,dramatizationarethemostsuccessfulformsofteaching.
124Studentsmustbeincorporated,made,sofaraspossible,anintegralpartofthelearningprocess.Thenotionthatlearningshouldhaveinitanelementofinspiredplaywouldseemtothegreaterpartoftheacademicestablishmentmerelysilly,butthatisnonethelessthecase.OfEzekielCheever,themostfamousschoolmasteroftheMassachusettsBayColony,hisonetimestudentCottonMatherwrotethathesoplannedhislessonsthathispupils“cametoworkasthoughtheycametoplay,”andAlfredNorthWhitehead,almostthreehundredyearslater,notedthatateachershouldmakehis/herstudents“gladtheywerethere.”Since,wearetold,80to90percentofallinstructioninthetypicaluniversityisbythelecturemethod,weshouldgivecloseattentiontothisformofeducation.Thereis,Ithink,muchtruthinPatriciaNelsonLimerick’sobservationthat“lecturingisanunnaturalact,anactforwhichGoddidnotdesignhumans.Itisperfectlyallright,nowandthen,forahumantobepossessedbytheurgetospeak,andtospeakwhileothersremainsilent.Buttodothisregularly,onehourand15minutesatatime…foronepersontodragonwhileotherssitinsilence?...IdonotbelievethatthisiswhattheCreator...designedhumanstodo.”Thestrange,almostincomprehensiblefactisthatmanyprofessors,justastheyfeelobligedtowritedully,believethattheyshouldlecturedully.Toshowenthusiasmistoriskappearingunscientific,unobjective;itistoappealtothestudents’emotionsratherthantheirintellect.Thustheideallectureisonefilledwithfactsandreadinanunchangedmonotone.Thecult(推崇)oflecturingdully,likethecultofwritingdully,goesback,ofcourse,someyears.EdwardShils,professorofsociology,recallstheprofessorsheencounteredattheUniversityofPennsylvaniainhisyouth.Theyseemed“apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing;theyneverreferredtoanythingpersonal.Somereadfromoldlecturenotesandthenhaltinglyexplainedthethumb-wornlastlines.Otherslecturedfromcardsthathadservedforyears,tojudgebythewornedges....Theteachersbeganontime,endedontime,andlefttheroomwithoutsayingawordmoretotheirstudents,veryseldombeingdetainedbyquestioners....Theclasseswerenotlarge,yettherewasnodiscussion.Noquestionswereraisedinclass,andtherewerenoofficehours.”26.Theauthorbelievesthatasuccessfulteachershouldbeableto______.A)makedramatizationanimportantaspectofstudents’learningB)makeinspiredplayanintegralpartofthelearningprocessC)improvestudents’learningperformanceD)makestudyjustaseasyasplay27.Themajorityofuniversityprofessorspreferthetraditionalwayoflecturinginthebeliefthat______.A)itdrawsthecloseattentionofthestudentsB)itconformsinawaytothedesignoftheCreatorC)itpresentscoursecontentinascientificandobjectivemannerD)ithelpsstudentstocomprehendabstracttheoriesmoreeasily28.Whattheauthorrecommendsinthispassageisthat______.A)collegeeducationshouldbeimprovedthroughradicalmeasuresB)morefreedomofchoiceshouldbegiventostudentsintheirstudiesC)traditionalcollegelecturesshouldbereplacedbydramatizedperformancesD)interactionshouldbeencouragedintheprocessofteaching29.Bysaying“Theyseemed‘apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheir
125bearing…’”(Lines3-4,Para.4),theauthormeansthat______.A)professorsareagroupofprofessionalsthatdifferintheiracademicabilitybutbehaveinthesamewayB)professorsarelikepriestswearingthesamekindofblackgownbuthavingdifferentrolestoplayC)thereisnofundamentaldifferencebetweenprofessorsandprieststhoughtheydifferintheirmeritsD)professorsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniausedtowearblacksuitswhichmadethemlooklikepriests30.Whoseteachingmethodisparticularlycommendedbytheauthor?A)EzekielCheever’s.B)AlfredNorthWhitehead’s.C)CottonMather’s.D)PatriciaNelsonLimerick’s.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Takethecaseofpubliceducationalone.Theprincipaldifficultyfacedbytheschoolshasbeenthetremendousincreaseinthenumberofpupils.Thishasbeencausedbytheadvanceofthelegalageforgoingintoindustryandtheimpossibilityoffindingajobevenwhenthelegalagehasbeenreached.Inviewofthetechnologicalimprovementsinthelastfewyears,businesswillrequireinthefutureproportionatelyfewerworkersthaneverbefore.Theresultwillbestillfurtherraisingofthelegalageforgoingintoemployment,andstillfurtherdifficultyinfindingemploymentwhenthatagehasbeenattained.Ifwecannotputourchildrentowork,wemustputtheminschool.Wemayalsobequiteconfidentthatthepresenttrendtowardashorterdayandashorterweekwillbemaintained.Wehavedevelopedandshallcontinuetohaveanewleisureclass.Alreadythepublicagenciesforadulteducationareswampedbythetidethathassweptoverthemsincethedepressionbegan.Theywillbelittlebetteroffwhenitisover.Theirsupportmustcomefromthetaxpayer.Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbebornebythelocalcommunities.Theycannotcareforthepresentrestrictedandinadequatesystem.Thelocalcommunitieshavefailedintheireffortstocopewithunemployment.Theycannotexpecttocopewithpubliceducationonthescaleonwhichwemustattemptit.TheanswertotheproblemofunemploymenthasbeenFederalrelief.Theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationmayhavetobemuchthesame,andproperlyso.Ifthereisonethinginwhichthecitizensofallpartsofthecountryhaveaninterest,itisinthedecenteducationofthecitizensofallpartsofthecountry.Ourincometaxnowgoesinparttokeepourneighborsalive.Itmayhavetogoinpartaswelltomakeourneighborsintelligent.WearenowattemptingtopreservethepresentgenerationthroughFederalreliefofthedestitute(贫民).OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire.31.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Howtopersuadelocalcommunitiestoprovidemorefunds.B)Howtocopewiththeshortageoffundsforpubliceducation.C)Howtoimprovethepubliceducationsystem.
126D)Howtosolvetherisingunemploymentproblem.32.Whatisthereasonfortheincreaseinthenumberofstudents?A)Therequirementofeducatedworkersbybusiness.B)Raisingofthelegalageforgoingtowork.C)Thetrendtowardashorterworkday.D)People’sconcernforthefutureofthenextgeneration.33.Thepublicagenciesforadulteducationwillbelittlebetteroffbecause______.A)theunemployedaretoopoortocontinuetheireducationB)anewleisureclasshasdevelopedC)theyarestillsufferingfromthedepressionD)anincreaseintaxescouldbeaproblem34.Accordingtotheauthor,theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationisthattheFederalgovernment_______.A)shouldallocateFederalfundsforpubliceducationB)shoulddemandthatlocalcommunitiesprovidesupportC)shouldraisetaxestomeettheneedsofpubliceducationD)shouldfirstofallsolvetheproblemofunemployment35.Whydoestheauthorsay“OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire”(Lines10-11,Para.3)?A)OnlybyappropriatingadequateFederalfundsforeducationcanthenextgenerationhaveabrightfuture.B)CitizensofallpartsofthecountryagreethatthebestwaytosupporteducationistouseFederalfunds.C)Peoplealloverthecountryshouldmakecontributionstoeducationintheinterestofthenextgeneration.D)EducatedpeoplearedeterminedtousepartoftheFederalfundstohelpthepoor.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Anewhigh-performancecontactlensunderdevelopmentatthedepartmentforappliedphysicsattheUniversityofHeidelbergwillnotonlycorrectordinaryvisiondefectsbutwillenhancenormalnightvisionasmuchasfivetimes,makingpeople’svisionsharperthanthatofcats.Billeandhisteamworkwithanopticalinstrumentcalledanactivemirror—adeviceusedinastronomicaltelescopestospotnewlyemergingstarsandfardistantgalaxies.Connectedtoawave-frontsensorthattracksandmeasuresthecourseofalaserbeamintotheeyeandback,thealuminummirrordetectsthedeficienciesofthecornea,thetransparentprotectivelayercoveringthelensofthehumaneye.Theyhighlyprecisedatafromthetwoinstruments—which,Billehopes,willonedaybefoundattheopticians(眼镜商)allovertheworld—serveasabasisfortheproductionofcompletelyindividualizedcontactlensesthatcorrectandenhancethewearer’svision.Byday,Bille’scontactlenseswillfocusraysoflightsoaccuratelyontheretina(视网膜)thattheimageofasmallleafortheoutlineofafardistanttreewillbeformedwithasharpnessthatsurpassesthatofconventionalvisionaidsbyalmosthalfadiopter(屈光度).Atnight,thelenses
127haveanevengreaterpotential.“Becausethenewlens—incontrasttothealreadyexistingones—alsoworkswhenit’sdarkandthepupiliswideopen,”saysBille,“lenswearerswillbeabletoidentifyafaceatdistanceof100meters—80metersfartherthantheywouldnormallybeabletosee.Inhisexperimentsnightvisionwasenhancedbyanevengreaterfactor:insemi-darkness,testsubjectscouldseeupto15timesbetterthanwithoutthelenses.Bille’slensesareexpectedtoreachthemarketintheyear2000,andonetentativeplanistousetheInternettotransmitinformationonpatients’visualdefectsfromtheopticiantothemanufacturer,whowillthenproduceandmailthecontactlenseswithinacoupleofdays.Thephysicistexpectsthelensestocostaboutadollarapair,aboutthesameasconventionalone-daydisposablelenses.36.Thenewcontactlensismeantfor______.A)astronomicalobservationsB)thenightblindC)thosewithvisiondefectsD)opticalexperiments37.Whatdothetwoinstrumentsmentionedinthesecondparagraph(Line5)referto?A)Theastronomicaltelescopeandthewave-frontsensor.B)Thealuminummirrorandthelaserbeam.C)Theactivemirrorandthecontactlens.D)Thealuminummirrorandthewave-frontsensor.38.Individualizedcontactlenses(Line7,Para.2)arelensesdesigned______.A)toworklikeanastronomicaltelescopeB)tosuitthewearer’sspecificneedsC)toprocessextremelyaccuratedataD)totestthewearer’seyesight39.AccordingtoBille,withthenewlensesthewearer’svision______.A)willbefarbetteratnightthaninthedaytimeB)maybebroadenedabout15timesthanwithoutthemC)canbebetterimprovedinthedaytimethanatnightD)willbesharperbyamuchgreaterdegreeatnightthaninthedaytime40.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutBille’slenses?A)Theirproductionprocessiscomplicated.B)Theywillbesoldataverylowprice.C)Theyhavetobereplacedeveryday.D)PurchaseorderscanbemadethroughtheInternet.Unit24PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).You
128shoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Foryears,doctorsadvisedtheirpatientsthattheonlythingtakingmultivitaminsdoesisgivethemexpensiveurine(尿).Afterall,truevitamindeficienciesarepracticallyunheardofinindustrializedcountries.Nowitseemsthosedoctorsmayhavebeenwrong.Theresultsofagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatevenamodestvitaminshortfallcanbeharmfultoyourhealth.Althoughproofofthebenefitsofmultivitaminsisstillfarfromcertain,thefewdollarsyouspendonthemisprobablyagoodinvestment.Oratleastthat'stheargumentputforwardintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Ideally,sayDr.WalterWillettandDr.MeirStampferofHarvard,allvitaminsupplementswouldbeevaluatedinscientificallyrigorousclinicaltrials.Butthosestudiescantakealongtimeandoftenraisemorequestionsthantheyanswer.Atsomepoint,whileresearchersworkonfiguringoutwherethetruthlies,itjustmakessensetosaythepotentialbenefitoutweighsthecost.Thebestevidencetodateconcernsfolate,oneoftheBvitamins.It'sbeenprovedtolimitthenumberofdefectsinembryos(胚胎),andarecenttrialfoundthatfolateincombinationwithvitaminB12andaformofB6alsodecreasesthere-blockageofarteriesaftersurgicalrepair.ThenewsonvitaminEhasbeenmoremixed.Healthyfolkswhotake400internationalunitsdailyforatleasttwoyearsappearsomewhatlesslikelytodevelopheartdisease.ButwhendoctorsgivevitaminEtopatientswhoalreadyhaveheartdisease,thevitamindoesn'tseemtohelp.ItmayturnoutthatvitaminEplaysaroleinpreventionbutcannotundoseriousdamage.DespitevitaminC'sgreatpopularity,consuminglargeamountsofitstillhasnotbeenpositivelylinkedtoanygreatbenefit.ThebodyquicklybecomessaturatedwithCandsimplyexcretes(排泄)anyexcess.Themultivitaminsquestionboilsdowntothis:Doyouneedtowaituntilalltheevidenceisinbeforeyoutakethem,orareyouwillingtoacceptthatthere'senoughevidencethattheydon'thurtandcouldhelp?Ifthelatter,there'snoneedtogotoextremesandbuythebiggesthorsepillsorthemostexpensivebottles.Largedosescancausetrouble,includingexcessivebleedingandnervoussystemproblems.Multivitaminsarenosubstituteforexerciseandabalanceddiet,ofcourse.Aslongasyouunderstandthatanypotentialbenefitismodestandsubjecttofurtherrefinement,takingadailymultivitaminmakesalotofsense.21.Atonetimedoctorsdiscouragedtakingmultivitaminsbecausetheybelievedthatmultivitamins____.A)couldnoteasilybeabsorbedbythehumanbodyB)werepotentiallyharmfultopeople'shealthC)weretooexpensivefordailyconsumptionD)couldnotprovideanycureforvitamindeficiencies22.Accordingtotheauthor,clinicaltrialsofvitaminsupplements____.A)oftenresultinmisleadingconclusionsB)taketimeandwillnotproduceconclusiveresults
129C)shouldbeconductedbyscientistsonalargerscaleD)appeartobeasheerwasteoftimeandresources23.IthasbeenfoundthatvitaminE_____.A)shouldbetakenbypatientsregularlyandpersistentlyB)caneffectivelyreducetherecurrenceofheartdiseaseC)hasapreventivebutnotcurativeeffectonheartdiseaseD)shouldbegiventopatientswithheartdiseaseasearlyaspossible24.Itcanbeseenthatlargedosesofmultivitamins_____.A)maybringaboutserioussideeffectsB)mayhelppreventexcessivebleedingC)arelikelytoinducetheblockageofarteriesD)areadvisableforthosewithvitamindeficiencies25.Theauthorconcludesthepassagewiththeadvicethat_____.A)thebenefitofdailymultivitaminintakeoutweighsthatofexerciseandabalanceddietB)it'sriskytotakemultivitaminswithoutknowingtheirspecificfunctionC)thepotentialbenefitofmultivitaminscanneverbeoverestimatedD)it'sreasonabletotakearationaldoseofmultivitaminsdailyPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Somefuturologistshaveassumedthatthevastupsurge(剧增)ofwomenintheworkforcemayportendarejectionofmarriage.Manywomen,accordingtothishypothesis,wouldratherworkthanmarry.Theconverse(反面)ofthisconcernisthattheprospectsofbecomingamulti-paycheckhouseholdcouldencouragemarriages.Inthepast,onlytheearningsandfinancialprospectsofthemancountedinthemarriagedecision.Now,however,theearningabilityofawomancanmakehermoreattractiveasamarriagepartner.Datashowthateconomicdownturnstendtopostponemarriagebecausethepartiescannotaffordtoestablishafamilyorareconcernedaboutrainydaysahead.Astheeconomyrebounds,thenumberofmarriagesalsorises.Coincidentwiththeincreaseinwomenworkingoutsidethehomeistheincreaseindivorcerates.Yet,itmaybewrongtojumptoanysimplecause-and-effectconclusions.Theimpactofawife'sworkondivorceisnolesscloudythanitsimpactonmarriagedecisions.Therealizationthatshecanbeagoodprovidermayincreasethechancesthataworkingwifewillchoosedivorceoveranunsatisfactorymarriage.Butthereverseisequallyplausible.Tensionsgroundedinfinancialproblemsoftenplayakeyroleinendingamarriage.Givenhighunemployment,inflationaryproblems,andslowgrowthinrealearnings,aworkingwifecanincreasehouseholdincomeandrelievesomeofthesepressingfinancialburdens.Byraisingafamily'sstandardofliving,aworkingwifemaystrengthenherfamily'sfinancialandemotionalstability.Psychologicalfactorsalsoshouldbeconsidered.Forexample,awifeblockedfromacareeroutsidethehomemayfeelcagedinthehouse.Shemayviewheronlychoiceasseekingadivorce.Ontheotherhand,ifshecanfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,workandmarriagecangotogethertocreateastrongerandmorestableunion.Also,amajorpartofwomen'sinequalityinmarriagehasbeenduetothefactthat,inmostcases,menhaveremainedthemainbreadwinners.Withhigherearningcapacityandstatusoccupationsoutsideofthehomecomesthecapacitytoexercisepowerwithinfilefamily.A
130workingwifemayrobahusbandofbeingthemasterofthehouse.Dependinguponhowthecouplereactstothesenewconditions,itcouldcreateastrongerequalpartnershiporitcouldcreatenewinsecurities.26.Theword"portend"(Line2,Para.1)isclosestinmeaningto“_____”.A)defyC)sufferfromB)signalD)resultfrom27.Itissaidinthepassagethatwhentheeconomyslides,_____.A)menwouldchooseworkingwomenastheirmarriagepartnersB)morewomenwouldgetmarriedtoseekfinancialsecurityC)evenworkingwomenwouldworryabouttheirmarriagesD)morepeoplewouldprefertoremainsingleforthetimebeing28.Ifwomenfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,_____.A)theyaremorelikelytodominatetheirmarriagepartnersB)theirhusbandsareexpectedtodomorehouseworkC)theirmarriagetiescanbestrengthenedD)theytendtoputtheircareerbeforemarriage29.Onereasonwhywomenwithnocareermayseekadivorceisthat_____.A)theyfeelthattheyhavebeenrobbedoftheirfreedomB)theyareafraidofbeingbossedaroundbytheirhusbandsC)theyfeelthattheirpartnersfailtoliveuptotheirexpectationsD)theytendtosuspecttheirhusbands'loyaltytotheirmarriage30.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarizetheauthor'sviewinthepassage?A)Thestabilityofmarriageandthedivorceratemayreflecttheeconomicsituationofthecountry.B)Evenwheneconomicallyindependent,mostwomenhavetostruggleforrealequalityinmarriage.C)InordertosecuretheirmarriagewomenshouldworkoutsidethehomeandremainindependentD)Theimpactofthegrowingfemaleworkforceonmarriagevariesfromcasetocase.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage,FormostthinkerssincetheGreekphilosophers,itwasself-evidentthatthereissomethingcalledhumannature,somethingthatconstitutestheessenceofman.Therewerevariousviewsaboutwhatconstitutesit,buttherewasagreementthatsuchanessenceexists--thatistosay,thatthereissomethingbyvirtueofwhichmanisman.Thusmanwasdefinedasarationalbeing,asasocialanimal,ananimalthatcanmaketools,orasymbol-makinganimal.Morerecently,thistraditionalviewhasbeguntobequestioned.Onereasonforthischangewastheincreasingemphasisgiventothehistoricalapproachtoman.Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled"humannature."Thehistoricalapproachwasreinforced,particularlyintheUnitedStates,bystudiesinthefieldofculturalanthropology(人类学).Thestudyofprimitivepeopleshasdiscoveredsuchadiversityofcustoms,values,feelings,andthoughtsthatmanyanthropologists
131arrivedattheconceptthatmanisbornasablanksheetofpaperonwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Anotherfactorcontributingtothetendencytodenytheassumptionofafixedhumannaturewasthattheconcepthassooftenbeenabusedasashieldbehindwhichthemostinhumanactsarecommitted.Inthenameofhumannature,forexample,Aristotleandmostthinkersuptotheeighteenthcenturydefendedslavery.Orinordertoprovetherationalityandnecessityofthecapitalistformofsociety,scholarshavetriedtomakeacaseforacquisitiveness,competitiveness,andselfishnessasinnate(天生的)humantraits.Popularly,onereferscynicallyto"humannature"inacceptingtheinevitabilityofsuchundesirablehumanbehaviorasgreed,murder,cheatingandlying.Anotherreasonforskepticismabouttheconceptofhumannatureprobablyliesintheinfluenceofevolutionarythinking.Oncemancametobeseenasdevelopingintheprocessofevolution,theideaofasubstancewhichiscontainedinhisessenceseemeduntenable.YetIbelieveitispreciselyfromanevolutionarystandpointthatwecanexpectnewinsightintotheproblemofthenatureofman.31.Thetraditionalviewof"humannature"wasstronglychallengedby_____.A)theemergenceoftheevolutionarytheoryB)thehistoricalapproachtomanC)newinsightintohumanbehaviorD)thephilosophicalanalysisofslavery32.Accordingtothepassage,anthropologistsbelievethathumanbeings_____.A)havesometraitsincommonB)arebornwithdiverseculturesC)arebornwithoutafixednatureD)changetheircharactersastheygrowup33.TheauthormentionedAristotle,agreatancientthinker,inorderto_____.A)emphasizethathecontributedalottodefiningtheconceptof"humannature"B)showthattheconceptof"humannature"wasusedtojustifysocialevilsC)provethathehadaprofoundinfluenceontheconceptof"humannature"D)supporttheideathatsomehumantraitsareacquired34.Theword"untenable"(Line3)inthelastparagraphofthepassagemostprobablymeans_____.A)invaluableC)changeableB)imaginableD)indefensible35.Mostphilosophersbelievedthathumannature_____.A)isthequalitydistinguishingmanfromotheranimalsB)consistsofcompetitivenessandselfishnessC)issomethingpartlyinnateandpartlyacquiredD)consistsofrationalityandundesirablebehaviorPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea"virtual"orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners(从业者).
132"Withvirtualrealitywe'llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,"saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(头盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava'svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovides,feedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtotherumor(肿瘤).Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient'sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.Satavasays,"Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine."36.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine_____.A)willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldB)canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldC)willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldD)canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefield37.RichardSatavahasvisionsof_____.A)usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseasB)woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldC)woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonsD)settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseas38.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?A)Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.B)Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.C)Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinkedtothem.D)A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.39.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause_____.
133A)heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreenB)thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglesC)thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedD)heiswearing3-Dglasses40.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey_____.A)causelesspaintothewoundedB)allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyC)willmakehumansurgeons'worklesstediousD)aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecisionUnit25PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itwastheworsttragedyinmaritime(航海的)history,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoes(鱼雷)firedfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,children andoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.Tllneverforgetthescreams,"saysChristaNtitzmann,87,oneofthe 1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermany'sNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlast month.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn'tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:"Nobodywantedtohear aboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast."Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche:"BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn'thavetheenergylefttotellofourownsufferings.''ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.Byunreservedlyowninguptotheircountry'smonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalize(使...不得势)theneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today'sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousand
134stablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethatthey'yenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.21.WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?A)ItwasattackedbyRussiantorpedoes.B)Mostofitspassengerswerefrozentodeath.C)Itsvictimsweremostlywomenandchildren.D)Itcausedthelargestnumberofcasualties.22.HundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseawhenA)astrongicestormtiltedtheshipB)thecruiseshipsankallofasuddenC)thebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonesideD)thefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperatelyforlifeboats23.TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermansA)wereeagertowininternationalacceptanceB)feltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWarIIC)adbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutitD)wereafraidofoffendingtheirneighbors24.HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustlofftragedy?A)Bypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoattack.B)Bydescribingtheship'ssinkingingreatdetail.C)BygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieWoche.D)Bydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnantwoman.25.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinkthatA)theywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftragedyB)theWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenation'spastmisdeedsC)GermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarIID)itiswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofothercountriesPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosay'abouttheirschoolexperience.Inonestudyof400adulwhohadachieveddistinctioninallareasoflife,researchersfoundthatthree-fifthsoftheseindividualseitherdidbadlyinschoolorwereunhappyinschool.FewMacArthurPrizefellows,winnersoftheMacArthurAwardforcreativeaccomplishment,hadgoodthingstosayabouttheirprecollegiateschoolingiftheyhadnotbeenplacedinadvancedprograms.Anecdotal(名人轶事)reportssupportthis.PabloPicasso,CharlesDarwin,MarkTwain,OliverGoldsmith,andWilliamButlerYeatsalldislikedschool.SodidWinstonChurchill,whoalmostfailedoutofHarrow,aneliteBritishschool.AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhisteachersremarked,"Neverwassodulla
135boy."Oftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethantheirteachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inattentive,orunmotivated.Someofthesegiftedpeoplemayhavedonepoorlyinschoolbecausetheir,giftswerenotscholastic.MaybewecanaccountforPicassointhisway.Butmostfaredpoorlyinschoolnotbecausetheylackedabilitybutbecausetheyfoundschoolunchallengingandconsequentlylostinterest.Yeatsdescribedthelackoffitbetweenhismindandschool:"BecauseIhadfounditdifficulttoattendtoanythinglessinterestingthanmyownthoughts,Iwasdifficulttoteach."Asnotedearlier,giftedchildrenofallkindstendtobestrong-willednonconformists.Nonconformity andstubbornness(andYeats'slevelofarroganceandself-absorption)arelikelytoleadtoConflictswithteachers.Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutwhatwasimportanttothedevelopment oftheirabilities,theyarefarmorelikelytomentiontheirfamiliesthantheirschoolsorteachers.Awritingprodigy(神童)studiedbyDavidFeldmanandLynnGoldsmithwastaughtfarmoreaboutwritingbyhisjournalistfatherthanhisEnglishteacher.High-IQchildren,inAustraliastudiedbyMiracaGrosshadmuchmorepositivefeelingsabouttheirfamiliesthantheirschools.AbouthalfofthemathematiciansstudiedbyBenjaminBloomhadlittlegoodtosayaboutschool.Theyalldidwellinschoolandtookhonorsclasseswhenavailable,andsomeskippedgrades.26.ThemainpointtheauthorismakingaboutschoolsisthatA)theyshouldsatisfytheneedsofstudentsfromdifferentfamilybackgroundsB)theyareoftenincapableofcateringtotheneedsoftalentedstudentsC)theyshouldorganizetheirclassesaccordingtothestudents'abilityD)theyshouldenrollasmanygiftedstudentsaspossible27.TheauthorquotestheremarksofoneofOliverGoldsmith'steachersA)toprovidesupportforhisargumentB)toillustratethestrongwillofsomegiftedchildrenC)toexplainhowdullstudentscanalsobesuccessfulD)toshowhowpoorOliver'sperformancewasatschool28.PabloPicassoislistedamongthemanygiftedchildrenwhoA)paidnoattentiontotheirteachersinclassB)contradictedtheirteachersmuchtoooftenC)couldnotcopewiththeirstudiesatschoolsuccessfullyD)behavedarrogantlyandstubbornlyinthepresenceoftheirteachers29.Manygiftedpeopleattributedtheirsuccess.A)mainlytoparentalhelpandtheireducationathomeB)bothtoschoolinstructionandtotheirparents'coachingC)moretotheirparents'encouragementthantoschooltrainingD)lesstotheirsystematiceducationthantotheirtalent30.TherootcauseofmanygiftedstudentshavingbadmemoriesoftheirschoolyearsisthatA)theirnonconformitybroughtthemalotoftroubleB)theywereseldompraisedbytheirteachersC)schoolcoursesfailedtoinspireormotivatethemD)teacherswereusuallyfarstricterthantheirparents
136PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage,Whenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkabouttheFederalagents.Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.It'sLindaTripp,nottheFBI,whoisfacingchargesunderMaryland'slawsagainstsecrettelephonetaping.It'sourbanks,nottheInternalRevenueService(IRS),thatpassourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfin'ms.ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.Asanexampleofwhat'sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames,,ph'onenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.Withthesecustomerlistsinhand,MemberWorksstarteddialingfordollars-sellingdentalplans,videogames,computersoftwareandotherproductsandservices.Customerswhoaccepteda"freetrialoffer"had,30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts.U.S.Bancorpcollectedashareoftherevenues.Customersweredoublydeceived,thelawsuitclaims.They.didn'tknowthatthebankwasgivingaccountnumberstoMemberWorks.Andifcustomersasked,theywereledtothinktheanswerwasno.ThestatesuedMemberWorksseparatelyfordeceptiveselling.Thecompanyde'hiesthatitdidanythingwrong.Foritspart,U.S.Bancorpsettledwithoutadmittinganymistakes.Butitagreedtostopexposingitscustomerstononfinancialproductssoldbyoutsidefirms.Afewtopbanksdecidedtodothesame.ManyotherbankswillstilldobusinesswithMemberWorksandsimilarfirms.Andbankswillstillbeminingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcredit-cardprotectionplans.Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Forexample,nofederallawshields"transactionandexperience"information-mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts.SocialSecuritynumbersareforsalebyprivatefa'ms.They'vegenerallyagreednottoselltothepublic.Buttobusinesses,thenumbersareanopenbook.Selfregulationdoesn'twork.Afirmmightpublishaprivacy-protectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?TakeU.S.Bancorpagain.Customersweretold,inwriting,that"allpersonalinformationyousupplytouswillbeconsideredconfidential."ThenitsoldyourdatatoMemberWorks.Thebankevenclaimsthatitdoesn't"sell"yourdataatall.Itmerely"shares"itandreapsaprofit.Nowyouknow.31.Contrarytopopularbelief,theauthorfindsthatspyingonpeople'sprivacyA)ismainlycarriedoutbymeansofsecrettapingB)hasbeenintensifiedwiththehelpoftheIRSC)ispracticedexclusivelybytheFBID)ismoreprevalentinbusinesscircles32.Weknowfromthepassagethat
137A)legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotectionB)moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinessesC)thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformationD)lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers'buyinghabits33.Whenthe"freetrial"deadlineisover,you'llbechargedwithoutnoticeforaproductorserviceifA)youfailtocancelitwithinthespecifiedperiodB)youhappentorevealyourcreditcardnumberC)youfindtheproductorserviceunsatisfactoryD)youfailtoapplyforextensionofthedeadline34.BusinessesdonotregardinformationconcerningpersonalbankaccountsasprivatebecauseA)itsrevelationwilldonoharmtoconsumersunderthecurrentprotectionpolicyB)itisconsidered"transactionandexperience"informationunprotectedbylawC)ithasalwaysbeenconsideredanopensecretbythegeneralpublicD)itssalecanbebroughtundercontrolthroughself-regulation35.WecaninferfromthepassagethatA)bankswillhavetochangetheirwaysofdoingbusinessB)privacyprotectionlawswillsoonbeenforcedC)consumers'privacywillcontinuetobeinvadedD)"freetrial"practicewilleventuallybebannedPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.It'shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemisamess.Foreignnationalshavelongbeenslippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.legitimatelyoftenoverstaytheirlegalwelcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,it'sbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontotheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers(劫机者)werehereonexpiredvisas.That'sbeenasafebetuntilnow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS)(移民归化局)lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentionallyoverstayedtheirwelcome.Butthislaxness(马虎)towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwillmakeiteasiertostopwatch-listedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat'sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.Reformersarecallingforarollbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepillegalimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncethey'rehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactuallyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.Alltheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybillthatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeen
138blockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they'vebackedoff.Thebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfluentiallaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionslikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyearsbecometoofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept.l1tragedy,theINSshouldpaymoreattentiontoservingthemillionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation'sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.36.TerroristshaveobviouslytakenadvantageofA)thelegalprivilegesgrantedtoforeignersB)theexcessivehospitalityoftheAmericanpeopleC)theirresponsibilityoftheofficialsatbordercheckpointsD)thelowefficiencyoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationService37.WelearnfromthepassagethatcoordinatedeffortswillbemadebyvariousU.S.governmentagenciestoA)refusetherenewingofexpiredvisasB)wardoffterroristsuspectsattheborderC)preventtheforgeryofimmigrationpapersD).limitthenumberOfimmigrantstotheU.S.38.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforeSept.11,alienswithexpiredvisasA)mighthavethemextendedwithouttroubleB)wouldbecloselywatchedbyFBIagentsC)mightstayonforaslongas[heywishedD)wouldliveinconstantfearofdeportation39.ItisbelievedbymanythatalltheseyearstheINSA)hasbeenservingtwocontradictoryfunctionsB)hasbeentooliberalingrantingvisastotouristsandimmigrantsindiscriminatelyC)hasover-emphasizeditsservicefunctionsattheexpenseofthenation'ssecurityD)hasignoredthepleasofthetwopowerfullobbies40.BeforeSept.11,theU.S.CongresshadbeenunabletopassstricterimmigrationlawsbecauseA)theymighthavekeptawayforeignstudentsandcheaplaborB)itwasdifficulttocoordinatetheeffortsofthecongressmenC)educationandbusinesscirclescaredlittleaboutnationalsecurityD)resourceswerenotavailablefortheirenforcement
139第二部分阅读理解模拟练习Unit1(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
140ThebankingrevolutioninAmericaisasmuchaboutattitudesandassumptionsasaboutsizeandstructure.Forcenturies,Americanshavedistrustedbanks.Inthe1830s,AndrewJacksondenouncedanddestroyedtheSecondBankoftheUnitedStates,whichexisted“tomaketherichricher”attheexpenseof“farmers,mechanicsandlaborers.”Inthe1930s,bankswereblamedforhelpingcausetheDepression.Thewonder,then,isthatthelatestwaveofbankmergers—thelargestever—hasinspiredlittlemorethanabewilderedand,perhaps,irritatedshrugfromthepublic.Asbanksgrowbigger,theyseemlessfearsome.Why?Theansweristhatbankshaveshrunkinpowerevenastheyhaveexpandedinsize.Traditionally,bankinghasbeenasimplebusiness.Depositscomethroughonedoor,loansgooutthroughanother.Profitsderivefromthe“spread”betweeninterestratesondepositsandloans.Ifsaversandborrowerscannotgoelsewhere,banksarepowerful.Andifthereareotherchoices,banksarelesspowerful.Andsoitis.Weinhabitanageofsuperabundantcreditanditspurveyors.Acenturyago,mattersweredifferent.Smalldepositorscouldchoosefromonlyoneorseverallocalbanks;gettingaloanmeantwinningthegoodgracesoftheneighborhoodbanker.Evenbigcorporationsdependedonafewbigbanksorinvestmenthouses.JohnReedorHughMcColl—theheadsofCiticorpandNationsBank—arenothouseholdnames.In1900J.P.Morganwas.AsheadofJ.P.Morgan&Co.,hecontrolled—throughstockandpositionsoncorporateboards—athirdofU.S.railroadsand70percentofthesteelindustry.ArailroadexecutiveoncecheerfullyconfessedhisdependenceonMorgan'scapital:“IfMr.MorganweretoordermetomorrowtoChinaorSiberia...Iwouldgo.”Nobankerstodayinspiressuchaweorfear.Time,technologyandgovernmentrestrictionsweakenedbankpower.Inthe1920s,autocompaniespopularizedcarloans.Nationalcreditcardsoriginatedin1950withtheDinnersClubcard.In1933,theGlass-SteagalActrequiredbanksandtheirinvestmenthousestosplit.AfterWorldWarⅡ,pensionsandthestockmarketcompetedforconsumersavings.Asaresult,bankscommandashrinkingshareofthenation'swealth:20percentofassetsoffinancialinstitutionsin1997,downfrom50percentin1950.21.Traditionally,Americans'attitudetowardsbanksisoneof.A)suspicionB)trustC)dependenceD)admiration22.WhyareJohnReedandHughMcCollnotaswell-knownasJ.P.Morgan?A)JohnReedandHughMcCollarenotasrichasJ.P.Morganwas.B)BanksarenolongeraspowerfulastheywereinJ.P.Morgan'stime.C)JohnReedandHughMcCollarenotascapableasJ.P.Morganwas.D)ThebanksJohnReedandHughMcCollheadaresmallerthanMorgan's.23.Theword“spread”inParagraph2mostprobablymeans.A)coverB)extentC)differenceD)degree24.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
141A)Therecentbankmergershavegivenmuchshocktothenation.B)Peoplenolongerdistrustbanks.C)NobanktodaycancomparewithJ.P.Morgan'sinsize.D)Itiseasiertoborrowmoneytodaythanitwasinthepast.25.Whatdoestheauthorchieflytalkaboutinthepassage?A)Bankingandinvestment.C)Theevolutionofthebanks.B)Thecreditmarket.D)Theshrinkingpowerofthebanks.Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:LetusaskwhatwerethepreparationandtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatory,whetherpoliticalorforensic.Borninrudeandabjectpoverty,heneverhadanyeducation,exceptwhathegavehimself,tillhewasapproachingmanhood.Notevenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.Noschool,nouniversity,nolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers.Whenhebecamealawyerandapolitician,theyearsmostfavorabletocontinuousstudyhadalreadypassed,andtheopportunitieshefoundforreadingwereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliterature,thoughheknewthosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematics,buthecouldreadnolanguagesavehisown,andcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewithEuropeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantofregulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwascast.Tillhewasagrownman,henevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecouldlearnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhehadgainedsomelegalpractice,therewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomixwithexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytown,mennearlyallofwhomknewlittlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothing,andsocietygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill.Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflection,andindeed,ofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartofhimself.Hisconvictionswerehisown——clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveoropinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedandhesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepapolicyinsuspense,waitingforeventstoguidehim,hedidnotwaver.Hepausedandreconsidered,butitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreortowastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.Hetookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotleanonhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentation,hewasalways independent,self-contained,preparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhisacts.26.ItissaidinthesecondparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln.A)wasilliterateC)waseducatedverylateB)wasnevereducatedD)behavedrudelywhenhewasyoung27.WearealsotoldthatAbrahamLincoln.
142A)nevercaredmuchforreadingB)didmuchreadingwhenhewasyoungC)neverhadmuchchancetoreadD)becameanenthusiasticreaderwhenhewasgrownup28.ItissaidinthethirdparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln.A)wasanti-socialC)hadfewfriendsB)learnedlittlefromhisfriendsD)knewveryfewdoctors29.ThehabitofreflectionhelpedLincoln.A)todevelopindependenceC)toattainclearconvictionsB)tobecomemoreopinionatedD)tobecomeahesitantperson30.Wemaysay,takingthepassageasawhole,thatLincolnwas.A)afailurebecauseofhisignoranceB)amanwhotriumphedoverhisdisadvantagesC)anexceptionallysuccessfulandwell-educatedpersonD)anilliterateman,butwithsomenaturaltalentsQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:WhentheyoungmanwhowouldrevolutionizeAmericanindustryturneddownachancetoattendHarvardin1874foranapprenticeshipinaPhiladelphiamachineshop,itwashardlybecauseheforesawthetransformationoftheworldintowhatitistoday-markedbya“fierce,unholyobsessionwithtime,order,productivity,andefficiency,”asRobertKanigeldescribesitinhisbiography,TheOneBestWay:FrederickWinslowTaylorandtheEnigmaofEfficiency.Thetruthwas,Taylor'seyeswerebad.Andyet,30yearsbeforethefirstassemblyline,armedwithasurplusofwork,astopwatch,andautopianthirst,hesystemizedscientificmanagement,crusadingitnearlysinglehandedlythroughindustryafterindustry.Itsanthemwasthescrapeofthelathe,itsbannertheinstructioncard.Acenturyhaspassed,andwithitthepromiseofaradiant,mechanicalheaveninwhichtheinterestsofmanagementandlaborareforeverjoined.Mostofus,though,haveitprettydamngoodbecauseofTaylor.Atmorethan600pages,Kanigel'sbiographyisanexhaustingstudyofitssubject'sinfluenceandpsychology.Taylorcomesacrossinvariousroles:fanaticalbully;memberofthefirstwinningUSOpendoublestennisduo;inventorofaprocesstomanufacturehigh-speedsteelthatrevolutionizedindustrialoutput.Attimes,themanseemslittlemorethanaslavetothedevelopmentofhisownsystem.“Studyingthegrowthofgrassplots,”helamentedtowardtheendofhislife,doggedbylabor-sympathetichearingsonCapitolHill,“isagreattimeconsumer.”Sowasthebook.Occasionally,Iwastemptedtoimplementmyownversionoftimemanagement.AndyetItookitslengthasakindofcharminginefficiencyinthefaceofthespiritualemptiness
143thatseepsthroughtoday'segalitarianconsumerism.Butwhatwouldlifebewithoutthissystem?“Industrializedcountriestodayenjoymaterialabundancesogreatwenolongerseeit,”Kanigelstates.“Manylivingtodayhaveneverknownlifewithoutradios,TVs,homefreezers,powermowers,andcomputers.”“Inthepastthemanwasfirst.Inthefuturethesystemwillbefirst,”Taylorwasinfamousforhavingsaid.Itmusthavebeenanicethoughtattheturnofthecentury,butwhatabouttoday,whenourcollectiveappetitesthreatentomartheplanet?31.Theyoungmaninthefirstsentencerefersto.A)aHarvardprofessorC)FrederickWinslowTaylorB)RobertKanigelD)theauthorofthispassage32.TheyoungmanchosenottogotoHarvardbecause.A)hewantedtohavetheapprenticeshipinaPhiladelphiamachineshopB)heforesawhehadagreatroletoplayinthetransformationoftheworldC)hecouldnotaffordtoD)hehadpooreyesight33.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A)Taylordidmuchmoretomodernmaterialabundancethantheassemblyline.B)Taylor'svisionofamechanicalheavenforbothmanagementandlabordidnotcometrue.C)Workers'conditionsworsenedasTaylorrevolutionizedindustrialproduction. D)WorkersthroughouttheworldhatedTaylor.34.TheauthorofthispassagethinksthatRobetKanigel'sbiographyofTayloris.A)toolengthyC)vividandtruthfulB)notobjectiveenoughD)apleasuretoread35.Whatistheimplicationofthelastparagraph?A)WehavemuchtothankforTaylor.B)Taylorneglectedtheenvironmentinhissearchforefficiency.C)Taylor'ssystemseemstohaveanadverseeffectonourglobe.D)Efficiencyisnolongerimportanttoday.Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:UniversityPhysicsisintendedforstudentsofscienceandengineering.Primaryemphasisisonphysicalprinciplesandproblem-solving;historicalbackgroundandspecializedpracticalapplicationshavebeengivenaplaceofsecondaryimportance.Manyworked-outexamplesandanextensivecollectionofproblemsareincludedwitheachchapter.Inthisnewedition,thebasicphilosophyandoutlineandthebalancebetweendepthof
144treatmentandbreadthofsubject-mattercoverageareunchangedfrompreviouseditions.Wehavetriedtopreservethosefeaturesthatusersofpreviouseditionshavefounddesirable,whileincorporatinganumberofchangesthatshouldenhancethebook'susefulness.Thetextbookisadaptabletoawidevarietyofcourseoutlines.Theentiretextbookcanbeusedforanintensivecoursetwoorthreesemestersinlength.Foralessintensivecourse,manyinstructorswillwanttoomitcertainchaptersorsectionstotailorthebooktotheirindividualneeds.Thearrangementofthiseditionfacilitatesthiskindofflexibility.Conversely,however,manytopicsthatwereregardedafewyearsagoasofperipheral(外围的;次要的)importanceandwereomittedfromintroductorycourseshavenowcometotheforeagaininthelifesciences,earthandspacesciences,andenvironmentalproblems.Aninstructorwhowishestostressthesekindsofapplicationwillfindthistextbookausefulsourcefordiscussionoftheappropriateprinciples.Inanycase,itshouldbeemphasizedthatinstructorsshouldnotfeelconstrained(受约束的)toworkstraightthroughthebookfromcovertocover.Manychaptersare,ofcourse,inherentlysequentialinnature,butwithinthisgenerallimitationinstructorsshouldbeencouragedtoselectamongthecontentsthosechaptersthatfittheirneeds,omittingmaterialthatisnotrelevantfortheobjectivesofaparticularcourse.36.Thistextbooklaysstresson.A)theexplorationofphysicalprinciplesB)theprinciplesofphysicsandtheirapplicationC)thedevelopmentofphysicsD)theapplicationofphysicsindifferentfields37.Comparedwiththeoldone,thisnewedition.A)hasbeenmademoreapplicableB)iseasiertolearnC)coversawiderrangeofsubjectmatterD)hasimprovedthebalancebetweentheoryandpractice38.Oneofthefeaturesofthistextbookisthat.A)somecontentsaredealtwithintermsofphilosophyB)ithasanoutlineforeachchapterC)itintroducesthephysicalprinciplesingreatdepthD)itcanbeusedfordifferentcoursearrangements39.Thewords“Conversely,however”(para.4,line1)indicatethat.A)manytopicscanbeemphasizedthoughtheywerenotcoveredintheoldeditionB)manytopicscanbeemphasizedthoughtheywereusuallyomittedbyinstructors C)manytopicshavebeenaddedtotheneweditionastheywerenotcoveredintheoldoneD)manytopicshavebeenaddedtotheneweditionthoughtheycanbeomittedbytheinstructors
14540.Tomeettheneedsofaparticularcourse,theteacherofthisbookcanomitsomeofthecontentsprovidedthat.A)hisselectionisbasedontherequestofhisstudentsB)hedoesnotomitanychaptercompletelyC)hisstudentsareparticularlyintelligentD)hekeepsaneyeontheinternalrelationsbetweenthechaptersUnit2(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thehealth-careeconomyisfilledwithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror“provider”andpurchaseror“consumer”inthetypicaldoctor-patientrelationship. Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,however,doesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday,”whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor'sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderwhenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer.”Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe“powercenter”inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants—thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;
146thepayergenerallymeetsmostsofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital;andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective.21.Theauthor'sprimarypurposeisto.A)criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatientsB)analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealth-careC)urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthorityD)informpotentialpatientsoftheirhealth-carerights22.Itcanbeinferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause.A)itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospitalB)mostofapatient'sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsuranceC)adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient'shealthD)somepatientsmightrefusetoaccepttheirphysician'sadvice23.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto“returnnextWednesday”,thedoctorisineffect.A)instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservicesB)warningthepatientthatahospitalstaymightbenecessaryC)advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinionD)admittingthattheinitialvisitwasineffective24.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto.A)aproposaltocontrolmedicalcostsB)adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatmentC)ananalysisofthecauseofinflationintheUnitedStatesD)astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice25.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree? A)Fewpatientsarereluctanttoobjecttothecourseofthetreatmentprescribedbyadoctorortoquestionthecostoftheservices.B)Themoreserioustheillnessofapatient,thelesslikelyitisthatthepatientwillobjecttothecourseoftreatmentprescribedortoquestionthecostofservices.C)Thepayer,whetherinsurancecarrierorthegovernmentislesslikelytoacquiescetodemandsforpaymentwhentheillnessofthepatientisregardedasserious.D)BothAandBQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
147Forme,scientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciences,naturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworld(physicalandbiologicalsciences),andsciencesdealingwithmankind(psychology,sociology,allthesciencesofculturalachievements,everykindofhistoricalknowledge).Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophy,aboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplace,allthisispureortheoreticalknowledge,soughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstanding,inordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandwhatisintrinsic(固有的)andconsubstantial(同体的)toman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldwasofacertainkind,thathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkind,hewouldn'tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportance,becausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogress,hemustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.Knowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccess,butnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseen,exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsections,zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeuseful,itwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperiments,carriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity,wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnology,withoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsake,becausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.But,inaddition,itisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.26.Themostimportantadvancesmadebymankindcomefrom.A)technicalapplicationsC)thenaturalsciencesB)apparentlyuselessinformationD)philosophy27.Whatmayweexpecttheauthortodiscussintheparagraphthatfollowsthispassage?A)Thevalueoftechnicalresearch.C)Philosophy.B)Thevalueofpureresearch.D)Unforeseendiscoveries.28.TheauthorpointsoutthattheGreekswhostudiedconicsections.A)weremathematiciansB)wereinterestedinnavigationC)wereunawareofthevalueoftheirstudiesD)workedwithelectricity29.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthispassage?A)ALittleLearningIsaDangerousThingB)Man'sDistinguishingCharacteristicsC)LearningforItsOwnSake
148D)TheDifferencebetweenScienceandPhilosophy30.TheauthordoesNOTincludeamongthesciencesthestudyof.A)astronomyC)anthropologyB)physicsD)literatureQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Womendonotputmoneyasideforavarietyofreasons.Theycomeandgointheworkforce,takingtimeoffearlytoraisechildrenandlater,totendtoelderlyrelatives.Whentheydowork,theyearnless,regardlessofage,industryoreducation.Butsocietalpatternscannotbeblamedforeverything.Sometimestheproblemisvanity,arefusalbyanindividualtothinkaboutwhitehairandwrinkles.Othertimes,savingmoneygetslostinthecrushoffamilyandcareer.AdeleMorrissette,the40-year-oldheadofmediaandentertainmentinvestmentbankingatCowen&Company,believesthat“sometimeswomenwhoworkharddon'tpayenoughattentiontosaving.Wearetoobusythinkingaboutmakingmoney.”Whateverthecause,theeffectcanbedevastating.AsanAmericanwoman,youhaveanalmostnine-out-of-tenchanceofendingupalone.Eitheryourmarriageisoneofthefourintenthatwillbebrokenupbydivorce,oryouwilloutliveyourmalepartnerbyfourtosixyears—evenlongerifyouareyoungerthanhe(andyouprobablyare).Anddon'tdeceiveyourself.Widowsaren'tallblue-hairedladiesplayingmahjong(麻将)inMiami.They'realsoyourfiftyishbigsisters fromcollege.Whetherbydeathordivorce,youwilllikelysomedaybesolelyresponsibleforyourfinancialsecurityandwell-being.Ifyouaren'tpreparingforthat,youareathighriskofoutlivingyourassets.ThreeoutoffourolderpoorAmericansarefemale.Onewomangetstothecorewhenshecomplains,“Ourmothersdidn'thavetodothis.”Daddydid.Sogirlsoftengrewupnotknowingthelanguage,thinkingthatfinancialmatterswereforsomebodyelsetoworryabout.Theresultshowsupinsurveys:mostwomendon'tknowthatcommonstockshistoricallyoutperformbonds,don'tunderstandthatwheninterestratesgoup,thepriceofabondgoesdown,agreesomewhatorstronglywiththestatement“I'mnotreallysurehowamutualfundworks.”31.Thispassageismainlyabout.A)thecauseandeffectofwomen'snotsavingmoneyB)women'slowpositioninthesocietyC)whywomenearnlessthanmenD)thereasonwhywomendonotsavemoney32.WhatisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A)40%Americanfamiliesendindivorce.B)AmongtheolderpoorAmericans,75%arefemale.C)Everywomanhastoberesponsibleforherownlivingatoldage.D)Awomangenerallysurvivesherhusbandby4～6years.33.AccordingtoAdeleMorrissette,women.
149A)shouldnotworktoohardB)paymoreattentiontomakingthansavingmoneyC)shouldthinkoutbetterwaystomakemoneyD)aresobusythattheyarenotabletomakemoney34.Themainideaofparagraph2is.A)ifawomandoesnotsavemoney,shewillloseherpropertyB)awomanwillhavetoliveonherownwhenherhusbanddiesorwhenshegetsdivorcedC)90%AmericanoldwomenlivebythemselvesD)awomanshouldsavemoneyforherpossiblefutureindependence35.Inparagraph3line2“thelanguage”mostprobablymeans.A)humanspeechingeneralB)thespeechusedbythemenlivinginthatsocietyC)thespecialtermsconcerningfinancialmattersD)wordsusedineverydaycommunicationQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Themainideaofthesebusiness-schoolacademicsisappealing.Inaworldwherecompaniesmustadapttonewtechnologiesandsourcesofcompetition,itismuchharderthanitusedtobetooffergoodemployeesjobsecurityandanopportunitytoclimbthecorporateladder.Yetitisalsomorenecessarythaneverforemployeestoinvestinbetterskillsandsparklewithbrightideas.Howcanfirmsgetthemostoutofpeopleiftheycannolongerofferthemprotectionandpromotion?Manybosseswouldlovetohaveananswer.SumantraGhoshaloftheLondonBusinessSchoolandChristopherBartlettoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolthinktheyhaveone:“employability”.Ifmanagersoffertherightkindsoftrainingandguidance,andchangetheirattitudetowardstheirunderlings,theywillbeabletoreassuretheiremployeesthattheywillalwayshavetheskillsandexperiencetofindagoodjob—evenifitiswithadifferentcompany.Unfortunately,theypromisemorethantheydeliver.Theirthoughtsonwhatanidealorganizationshouldaccomplisharehardtoquarrelwith:encouragepeopletobecreative,makesurethegainsfromcreativityaresharedwiththepartsofthebusinessthatcanmakethemostofthem,keeptheorganizationfromgettingstaleandsoforth.Therealdisappointmentcomeswhentheyattempttoshowhowfirmsmightactuallycreatesuchanenvironment.Atitsnubisthenotionthatcompaniescanattaintheseelusivegoalsbychangingtheirimplicitcontractwithindividualworkers,andtreatingthemasasourceofvalueratherthanacoginamachine.Theauthorsofferafewinspiringexamplesofcompanies—theyincludeMotorola,3MandABB—thathavemanagedtogosomewaytowardscreatingsuchorganizations.Buttheyofferlittleusefulguidanceonhowtogoaboutit,andleavethebiggestquestionsunanswered.Howdoyoucontinuouslytrainpeople,withoutdivertingthemfromtheireverydayjobofmakingthebusinessmoreprofitable?Howdoyoutrainpeopletobesuccessfulelsewherewhilestillencouragingthemtomakebigcommitmentstoyourownfirm?Howdoyougetyournewlyliberatedemployeesto
150spendtheirtimeonideasthatcreatevalue,andnotsimplyonthosetheyenjoy?Mostoftheiranswersareplatitudinous;andwhentheyarenottheyareunconvincing.36.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatinthepastagoodemployee.A)hadjobsecurityandopportunityofpromotionB)hadtocompetewitheachothertokeephisjobC)hadtoundergotrainingallthetimeD)hadnodifficultyclimbingthecorporateladder37.By“employability”,GhoshalandBartlettmean.A)abilitytolearnnewskillsC)abilitytododifferentkindsofjobs B)abilitytofindagoodjobD)abilitytokeepone'sjob38.WhatdoesthewriterofthispassagethinkoftheideasofGhoshalandBartlett?A)Veryinstructive.C)Hardtoimplement.B)Veryinspiring.D)Quitefoolish.39.Intheirbook,GhoshalandBartlettdiscuss.A)changesinbusinessorganizationsB)contractsbetweenemployersandemployeesC)employmentsituationsD)managementideas40.Thispassageseemstobea(n).A)bookreviewC)newsreportB)advertisementD)researchpaper第三部分简答题评述根据“通知”要求，简答安排在“阅读理解”部分之后。如1997年1月的大学英语考试中“简答题”与“写作”被安排在试卷二部分。一、简答题评分原则及标准1.评分原则简答题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时应同时考虑内容和语言。每题满分为2分，最低为0分。2.给分标准
1512分——答出全部内容，语言正确；1分——答出部分内容，语言正确；0分——没有答对问题。3.扣分标准(1)语言有错误扣0.5分(不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误)，每题由于语言错误扣分不能超过0.5分；(2)涉及无关内容者扣0.5分；其答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容矛盾的部分均不得分； (3)整句原封不动照搬应扣分；照搬一句扣0.5分；照搬两句及两句以上者扣2分；(4)考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。二、答题中常见的语言错误因简答题测试的是学生阅读理解和语言表达能力，从评分原则及评分标准不难发现，学生的错误存在于语言和内容两方面。在语言方面，错误之处主要表现为：(1)主谓不一致；(2)时态不对应；(3)连词或起连接作用的副词或短语使用不当；(4)介词使用不当；(5)代词、冠词及其它的限定词使用不当；(6)动名词、分词及动词不定式使用不当；(7)虚拟语气使用不正确；(8)否定形式使用不正确；(9)搭配不当； (10)强调、倒装、省略等句型使用不当；(11)逻辑关系混乱。三、简答题样题评析ShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.JoeTemplershouldhaveknownbetter:afterall,heworksforalargeauto-insurancecompany.Itwon'thurttoleavethekeyinthetruckthisonce,hethought,ashefilledhisgastankataself-servicegasstation.Butmomentslater,ashewaspayingthemoney,hesawthetruckbeingdrivenaway.
152In1987,1.6millionmotorvehicleswerestolenintheUnitedStates—oneevery20seconds.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.Vehicletheftisacommonphenomenon,whichhasadirectimpactonoverfourmillionvictimsayear.Thecostisastonishing.Manypoliceofficialsblameprofessionalthievesforthehighvolumeofthefts.Itisamajormoney-makerfororganizedcrime.Typically,stolencarsaretakentopiecesandthepartssoldtoindividuals.Butasmanyas200,00carsaresmuggledoutofthecountryeveryyear.MostgotoLatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandEurope.Onlyabout15percentcartheftsresultinarrest,becausefewpolicedepartmentsroutinelyconductin-depthauto-investigations.Whenthievesarearrested,judgeswilloftensentencethemtoprobation(缓刑),notimmediatelyputtheminprisonbecausetheprisonsareovercrowdedwithviolentcriminals.OneexceptionisaMichiganprogramthatassigns92policeofficerstoworkfull-timeonthestate's65,000cartheftcasesayear.Since1986,whentheeffortbegan,thestate'sauto-theftratehasfallenfromsecondinthenationtoninth.Howcanyouprotectyourcar?Ifyouliveinahigh-theftareaordriveanexpensivemodel,considerasecuritysystem.Itmaycostanywherefrom$25to$1,000.Somesystemsengageautomatically—simplyremovingthekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarter.Whencarsareequippedwithsuchsystems,theftsmaydrop byone-third.Insomestates,youmaybeabletouseadevicethattransmitsradiosignals,allowingstolencarstobetrackedbypolice.Questions:(71)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(72)WhatdoestheauthorthinkJoeTemplershouldbeblamedfor?(73)HowseriousdidtheauthorpredicttheannualvehicletheftcouldbeintheUnitedStatesin1989?(74)Whatarethetwowaysthievessellthestolencars?(75)Whattypeofsecuritysystemcanhelpthepolicetrackdownastolencar?KeytoShortAnswerQuestions：(71)CartheftintheU.S.(72)Hiscarelessness./Leavinghiskeyinthetruck.(73)Morethan2millioncarswouldbestolen.(74)Sellingtheirpartsathomeorsmugglingthemabroad.(75)Adevicethattransmitsradiosignals.以下对每个问题列举六个回答以供分析(回答均来自考生原作，未做改动)。(71)A.Vehicletheft.
153B.AboutthecarstolenprobleminUnitedStates.C.ThepassagesaysaboutthehighvehicletheftinAmerican.D.ThepassagemainlytalkaboutAuto_theftintheU.S.E.TheannualvehicletheftsisseriousintheU.S.F.thefts./AsocialproblemoftheUnitedStates.该题是对文章的主旨提问。本文先记述了一位汽车保险公司的职员，由于粗心大意将车钥匙留在车上，而几分钟后等他加完油，却发现他的汽车已被人开跑了。由文章可以看出，在美国汽车盗窃率极高，已成为普遍现象；随之，文章又交待了盗贼销赃的两种方式：卖零件或将整车走私出境，以及警方在反盗窃方面采取的措施。可观，本文的主旨是讲美国的汽车盗窃。答案A答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案B答出全部内容但存在错用过去分词及漏用定冠词等语法错误，应改为AboutthecarstealingproblemintheUnitedStates.因此该答案扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案C答出全部内容，但主要存在动词词组使用不当，错将tellsabout写成saysabout;词语搭配不当，“汽车盗窃率高”应译为thehighrateofvehicletheft;此外还有拼写错误，错把America拼写成American(美国的)。该句应改为：ThepassagetellsaboutthehighrateofvehicletheftinAmerica/theU.S.，依据每题语言错误最多不超过0.5分的原则，该题答案扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案D答出全部内容，但错在主谓不一致，应改为：ThepassagemainlytalksaboutAuto-theftintheU.S.，该答案因语言有误扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案E有两处错误，一处有多余信息annual,扣0.5分，二是主谓不一致，扣0.5分，得1分。该句应改变：ThevehicletheftsareseriousintheU.S.答案F因内容笼统，得0分。(72)A.Leavinghiskeyinthetruck.B.Heshouldhavetakenhiskeywithhim.C.Heleavesthekeyinthetruckthisonce.D.Heshouldhavenotlefthiskeyinthetruck.E.Heforgothiskeyinthecarandhedidn'tbuyasecuritysystem.F.Himself.该题是对文章作者的观点“乔为什么应该受责备”的提问。本文第一段已作了交待：乔在一家汽车保险公司任职，本来会更清楚地了解这些(指在美国有许多汽车被盗)，但这次他认为时间很短，把钥匙放在车子上不会出问题的。可见正确答案应该是“他的粗心大意或由于他把钥匙掉在了车上。”答案A和B回答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案C回答出全部内容，但时态有误，应改为：Heleftthekeyinthetruckthisonce.扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案D回答出全部内容，但否定词位置不对，应改为：Heshouldnothavelefthiskeyinthetruck.扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案E答出全部内容，但也涉及了无关内容“hedidn'tbuyasecuritysystem”，扣0.5分；且语言在搭配上不当，“将他的钥匙留在车里”应译为“lefthiskeyinthecar”而不是用“forgot”，扣0.5分，得1分。答案F过于笼统，未对所提问题作出正确回答，得0分。(73)A.Thevehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillion.B.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.
154C.Vehicletheftscouldexceededtwomillionto3.6millionintheUnitedStatesin1989.D.3.6millionmotorvehiclewouldbestolen.E.2millionvehicletheft.F.Theannualvehicletheftscouldbemoreandmore.该题是针对作者对1989年盗车状况的严重程度进行预测的提问。在本文第二段最后一句已做了明确说明，即在1989年底会超过200万。答案A答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案B答出全部内容且语言正确，但由于是照抄原文，扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案C答出了全部内容，但也有无关内容：3.6million,扣0.5分，此外还有语言错误，如在情态动词后误用动词ed形式，扣0.5分，该答案得1分。答案D未答对内容，3.6million是由于考生未理解原文所致，因此得0分。答案E看似正确，但未答出准确的内容，应为“超过200万”，因此也得0分。答案F过于笼统，得0分。(74)A.Disassemblethemandselltheparts,orsmugglethemabroad. B.Oneistakingthestolencarstopiecesandsellingittoindividuals.Anotherissmugglingoutofthecountry.C.Theytookthemtopiecesandsoldthemtoindividuals.D.Oneistakingcarstopiecesandsoldingthepartstindividuals,theotherissendingtoforeigncountriestosell.E.Takingthecarstopiecesandsmugglingtoothercountriesaretwoways.F.Theytakecarstopiecesorselltoindividuals.该题是对具体细节“汽车盗贼对赃车的两个处理办法”的提问。该题答案已在本文第四段第三句和第四句中给出，即一个方法是将偷来的车拆散，把拆下来的零部件卖给个人，另一个方法是将整车走私到国外。答案A答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案B答出全部内容，但语言有误，如代词it指代错误，应改为them,another应改为theother,此外在smuggling后漏用代词them。因此要扣0.5分，另超过10个单词，扣0.5分，得1分。答案C只答出部分内容，而没有答出走私这一方法，只能得1分。答案D只答出部分内容，而sendingtoforeigncountriestosell并不等于smuggling,因此扣1分，在答对的部分中，还存在误用动词solding的错误，应改为selling,扣0.5分，因此该答案得0.5分。答案E也只答出“走私”这一方面内容，且存在语言错误，如漏用定冠词，应改为thetwoways等，因此该答案得0.5分。答案F未答对问题，得0分。(75)A.Radiotransmittingdevices.B.Thesecuritysystemcantransmitradiosignals.C.adevicethattransmitradiosignals.D.Automaticalsystemwhichcansimplyremovethekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarteroradevicethattransmitradiosignals.E.Atransmitsradiosignals.F.Asecuritysystem.该题是对文章具体细节的提问，即“哪一种安全系统能帮助警察追踪被盗车辆”
155。答案是一种能发出无线电信号的装置。而在本文的最后一段，还指出了其它一些安全系统，如拔出钥匙使燃料泵和发动机不能工作等。但这些方法都不能使警察追踪被盗的车辆。答案A答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案B答出全部内容，但存在因漏用从属连词which/that而使句子结构不完整的错误，扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案C答出全部内容，全存在主谓不一致的错误，应改为Adevicethattransmitsradiosignals,扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案D答出全部内容，但也答了无关内容Automaticalsystemwhichcansimplyremovethekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarter,扣0.5分；但在答出的部分中，存在主谓不一致的错误，扣0.5分，应将transmit改为transmits,因此该答案得1分。答案E表现了考生对文章不理解，因此未能答对问题，得0分。答案F未答出具体内容，得0分。四、简答题全真题ShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).IonceknewadognamedNewtonwhohadauniquesenseofhumour.WheneverItossedoutaFrisbee(飞碟)forhimtochase,he'dtakeoffinhotpursuitbutthenseemtolosetrackofit.Movingbackandforthonlyayardortwofromthetoy,Newtonwouldlookallaround,evenupintothetrees.Heseemedgenuinelypuzzled.Finally,I'dgiveupandheadintothefieldtohelphimout.ButnosoonerwouldIgetwithin10ft.ofhimthanhewouldruninvariablystraightovertotheFrisbee,grabitandstartrunninglikemad,lookingoverhisshoulderwithwhatlookedsuspiciouslylikeagrin.Justabouteverypetownerhasastorylikethisandiseagertoshareitwithanyonewhowilllisten.Onveryshortnotice,TIMEreporterscameupwith25storiesaboutwhateachisconvincedisthesmartestpetintheworld.Amongthem:thecatwhoclosesthedoorbehindhimwhenhegoesintothebathroom;thecatwhousesatoiletinsteadofalitterbox…andflushesitafterward;thedogwhogoeswildwhenheseeshisownerputtingonbluejeansinsteadofadressbecausejeansmeanitistimetoplay;andthecatwhousedtowaitpatientlyatthebusstopeverydayforalittlegirl,thenwalkherthesixblockshome,andsoon.Thesebehavioursarecertainlyclever,butwhatdotheymean?WasNewtonreallydeceiving?Canacatreallydesireprivacyinthetoilet?Inshort,dohouseholdpetsreallyhaveamentalandemotionallife?Theirownersthinkso,butuntilrecently,animalbehaviourexpertswouldhavegonemadonhearingsuchaquestion.Theworstsinintheirmoralvocabularywasanthropomorphism(拟人化),projectinghumantraitsontoanimals.Adogoracatmightbehaveasifitwereangry,lonely,sad,happyorconfused,butthatwasonlyintheeyeoftheviewer.Whatwasgoingon,theyinsisted,wasthatthedogorcathadbeenconditioned,throughaperhapsunintentionalseriesofpunishmentsandrewards,tobehaveinacertainway.Thebehaviourwasa
156mechanicalresultofthetraining.Questions:1.WhatdidNewtonseempuzzledabout?2.WhydoestheauthorsayNewtonhaduniquesenseofhumour?3.WhatmadeitpossiblefortheTIMEreporterstocomeupwithsomanyinterestingstoriesaboutpets?4.Whatbeliefaboutpetbehaviourwasunacceptabletoexpertsofanimalbehaviour?5.Whatistheexplanationofanimal-behaviourexpertsforthe“clever”behaviourofpets? 第四部分简答题全真试题Unit1PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).JoeTemplershouldhaveknownbetter:afterall,heworksforalargeauto-insurancecompany.Itwon'thurttoleavethekeyinthetruckthisonce,hethought,ashefilledhisgastankataselfservicegasstation.Butmomentslater,ashewaspayingthemoney,hesawthetruckbeingdrivenaway.In1987,1.6millionmotorvehicleswerestolenintheUnitedStates—oneevery20seconds.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillion
157bytheendofthedecade.Vehicletheftisacommonphenomenon,whichhasadirectimpactonoverfourmillionvictimsayear.Thecostisastonishing.Manypoliceofficialsblameprofessionalthievesforthehighvolumeofthefts.Itisamajormoney-makerfororganizedcrime.Typically,stolencarsaretakentopiecesandthepartssoldtoindividuals.Butasmanyas200,000carsaresmuggledoutofthecountryeveryyear.MostgotoLatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandEurope.Onlyabout15percentcartheftsresultinanarrest,becausefewpolicedepartmentsroutinelyconductin-depthauto-investigations.Whenthievesarearrested,judgeswilloftensentencethemtoprobation(缓刑),notimmediatelyputtheminprisonbecausetheprisonsareovercrowdedwithviolentcriminals.OneexceptionisaMichiganprogramthatassigns92policeofficerstoworkfull-timeonthestate's65,000cartheftcasesayear.Since1986,whentheeffortbegan,thestate'sauto-theftratehasfallenfromsecondinthenationtoninth.Howcanyouprotectyourcar?Ifyouliveinahigh-theftareaordriveanexpensivemodel,considerasecuritysystem.Itmaycostanywherefrom$25to$1,000.Somesystemsengageautomatically—simplyremovingthekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarter.Whencarsareequippedwithsuchsystems,theftsmaydropbyone-third.Insomestates,youmaybeabletouseadevicethattransmitsradiosignals,allowingstolencarstobetrackedbypolice.Questions:(注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。)71.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?72.WhatdoestheauthorthinkJoeTemplershouldbeblamedfor?73.HowseriousdidtheauthorpredicttheannualvehicletheftcouldbeintheUnitedStatesin1989?74.Whatarethetwowaystheivessellthestolencars?
15875.Whattypeofsecuritysystemcanhelpthepolicetrackdownastolencar?Unit2PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).OnesummermywifeChrisandIwereinvitedbyfriendstorowdowntheColoradoRiverinaboat.Ourexpeditionincludedmanyhighlysuccessfulpeople—thekindwhohavestaffstotakecareoflife'sdailywork.Butinthewilderrapids,allofusnaturallysetasideanypretenses(矫饰)andputoutbacksintoeverystroketokeeptheboatfromtumblingover.Ateachnight'sencampment,weallhauledsuppliesandcleaneddishes.Afteronlytwodaysintheriver,peopleaccustomedtobeingspoiledandindulgedhadbecomeateam,workingtogethertocopewiththeunpredictabletwistsandturnsoftheriver.Ibelievethatinlife—aswellasonboattrips—teamworkwillmakeallourjourneyssuccessfulones.Therhythmsofteamworkhavebeentherhythmsofmylife.Iplayedbasketballalongsidefamousplayers,andtheteamInowcoach,theNewYorkKnicks,hasrecoveredfromyearsofadversitytobecomeamajorcontenderinthe1990s.I'mpersuadedthatteamworkisthekeytomakingdreamscometrue.Weallplayonanumberofteamsinourlives—aspartofafamily,asacitizen,asamemberofanagreement,writtenorunwritten.Itcontainsthevaluesandgoalsforeveryteammember.Forexample,inthelate1970saGeneralMotorsplantinFremont,Calif,wasthesceneofconstantwarfarebetweenlaborandmanagement.Distrustransohighthatthelaborcontractwashundredsofpagesoftrickylegalterms.GMspentmillionstryingtokeepthefacilityuptodate,butproductivityandqualitywerecontinuallypoor.Absenteeism(旷工)wassooutofcontrolthattheproductionlinecouldn'tevenstartuponsomemornings.Finallyintheearly1980s,GMshutdowntheplant.GMbecameconvincedthatithadtocreatenewproductionsystemsbasedonteamwork.Inthemid-1980sitreopenedtheFremontplantwithToyota,startingfromscratch(从零开始)withamuchsimplerandshorterlaborcontract.Itpromisedthatexecutivesalarieswouldbereducedandjobsperformedbyoutsidesellerswouldbegiventoemployeesbeforeanylayoffswereconsidered.Overahundredjobclassificationswerecuttojusttwo.Insteadofdoingoneboringjoboverandover,workersagreedtobepartofsmallteams,spendingequaltimeonvarioustasks.
159Questions:(注意:答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。)S1.Whatcommentdidtheauthormakeaboutthehighlysuccessfulpeopletravellingwithhim?S2.WhywasiteasyforboatstotumbleoverintheColorado?S3.WhathappenedtotheNewYorkKnicksinthe1980s?S4.WhatcausedthesharpconflictintheGMplantinthelate1970s?S5.WhatspiritwasencouragedinthereopenedGMplant?Unit3PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).MostAmericansspendfarmoreoftheirleisuretimewiththemassmediathaninanyotheroccupation.Inaddition,mostofushear,see,orreadsomeofthemediawhileengagedinotheractivities.Thusanextremelylargenumberofourwakinghoursarespentwiththemassmedia.Ofallthemedia,televisionisclearlydominant,withnewspapersaclosesecond,atleastasasourceofnewsandotherinformation.Ourexposuretoallmediaisimportant,however,becauseallofthemcontributematerialsfortheconstructionofthatworldinourheads.Formostpeople,increaseduseofonemediumdoesnotdecreaseuseofanother.Infact,incertaincases,andespeciallyforcertainpurposes,themoreoneusesonemedium,themorelikelyoneistouseothers.Therearevariousfactorsthatcancauseyoutoexposeyourselftothemediaselectively,
160avoidingmuchofthematerialwithwhichyoudisagree.Someofthatselectiveexposureisprobablyduetothepsychologicalpressureyoufeeltoavoidthediscomfortcausedbyconfrontationwithfactsandideascontrarytoyourbeliefs,attitudes,orbehavior.However,someselectiveexposureisnotduetothepressureforconsistencybuttootherfactors,suchasyourage,education,andeventheareainwhichyouliveandthepeoplewithwhomyouassociate.Quiteadifferentsortoffactorthataffectsyourmediaexperiencesisthesocialcontextofexposure:whetheryouarealoneorwithotherswhenyouareexposedtoamedium;whetheryouareathome,attheoffice,inatheater,andsoon. Thesecontextsareasmuchasapotentialpartofthemessageyouwillformasfilmimagesonthescreenorwordsonthepage.Inaddition,thatsocialcontextaffects—bothdirectlyandindirectly—themediaandthemediacontenttowhichyoubecomeexposed.Newfriendsorcolleaguesgetyouinterestedindifferentthings.Othermembersofthefamilyoftenselectmediacontentthatyouwouldnothaveselected,andyoubecomeexposedtoit.Thesevariousfactorshavesomuchinfluenceonyourmediaexposurethatsolittleofthatexposureisplanned.Questions:(注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。)S1.ExposuretoallmediaisimportantandpeoplesometimestendtousemoremediaifS2.Whyarenewspapersconsideredasanimportantmediumaccordingtothepassage?S3.Foronereasonoranother,people'sexposuretothemediaisoftenS4.Apartfrompersonalpreferences,whatdeterminesone'schoiceofthemediaandmediacontent?S5.Thelastsentenceofthepassageindicatesthatone'sexposuretothemediais
161Unit4PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).ManyparentswhowelcometheideaofturningofftheTVandspendingmoretimewiththefamilyarestillworriedthatwithoutTVtheywouldconstantlybeoncallasentertainersfortheirchildren.Theyrememberthinkingupallsortsofthingstodowhentheywerekids.Buttheirownkidsseemdifferent,lessresourceful,somehow.Whenthere'snothingtodo,theseparentsobserveregretfully,theirkidsseemunabletocomeupwithanythingtodobesidesturningontheTV. Onefather,forexample,says,“WhenIwasakid,wewerealwaysthinkingupthingstodo,projectsandgames.Wecertainlynevercomplainedinanannoyingwaytoourparents,‘Ihavenothingtodo!’”Hecomparesthiswithhisownchildrentoday:“They'resimplylazy.Ifsomeonedoesn'tentertainthem,they'llhappilysittherewatchingTVallday.”Thereisonewordforthisfather'sdisappointment:unfair.ItisasifheweredisappointedinthemfornotreadingGreekthoughtheyhaveneverstudiedthelanguage.Hedeplores(哀叹)hischildren'slackofinventiveness,asiftheabilitytoplayweresomethinginnate(天生的)thathischildrenaremissing.Infact,whilethetendencytoplayisbuiltintothehumanspecies,theactualabilitytoplay—toimagine,toinvent,toelaborateonrealityinaplayfulway—andtheabilitytogainfulfillmentfromit,theseareskillsthathavetobelearnedanddeveloped.Suchdisappointment,however,isnotonlyunjust,itisalsodestructive.Sensingtheirparents'disappointment,childrencometobelievethattheyare,indeed,lackingsomething,andthatthismakesthemlessworthyofadmirationandrespect.Givingchildrentheopportunitytodevelopnewresources,toenlargetheirhorizonsanddiscoverthepleasuresofdoingthingsontheirownis,ontheotherhand,awaytohelpchildrendevelopaconfidentfeelingaboutthemselvesascapableandinterestingpeople.Questions:(注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。)S1.Accordingtomanyparents,withoutTV,theirchildrenwouldlikethemtoS2.Manyparentsthinkthat,insteadofwatchingalotofTV,theirchildrenshould.
162S3.Thefatheroftenblameshischildrenfornotbeingabletoentertainthemselves.Thisisunfairbecausethey.S4.Whenparentsshowconstantdisappointmentintheirchildren,thedestructiveeffectisthatthechildrenwill.S5.Developingchildren'sself-confidencehelpsbringthemuptobe.第五部分快速阅读和选词填空PassageonePizzaHutwasstartedin1958,bytwobrothersinWichita,Kansas.FrankandDanCarneyhadtheideatoopenapizzaparlor.Theyborrowed$600fromtheirmother,andopenedtheveryfirstPizzaHut.In1959,thefirstfranchiseunitopenedinTopeka,Kansas.Almostadecadelater,PizzaHutwouldbeservingonemillioncustomersaweekintheir310locations.In1970,PizzaHutwasputontheNewYorkStockExchangeunderthetickersymbolPIZ.In1986,PizzaHutintroduceddeliveryservice,somethingnootherrestaurantwasdoing.Bythe1990'sPizzaHutsaleshadreached$4billionworldwide.In1998,PizzaHutcelebratedtheir40thanniversary,andlaunchedtheirfamouscampaign"TheBestPizzasUnderOneRoof."In1996,PizzaHutsalesintheUnitedStateswereover$5million.Outofalltheexistingpizzachains,PizzaHuthadthelargestmarketshare,46.4%.However,PizzaHut'smarketsharehasslowlyerodedbecauseofintensecompetitionfromtheirrivalsDomino's,LittleCaesar'sandnewcomerPapaJohn's.Homedeliverywasadrivingforceforsuccess,especiallyforPizzaHutandDomino's.However,thisforcedcompetitorstolookfornewmethodsofincreasingtheircustomerbases.Manypizzachainsdecidedtodiversifyandoffernewnon-pizzaitemssuchasbuffalowings,andItaliancheesebread.Thecurrenttrendinpizzachainstodayisthesame.Theyalltrytocomeupwithsomenewer,bigger,better,pizzaforalowprice.Offeringspecialpromotions,andnewpizzavariationsarepopulartodayaswell.Forexample,chickenisnowacommontoppingfoundonpizzas.Inthepast,PizzaHuthasalwayshadthefirstmoveradvantage.Theirmarketingstrategyinthepasthasalwaysbeentobefirst.Oneoftheirmainstrategies,thattheystillfollowtodayisthediversificationoftheproductstheyoffer.PizzaHutisalwaysaddingsomethingnewtotheirmenu,tryingtoreachnewmarkets.Forexample,in1992thefamousbuffetwaslaunchedinPizzaHut
163restaurantsworldwide.Theyweretryingtooffermanydifferentfooditemsforcustomerswhodidn'tnecessarilywantpizza.Anotherstrategytheyusedinthepastandarestillusingisthediversificationoftheirpizzas.PizzaHutisalwaystryingtocomeupwithsomeinnovativewaytomakeapizzaintosomethingslightlydifferent-differentenoughthatcustomerswillthinkitsawholenewproduct.Forexample,let'slookatsomeofthepizzasPizzaHuthasmarketedinthepast.In1983,PizzaHutintroducedtheirPanPizza,whichhadaguaranteeofbeingreadytoeatin5minuteswhendiningatPizzaHutrestaurants.In1993,theyintroducedthe"BigFoot,"whichwastwosquarefeetofpizzacutinto21slices.In1995,theyintroduced"StuffedCrustPizza,"wherethecrustwouldbefilledwithcheese.In1997,theymarketed"TheEdge,"whichhadcheeseandtoppingsallthewaytotheedgeofthepizza.Currently,theyaremarketing"TheBigNewYorker,"tryingtobringthefamousNewYorkstylepizzatothewholecountry.AnotheropportunitythatPizzaHuthasistheirneworderingonlinesystem.AnyonewithInternetaccesscanorderwhatevertheywishandgetitdeliveredtotheirhousewithoutevenspeakingtosomeone.Thisprogramhasjustbeenstarted,sowedonothaveanynumberstosupportwhetherornotitwillbeasuccess.Lastly,PizzaHuthasalwaysvaluedcustomerserviceandsatisfaction.In1995,PizzaHutbegantwocustomersatisfactionprograms:a1-800numbercustomerhotline,andacustomercall-backprogram.Thesewereimplementedtomakesuretheircustomerswerehappy,andalwayswantedtoreturn.Inourplan,wewillfirstgiveasituationanalysisofcurrentandrelevantenvironmentalconditionsthataffectourplan.Next,wewillgiveabriefanalysisofthecurrentfastfoodindustry,andanytrendsorchangesthatmightoccurinthefuture.However,thefactthatPizzaHutdoeshavearestauranttorunisalsoaweakness.PizzaHuthashigheroverheadcosts,duetotherestaurantthatothercompetitorsdon'thavetodealwith.AnotherresultofhigheroverheadcostsishigherpricesPizzaHutmustcharge.Obviously,PizzaHutisnotthelowcostproducer.Theyrelyontheirqualitypizzaandgoodservicetoaccountfortheirhigherprices.AnindirectweaknessthatPizzaHuthasisthattheyhavelostalotoftheircustomersandmarketshareduetosuchintensecompetitionwithcompetitors.PizzaHut'sopportunitiesarealmostendless.Theycanincreaserevenuewiththeirnewinnovativepizzas,andincreasebrandloyaltywithgoodcustomerservice.PizzaHut'snumberonethreatsarefromtheircompetitors.Currently,theirclosestcompetitorisDomino'sPizza.Domino'smaincompetitiveadvantageoverPizzaHutistheirprice.ItisgenerallylowerthanPizzaHut.Also,Domino'swasveryprofitablewhentheyranthepromotionaldealofdeliveringapizzawithin30minutes.However,manylawsuitshavebeenfiledagainstDomino'sinthepastforrecklessdrivingbytheirdrivers,soDomino'swithdrewthepromotion.LittleCaesar'sisanotheroneofPizzaHut'scompetitors,rightbehindDomino'sinmarketshare.LittleCaesar'sisfamousforofferinglargequantitiesofpizzaforlessmoney.OthercompetitorsincludePapaJohn's,Sbarro,andPizzaInn.Aproblemfacingallofthepizzachainsisthateachoftheirindividualcompetitiveadvantagesareprettymucheveryone'scompetitiveadvantages.Mostifnotallthetoppizzachainsofferfreedelivery,andalwayshavesomesortofpromotionaldealofferinglargepizzasatreducedprices.Othercompetitorstotakeintoconsiderationarefrozenpizzasandmake-it-yourselfpizzasthatarepurchasedingrocerystores.SomeexamplesoftheseareTombstonePizzas,Boboli,andDi'Gorniopizzas.1.PizzaHutexpandeditsbusinessintomanypartsofthecountrybythetimeof1969.2.PizzaHuthasalwaysdominatedthemarketandisfreeofchallenge.3.Fruitsandsaladsarenowcommonlyservedatpizzarestaurants.4.Thediversificationstrategyistobethefirstmover.5.InPizzaHut,aPanPizzawas___________toservein5minutes.6.IfyouwantapizzafromPizzaHutdelivereddirectlytoyourhouse,youhavetohave________inthefirstplace.7.Inordertomakesuretheircustomerswerehappy,PizzaHutintroduced________________.8.ThehigheroverheadcostsofPizzaHutobviouslyaccountedfor______________.9.ThereasonwhyDomino’swithdrewtheirpromotionwasthattheysufferedlegallyfrom_____________.
16410.Majorpizzamakershavetofacetheproblemthattheircompetitiveadvantagesare_________.PassageTwoTheworldwasstunnedbythenewsinthesummerof1995,whenaBritishembryologistnamedIanWilmut,andhisresearchteam,successfullyclonedDollythesheepusingthetechniqueofnucleartransfer.ReplacingtheDNAofonesheep’seggwiththeDNAofanothersheep’stheteamcreatedDolly.Plantsandlowerformsofanimallifehavebeensuccessfullyclonedformanyyears,butbeforeWilmut'sannouncement,ithadbeenthoughtbymanytobeunlikelythatsuchaprocedurecouldbeperformedonlargermammalsandlifeforms.Theworldmediawasimmediatelyfilledwithheateddiscussionsabouttheethicalimplicationsofcloning.Someofthemostpowerfulpeopleintheworldhavefeltcompelledtoactagainstthisthreat.PresidentClintonswiftlyimposedabanonfederalfundingforhuman-cloningresearch.BillswereputintheworksinbothhousesofCongresstooutlawhumancloningbecauseitwasdeemedasafundamentallyevilthingthatmustbestopped.Butwhat,exactly,isbadaboutit?Fromanethicalpointofview,itisdifficulttoseeexactlywhatiswrongwithcloninghumanbeings.Thepeoplewhoareafraidofcloningtendtoassumethatsomeonewould,forexample,breakintoNapoleon'sTomb,stealsomeDNAandmakeabunchofemperors.Inreality,infertilepeoplewhousedonatedsperm,eggs,orembryoswouldprobablyusecloning.Dothepotentialharmsoutweighthebenefitsofcloning?Fromwhatweknownow,theydon't.Therefore,weshouldnotrushplacingabanonapotentiallyusefulmethodofhelpinginfertile,geneticallyat-risk,homosexual,orsinglepeopletobecomeparents.Dohumanbeingshavearighttoreproduce?Noonehasthemoralrighttotellanotherpersonthattheyshouldnotbeabletohavechildren,andIdon'tseewhyBillClintonhasthatrighteither.Ifhumanshavearighttoreproduce,whatrightdoessocietyhavetolimitthemeans?Essentiallyallreproductiondonethesedaysiswithmedicalhelpatdelivery,andevenbefore.Trulynaturalhumanreproductionwouldmakepregnancy-relateddeaththenumberonekillerofadultwomen.Someformsofmedicalhelparemoreinvasivethanothers.Within-vitrofertilization,thespermandeggarecombinedinalabandsurgicallyimplantedinthewomb.Lessthantwodecadesago,asimilarconcernwasraisedovertheethicalissuesinvolving"test-tubebabies".Today,nearly30,000suchbabieshavebeenbornintheUnitedStatesalone.Thismiraclehasmademanyparentshappy.Sowhatprinciplesaysthatonecombinationofgeneticmaterialinaflaskisacceptable,butnotanother?Natureclonespeopleallthetime.Approximatelyonein1000birthsisanidenticaltwin.However,despitehowmanyorhowfewindividualcharacteristicstwinshaveincommon,theyarestilldifferentpeople.Theyhavetheirownidentities,theirownthoughts,andtheirownrights.Theyenterdifferentoccupations,getdifferentdiseases,andhavedifferentexperienceswithmarriage,alcohol,communityleadership,etc.Twinshavedifferentpersonalitiesaswouldclonedindividuals.EvenifsomeoneclonedseveralNapoleons,eachwouldbedifferentandevenmoreuniquethantwins;theclonedchildwouldberaisedinadifferentsetting.Therefore,cloningdoesnotrobindividualsoftheirpersonality.Perhapsthestrongestethicalargumentagainstcloningisthatitcouldleadtoanew,unfamiliartypeoffamilyrelationship.Wehavenoideawhatitwouldbeliketogrowupasthechildofparentswhoseemtoknowyoufromtheinside.Somepsychologicalcharacteristicsmaybebiologically,orgenetically,based.Theparentwouldknowinadvancewhatcrisesaclonedteenagercouldgothroughandhowheorshewillrespond.Becausetheparentsmayunderstandwhatthechildisgoingthrough,togreaterdegreethanmostparents,itmayproduceagoodandlovingrelationshipinthelongrun.Ontheotherhand,mostchildrenwanttohavetheirownspace.Simplybecauseafamilyrelationshipisnewanduntriedisnoreasontoautomaticallycondemnit.Inthepast,manytypesoffamilyrelationshipswereconsideredharmful,butlatershowedtocausenoharmtothechildren.Amongtheseisjointcustodyafterdivorce,gayandlesbianparenting,andinterracialadoption.Aswithadoption,in-vitrofertilization,andtheuseofdonorsperm,howthechildwillreacttothenewsabouthisorherarrivalinthisworldwilldependonhowtheparentsfeelabouttheirmodeofreproduction.Parentsandchildrenmayadjusttocloningfarmoreeasilythanwemightthink,justasithappenedwithin-vitrofertilization.Onerecurringimageinanti-cloningpropagandaisofsomeevildictatorraisinganarmyofclonedwarriors.Butwhoisgoingtoraisesuchanarmy.Clonesstartoutlifeasbabies.Itismuch
165easiertorecruityoungadultsthantotakecareofbabiesfortwentyyears.Rememberthatcloningisn'tthesameasgeneticengineering.Noonecanmakeanothersupermanandhissuperpowersmighthaveaslimchanceofbeinggeneticallydetermined,butnothingiscertain.SomemightthinkthatcloningisplayingGod.However,canyoureallysaythatyouknowGod'sintentions?ThereissubstantialdisagreementastowhatGod'swillis.Armstrongwrote,anyonewhohastrulyprovedthatGodexists,thatGodisn'tonlyCreator,butLife-giver,Designer,Sustainer,andRuleroverallhiscreation,knowsthatthehumanfamilybeganwithoneman,andthattogetherwithhimawife,miraculouslycreatedfromhisownbodyandasuniqueandoriginalacreationasAdamhimself,formedthefirstfamily.ThoughGod'smiraculouscreationofEvewasfarfromcloning,itisinterestingtonoteinpassingthatGod'sownWordsaysHeusedAdam'srib-physicalboneandtissue-tocreateEve.?Anotherargumentagainstcloningisthatitwouldonlybeavailabletothewealthyand,therefore,wouldincreasesocialinequality.Whatelseisnew?ThisisthestoryofAmericanhealthcare.Weneedabetterhealthcaresystem,notabanonnewtechnologies.Hopefullyournewpresidentwillhelpuswiththisproblemaswell.TheU.S.FederalGovernmentshouldnotdeemhumancloningandcloningresearchillegal.Itmayprovideawayforcompletelysterileorhomosexualindividualstoreproduce,andwillprobablyprovidevaluablebasicresearchandpossiblespin-offtechnologiesrelatedtoreproductionanddevelopment.Oursocietyhasrespectedgeneralrightstocontrolone’sbodyregardingreproduction,andfinallyprohibitingitwouldviolatethefundamentalfreedomofscientificinquiring.Willhumancloningbedone?Undoubtedly.Thetechniqueusedinsheepcloningdoesnotrequireahighlysophisticatedlaboratory.SincetheUnitedStatesgovernmentdoesnotsupportresearchonhumancloning,andtheUnitedKingdom,France,andGermanyhavebannedit,theresearchmakingcloningpossiblemaytakeplaceinAsia,EasternEurope,ortheEast.Muchcloningmayalsotakeplaceinsecret,andwilloccurregardlessofUnitedStatespolicies.ApproximatelyeightypercentofAmericansfeelthatcloningiswrong.However,thevastmajorityofpeople,includingthosewhorailagainstcloningresearch,owetheirlivestopreviousmedicaldiscoveries.Don'tlettheforcesofignoranceandfearturnusawayfromnewtypesofresearch.1.CloninglargemammalsandlifeformshadbeenpracticedformanyyearsbythetimeDollywascloned.2.ThetombofNapoleonhasalreadybeenbrokenintoandsamplesofgeneshavebeencollected.3.Theintroductionofhumancloningmayreduceagreatamountofdeathofadultwomen.4.In-vitrofertilizationismuchbetterthannaturalbirthintermsofsafety.5.Identicaltwinscanstillbehavedifferentpersonalitiesbecausetheyarebroughtup________________.6.Thereasonwhyinafamilywithaclonedchildthereislikelytobeagoodandlovingrelationshipistheparents’betterunderstandingof_______________________.7.Comparedwithcloninghumanandbringingthemupasanarmy,itwouldbemuchcheaperto______________________________.8.Someworrythathumancloningasapotentialprivilegefortherichmightcontributeto_____________.9.Theillegalizationofhumancloningbythegovernmentmayerasethehopeofpeoplelike_________________________.10.SincehumancloningcannotbedoneintheU.S.,theU.K.,FranceandGermany,researcherscanstillconducttheirresearchesinAsia,EasternEurope,ortheEast,orin___________.PassageThreeHandgunsandotherfirearmshavealongtraditioninAmericancivilization.TherighttobeararmsisanAmericanrightfeaturedinthesecondAmendmentoftheConstitution.Inthe18thcentury,whentheconstitutionwaswritten,timesweredifferent;therewasaneedforarmedcitizenstoinsurethesafetyofthesocietyasawhole.Contemporarilythepolicedepartmentpreservesthesafetyofsocietyandtheneedforarmedcitizensisoutofdate.ThefoundingfathersoftheConstitutioncouldpresumablyneverimaginethehorrendousoutcomeoftheiractions.EveryyeartoomanylivesareclaimedastheresultoftheAmericangovernment’sinabilityto
166fullyfaceuptoeffectsoftheissue.ComparedtootherwesterncountriesthathaveconsiderablystricterguncontrollawsAmericaisstillviewedas"TheWild-WildWest".ThegrowinggunrelateddeathtollintheU.S.hastocometoaturningpoint.Strippingawaytheconstitutionalrighttobeararmsmighthavetheeffectthatonlycriminalswillhaveaccesstoguns.Itisimportanttounderstandthatinasocietywherebothcriminalsandlawabidingcitizenshaveaccesstogunsthelikelinessofaninnocentpersongettingshot,whenbothpartiesarewavingguns,isprobablygreaterthanifonlycriminalshaveguns.Abanonfirearmsmightnotbeappealingasashort-termsolutionbutitisimportantthatpeopledon’tlimittheirthinkingtotheirgenerationandnotthinkaboutthesafetyoftheirchildren,grandchildrenandthesocietypeoplearecreatingtodayforthemtolivein.ThemainobstacleinremovingfirearmsfromcitizensintheU.S.isthesecondAmendmentoftheConstitution.Itreads:"AwellregulatedMilitiabeingnecessarytothesecurityofafreeState,therightofthepeopletokeepandbearArmsshallnotbeinfringed."ThesecondAmendmentcanbeinterpretedaseverycitizenrighttobeararms.Howeverthekeywordis"Militia",meaningsoldiersordefendersoftheState.Inthelate18thcentury,whentheConstitutionwaswritten,timeswereverydifferentthanthoseofcontemporaryAmerica.PeoplewerescaredofpossibleinvasionsfromNativeAmericans,theEnglish,andothernationalities.By"awellregulatedMilitia"thefoundingfathersprobablymeantthatcitizenscouldhaveamuscotstandinginthecornerjustincaseanythingwouldhappen.NotethatthewritersoftheConstitutionadded,"awellregulated"infrontofthewordMilitia.ThatwouldmostlikelyrevealacontroversyinwritingthisAmendment,someofthefoundingfathersmighthaveforeseenthepossibilityofamisinterpretationofthisAmendment.IntheU.S.thereareapproximately200millionprivatelyownedguns,whichisstatisticallyclosetoagunperpersonandplacesmorethanonegunperhomeonaverage.Inotherwords,gunsareallaround.Thisaffects,withoutadoubt,thewholesocietystructureandthecitizensthatlivewithinitsboundaries.Thechildrenthatlivewithinaguninfestedsocietyaregoingtosuffertheconsequences.Infact,kidsbetweentheages16and19havethehighesthandgunvictimizationrateamongallagegroups.It’snothardtounderstandwhy,sincethereareonaveragemorethanonegunperhousehold,kidsarelikelytofindfirearmandinsomecasesevenuseit.InMarch1998twochildren,11and13yearsofagegunneddownatotalof13peopleinaschoolinJonesboro,Arkansas.Ofthe13,ninesurvivedandfivepeople,classmatesandteacher,diedasaresultoftheshooting.Oneoftheboyshadtakentworiflesfromhisgrandfather.Theypositionedthemselvesabout100yardsfromtheschoolyardandwhenthebellforrecessionsoundedandpeoplestartedtoexittheschoolbuildingthetwoboysopenedfire.Thisisahorrendouseventthatprovesthatifgunsarepresentwithinahouseholdorwithinafamily,oddsarethatkidswillperhapsbecuriousenoughtoactuallycapitalizeonthem.InOctober,1997a16yearoldboyshotandkilledhisgirlfriendandherbestfriendwhiletheywereexitingaMississippischoolleavingsixotherswounded.Thespontaneityofyoungchildrenandgunsarealethalcombinationasillustratedinthesetwoexamples.InastudymadeacrosshighschoolsinSeattle,47%ofmalesand22%offemalesreportedthattheyhadeasyaccesstohandgunsand11.4%weregun-owningmales.Theaccesstogunsmightprovetobedeadlyforbothinnocentbystandersandtheholderofthegun.Childrenshouldnotbeabletoownguns.Oneoftheprerequisitesforowningagunshouldbethatthepersonisresponsibleenoughtoownafirearm.Sincetherearenoguaranteesforthat,gunsshouldonlybeissuedinextensivelycontrolledformsotherwisethegovernmentjeopardizesthesafetyofthepeoplethey'vesworntoprotect.Intheages10-1472%,andintheages15-19,85%ofallhomicidesarecommittedwithfirearms.Inadditiontothat60%ofallsuicidesamongyouthsiscommittedwithahandgun.Thetotalfirearmdeathrateconcerningwhitemalesintheirteensnowexceednaturalcauses.ThesearealarmingstatisticsshowthebrutalrealityoffirearmsintheU.S.AstudymadebytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,CommissiononViolenceandYouthshowed,inastudymadeinSeattlein1993,that6%ofmalesinthe11thgradehadatleastoncebroughtahandguntoschool.Morethan1in20hadbroughtahandguntoschool,inotherwordstheprevalenceofgunsacrosstheschoolsisnothinglessthanacommonsight.Howdoesthataffecttherestofus?Parentsmightjustgetthenewsfrompoliceofficersthattheirsonordaughterhadbecomevictimtoastraybulletwhileattendinghistoryclass.
167ThelawmakersintheUnitedStatesareaddressingtheproblembyputtingupmetaldetectorsinschools.Inthecaseofmetaldetectors,officialshaverealizedthatpreventingthepossessionoffirearmsinsidetheboundaryoftheschoolisnecessaryforthesafetyofthestudentsandteachers.Thisisatemporarysolutiontoever-growingproblem.Theriskofastudentorateachergettingshotinsidetheschoolpropertyhasprobablybeenreduced,whichispositive.Butthefactremainsthatoutsideoftheschoolpropertytheriskofbeingvictimizedisgrowingeveryyear.Inorderforthesetypesofeventsnottooccurlegislatorsandotherprofessionalsareemphasizingprecautionaryactionsofthegunownersandmostofthetimeabanongunsisn’tmentioned."WhyIshouldbedeniedthesamerightmyfatherandgrandfatherhad?"Becausetimeshavechanged,gunsarenotsolelycreatedandusedforhuntinganymore,andwithtoday’stechnology,intheformofautomaticgunsandhighimpactammunition,gunshavebecomedeadlier,whichleavesagreaterresponsibilityontheowners.Arepeoplereadyforthatresponsibility?1.Nowadaysitisthearmedcitizenswhoareresponsiblefortheoverallsocialsafety.2.Thelegislationshouldforbidindividualcitizenstohavegunsbecauseitisrelativelylessdetrimental.3.AccordingtothesecondAmendmentoftheConstitution,Americancitizenshavetherighttobeararmsandtousethemwhenevertheywant.4.ItcanbetoldfromthestatisticsthatforeachAmericanfamilythereisapproximatelyonegun.5.TheJonesboroshootingcasedemonstratesthatifgunsarekeptinahousehold,kidswouldprobably________________________________.6.Itisimproperforachildtoownagunbecausetheyarenot_____________________.7._______whiteteenageboysdiefromfirearmattack_________fromnaturalcauses.8.Thefactthatmorethanatwentiethofthe11thgradestudentshavebroughtaguntoschoolmeansthatgunsareactually____________________.9.Althoughlawmakersaddressedtheproblembyusingmetaldetectorswithintheschool,Itisstillhighlypossibleto____________outofschool.10.Thereasonwhytoday’sindividualsshouldnotbeallowedtokeepgunsisthatgunsarenolongerusedfor_________alone.PassageFourOurgalaxyisagiganticagglomerationofstarsandplanetswhosenumberswillprobablyneverbeenknown.Currentlyweestimatethisnumbertobeaboutthirtybillion.Scientistshaveestimatedthatthediameterofourgalaxy,ifitweretobetraveled,wouldtakeusaboutfiftythousandlightyearsandthethicknesstobeaboutfifteentotwentylightyears.WeliveinsmallpartoftheMilkyWayGalaxy,whichisreferredtoasasolarsystem.Oursolarsystemismadeupofnineplanetsand31moons,whichorbitthecenterofgalaxy.AtthecenterofourgalaxyisourSun,whichisapproximatelytwenty-fivethousandlightyearsfromoursolarsystem.TheseninemajorplanetsinorderfromthecenterareMercury,Venus,Earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune,andPluto.MercuryistheplanetnearesttotheSun.AsitorbitstheSun,itdoesnotrotate,keepingthesamefaceoftheplanettowardtheSunatalltimes.Thismeansthatonesideoftheplanethasacontinualburningdayof900°F,andtheothersideacontinualnightandadeadlycoldof450°Fbelowzero.MercuryisthefastesttravelingofthenineplanetsmakingonefullorbitaroundtheSuninonlyeightdays.Lifeonmercurywouldbeimpossible.Ifyoucouldlivewherethenightmeetsthedayandsurvivetheextremeconditions,youwouldneeddarkgogglestoprotectyoueyesfromtheextremelight.Mercuryhaslittleornoatmospheretodiffusethesunlight.Youwouldalsoweighconsiderablelessduetothelackofgravity.Apersonweighting100poundsonEarthwouldweigh27poundsonMercury.LookingintothenightskyyouwillnoticeVenus,thebrighteststarinthesky,andthesecondplanetfromtheSun.VenuscanonlybeseenatcertaintimesofthedayeitheratdawnoratSunset.Inphysicalcharacteristics,Venusismostlikeearthwithadiameterofseventhousandsixhundredmiles,andgravitythesameasearth.Itislocatedadistanceofsixty-sevenmillionmilesfromtheSunandmakesonecompleteorbitaroundtheSunintwohundredtwentyfivedays.AsingledayonVenuscanlastuptotwohundredandtwentyfiveearthdaysduetoitsslowrotation.Theatmosphereappearstoconsistofmostlynitrogenandcarbondioxide.Thisisduetothelackoflife
168ontheplanet.ThebesttimetoviewVenuscomeseveryonehundredandtwentyyearsasitpassesbetweentheEarthandtheSun.ThelasttimetobestviewitwasonJune7,2004.Earth,thethirdplanetformtheSunisourhomeplanet.Earthistheonlyplanetinoursolarsystemknowntosustainlife.Underthelayerofatmospherethatsurroundstheplanetweareabletoprovideallthenecessarycomponentstomakelifesustainable.Earthisthefifthlargesplanetinthesolarsystem.ItsdiameterisjustafewhundredkilometerslargerthanVenus.Earthrotatesonitsaxisonecompleterevolutioninatwenty-fourhourperiodandorbitstheSuninthreehundredandsixtyfivedays.MarsisthefourthplanetfromtheSunandistheclosestneighbortoearth.EveryseventeenyearsMarsreachesitsclosestpointtoearthinitsorbitaroundtheSunatthirty-fivemillionmiles.Marsisasmallplanetthathasaredglow.ItmakesonecompleteorbitaroundtheSuninsixhundredandeightysevendays.OxygenandwatervaporhavebeendetectedintheatmosphereofMars,andayellowishfogandcloudsmovearoundtheplanetindicatingthattheplanethasdifferenttypesofweatherandseasonsliketheearth.AsingledayonMarsisverymuchlikeadayonearthlastingtwenty-fourhoursandthirty-sevenminutes,however,ayearonMarsistwiceaslongasoneyearonearth.JupiterthefifthplanetfromtheSungetsitsnamefromtheFatheroftheGreekGods.Jupiter,whichorbitsfourhundredeighty-threemillionmilesfromtheSun,isthebiggestofalltheplanetsinoursolarsystem.Ithasadiameterofeighty-ninethousandmilesandavolumeofthirteentimesthatofearth.JupiterorbitstheSuneverytwelveyears.Itsatmosphereisthousandsofmilesthickandismadeupofmainlyhydrogen.Thesurfacetemperatureisabout-205°F.TherearenoseasonsonJupiter,butithasfloatingcloudsofammoniaandmethanegas.JupiterhasabrightreddistinctivespotthatismorethantwiceaswideasEarth.ThismarkhasastronomerspuzzledbecausethereisnoreasonforthebrightspotduetothefactthatitdoesnotreceivemuchSunlight.ThisspotenablesustoseethatJupiterhasaveryfastrotation.Onerotationiscompletedeverytenhours.Theforcesplacedontheplanetduetothisquickrotationcausethecloudsattheequatortobulgelikeatire,butduetothegravitationalforcesoftheplanetkeepthecloudsfrombeingcastintospace.Saturn,eventhoughitisthesixthplanetformtheSun,itshinessobrightlybecauseofitssize.Itsdiameterisseventy-onethousandfivehundredmiles.Theplanetitselfisgoldenincolorandisthebrightestyellowstarinthenightsky.Saturnmakesonecompleterevolutiononitsaxiseverytenhoursandtakestwenty-nineandonehalfdaystocompleteoneorbitaroundtheSun.ThegravitationalpullofthisplanetismostlikethatofJupiter.Ithasavolumethatiseighthundredtimesthatofearth,buthasavolumethatisonehundredtimeslighterthanearth.Saturnhastworingsthatsurroundtheplanet,butnevertouchit.Theyarelocatedoutsidetheatmosphereandabovetheequator.Theseringsareonlyabouttenmilesthick,whichmakesthemtransparent,onlybeingseenwiththeuseofatelescope.Theringclosesttotheplanetisaboutseventhousandmilesandverythin.Ablackbandseparatestheinnerringfromtheouterring,whichiswiderandbrighter.Itisbelievedthattheringsaremadeupofcrystalsoficeordustparticles.UranusistheseventhplanetformtheSun.ThenameUranuscomesfromGreekmythology.Uranuswasthe¨GodoftheHeavens.〃UranusissituatedonethousandsevenhundredandeightytwomilesformtheSunandcompletesoneorbitaroundtheSuneveryeighty-fouryears.Thesizeofthisplanetisfourtimesthatofearth,buthasthesameforceofgravityonthesurfaceasearth.Therearefivemoonsthatorbitthisplanet.ThelargestoneisTitania.Neptune,theeighthplanetfromtheSun,isinvisibletothenakedeye.Itislocatedsometwothousandsevenhundredandninety-threemillionmilesformtheSun.AsingleorbitaroundtheSuntakesonehundredandsixty-fiveyeastocomplete.Thisplanetonlyreceivesonenine-hundredthoftheheatandSunlightastheearth.PlutowastheninthplanetfromtheSun.ThenamePlutocomesfromtheRomanGodwhowastheruleroftheunderworld.OnThursday,August24,2006,however,theInternationalAstronomicalUnion(IAU)metinPraguevotedfinalizingtheguidelinesofplanetaryclassification,thusreorganizingPlutointoanewcategoryof“dwarfplanet”.PlutoislocatedthreethousandsixhundredandseventymillionmilesformtheSun.Itorbits
169theSunintotaldarkness,andisaboutthesamesizeasMarsandhasadiametertwothirdsthatofEarth’smoon.DuetothedistanceandsizeofPluto,itcanonlybeseenwiththeuseofatwenty-inchtelescope.PlutodisqualifiedduetoitseccentricorbitthatcrosseswithNeptune.Inadditiontothefactthatitisdisproportionatelysmallerthananyofitsformercounterpartsinthesolarsystem,itdoesnotqualifyasaplanet.Otherwise,wemightaswellqualifyPluto’smoon,Charonasaplanet,thusmakingPlutoandCharonabinaryplanetsystem.1.Ifwearetotravelfromoneendofthegalaxycircletotheotheratthespeedoflight,itwouldtakeusfiftythousandlightyears.2.TherecannotpossiblybeanyformofwaterinMercury.3.Venusissharingwiththeearthsimilardiameter,similargravityandsimilarrotation.4.ThespeedwithwhichMarstravelsroundtheSunistwiceasfastasthatoftheearth.5.Jupiterhasanatmosphere,which,unlikethatofearth,containsforthemostpart_____________.6.DespitethequickrotationofJupiter,itscloudsarestillclingingtotheplanetwiththehelpof__________________.7.betweentheinnerringandtheouterringofSaturnthereisa___________________.8.Comparedwiththatoftheearth,thegravityforceonthesurfaceofUranusis_____________.9.AccordingtotheInternationalAstronomicalUnion,Plutoisnolongerseenasaplanet;instead,itshouldbetermedas________________.10.Itseccentricorbitandits_____________disqualifiedPlutoasaplanet.PassageFiveAbalanceddietisonethatprovidesanadequateintakeofenergyandnutrientsformaintenanceofthebodyandthereforegoodhealth.Adietcaneasilybeadequatefornormalbodilyfunctioning,yetmaynotbeabalanceddiet.CarbohydratesCarbohydratesarearapidsourceofenergy,theyarethebody'sfuel.Thebulkofabalanceddietshouldbemadefromcarbohydrates.Ifeateninanexcessofthedietaryrequirementscarbohydratesareeasilystoredasfatsinthecells,althoughcarbohydrateisthefirstsourceofenergyinthebody.Anaverageadultrequiresabout12,000kJofenergyaday,mostofthisissuppliedbytherespirationofcarbohydratesinthecells.Carbohydratesareusedprincipallyasarespiratorysubstrates,i.e.tobeoxidisedtoreleaseenergyforactivetransport,macromoleculesynthesis,celldivisionandmusclecontraction.Carbohydratesaredigestedintheduodenumandileumandabsorbedasglucoseintocells.Sourcesofcarbohydratessuchasstarcharerice,potatoes,wheatandothercereals.Sugarsarealsocarbohydrates,sourcesofsugarsarerefinedsugar-sucrose,whichisafoodsweetenerandpreservativeandfruitsugars-fructose.Ifthedietlackscarbohydratestoresoffataremobilisedandusedasanenergysource.ProteinsProteinisnotadirectsourceofenergyinthebody,itisusedprimarilyforgrowthandrepairofbodytissueswhileremaininganenergysourceasalastresort.Proteinsfulfillawidevarietyofrolesinthebody.Theyarebrokendowninthestomachandintestinestoaminoacidswhicharethenabsorbed.Thebodycanonlyform8aminoacidstobuildproteinsfrom,thedietmustprovideEssentialAminoAcids(EAAs)whicharesynthesisedintoproteinswhichcanbestructural,i.e.collageninbone,keratininhair,myosinandactininmuscle;metabolicenzymes,hemoglobin,protectiveantibodiesandcommunicativehormones.Sourcesofproteinincludemeat,fish,eggsandpulses.Thedietneedstoprovide8EAAsas
170thebodyisunabletosynthesisproteinswithoutthesemolecules.2otheraminoacidsaresynthesisedfromEAAssoifthedietlackstheoriginalEAAstheseothertwowillnotbepresenteither.Phenylalanineisconvertedtotyrosineandmethionineisconvertedtocysteine.Cellsdrawuponapoolofaminoacidsforproteinsynthesiswhicheithercomefromdietaryproteindigestedandabsorbedinthegutandthebreakdownofbodyproteinsuchasmuscle.However,unlikefatsandcarbohydratesthereisnostoreofaminoacidsforcellstodrawon,anyaminoacidinexcessofimmediatebodilyrequirementsisbrokendownintoureaandexcreted.Itisthereforeimportanttomaintainthedietaryintakeofproteineveryday.Ifthebodylacksprotein,musclewastingoccursasmuscleisbrokendown.Ifproteinislackedinadietapersondevelopskwashiorkorwhichiscausedwhenhighlevelsofcarbohydratesareeatentoovercomethelackofproteininthediet.Onesymptomofkwashiorkoristheabnormalcollectionoffluidaroundtheabdomenduetothelackofproteinintheblood.Thebodycannotretainwaterbyosmosisandfluidaccumulatesintissuescausingthemtobecomewaterlogged.VitaminsVitaminscannotbesynthesisedbythebodysomustbesuppliedbydiet.Vitaminshavenocommonstructureorfunctionbutareessentialinsmallamountsforthebodytobeabletoutiliseotherdietarycomponentsefficiently.Vitaminsfallintotwocategories,fatsolublevitaminssuchasvitaminA,D,EandKwhichareingestedwithfattyfoodsandwatersolublevitaminssuchastheBgroupvitaminsandvitaminC.Vitaminsareknownasmicronutrientsbecauseonlysmallquantitiesarerequiredforahealthydiet,infactfatsolublevitaminscanbetoxicinhighconcentrations,forexamplethebodystoresvitaminA,orretinol,intheliverasitistoxicifkeptinhighconcentrationsinthebloodstream,adoseofmorethan3300mgofvitaminAcanbeconsideredtoxic.WatersolublevitaminssuchasvitaminCandBgroupsvitaminscanbeexcretedintheurineifinexcessinthediet.Vitaminscarryoutawiderangeoffunctionsandpreventspecificdeficiencydiseases.Adietthatlacksacertainvitaminisnotabalanceddiet,vitaminshavevitalrolesinthemaintenanceofahealthybody.Anexampleofadeficiencyiswhenthedietdoesnotcontainenough,oranyvitaminA.VitaminAisfoundinsomeanimalfoodssuchasmilk,eggs,liverandfishliveroils,relatedcompoundssuchascarotenoidse.g.bcarotene,areinawidevarietyofvegetablessuchascabbages,carrotsandspinach.VitaminAisessentialtotheproperfunctioningoftheretinaintheeyeandtheepithelialtissues.AlackofvitaminAresultsindry,roughskin,inflammationoftheeyes,adryingorscarringofthecornea-xerophthalmia,whichoccurswhenthesecretionoflubricatingtearsisstopped,theeyelidsbecomeswollenandstickywithpus.Mucoussurfacesoftheeyemaybecomeerodedallowinginfectiontosetin,leadingtoulcerationanddestructionofthecornea.Nightblindness-aninabilitytoseeindimlightcanalsooccur.Rodcellsintheretinaoftheeyedetectlightoflowintensity,theyconvertvitaminAintoapigment,rhodopsin,whichisbleachedwhenlightenterstheeye.Rodcellsresynthesisrhodopsin,butifthereisadeficiencyofthevitamin,rodcellscannolongerfunctionandtheresultisnightblindness.Epithelialcellsuseretinoltomakeretinoicacid,anintracellularmessengerusedincelldifferentiationandgrowth.Withoutretinoicacidepithelialcellsarenotmaintainedproperlyandthebodybecomessusceptibletoinfections,particularlymeaslesandinfectionsoftherespiratorysystemandgut.Xenophthalmiaiscommonamongchildrenwho'sdietsconsistofmainlycerealswithlittlemeatorfreshvegetables,thisiscommoninIndonesia,Bangladesh,IndiaandthePhilippines.
171VitaminD,orcalciferol,isanotherfatsolublesteroidvitaminwhichfunctionstostimulatecalciumuptakefromthegutanditsdepositioninbone.vitaminDactsasahormonewhenconvertedbyenzymesinthegutandliverintoanactiveformof"activevitaminD",whichstimulatesepithelialcellsintheintestinetoabsorbcalcium.vitaminDisthereforeessentialingrowingchildren'sdietstoenablethegrowthofstrongbones.WithoutadequateamountsofvitaminDchildrencandeveloprickets,whichisthedeformationofthelegscausedwhentheylackcalciumtostrengthenthebones.InadultsalackofvitaminDinthedietcanleadtoosteomalacia,aprogressivesofteningoftheboneswhichcanmakethemhighlysusceptibletofracture.VitaminDismadebythebodywhenexposedtosunlightandisstoredinthemuscles,however,iftheskinisrarelyexposedtothesunlightorisdarklittlevitaminDisproduced.FoodssuchaseggsandoilyfishareallrichinvitaminD.VitaminK,phylloquinone,isfoundindarkgreenleafyvegetablessuchasspinachandkale.Itisafatsolublevitaminwhichisinvolvedintheclottingprocessofblood.IntheintestinesbacteriasynthesiseanumberofimportantclottingfactorswhichneedvitaminK.WithoutvitaminKcutscanfailtohealandinternalbleedingcanoccur.VitaminCisawatersolublevitamin,knownchemicallyasascorbicacid.Itisfoundincitrusfruitssuchasorangesandlemons,andalsoinpotatoesandtomatoes.ThemainfunctionofvitaminCistheformationofconnectivetissuessuchascollagen.Itisalsoknowntobeanantioxidantwhichhelpstoremovetoxinsandaidstheimmunesystem.AlackofvitaminCleadstoScurvy,aconditionexperiencedbysailorsonlongjourneyswhentheydidnothavefruitintheirdiets.Scurvycausespainful,bleedinggums.AsvitaminCiswatersoluble,itisnottoxicinhighdosesasitcanbeexcretedintheurine,veryhighdosescanhowevercausediarrhoea.Bgroupvitaminshaveawiderangeofrolesactingasco-enzymesinmetabolicpathways.Theyarefoundinmostplantandanimaltissuesinvolvedinmetabolism,thereforefoodssuchasliver,yeastanddairyproductsareallrichinBgroupvitamins.DeficiencyofBgroupvitaminsincludedermatitis,fatigueandmalformationofredbloodcells.1.Whenwehavetoomuchofcarbohydrates,theyaremostlikelybestoredassugarunits.2.Intheprocessofdigestion,carbohydratesarefinallyturnedintocells.3.TheEssentialAminoAcidswhichbuildpartofproteinscanbeformedbyhumanbody.4.Theultimatecauseofkwashiorkorislackofprotein,ratherthanlackofcarbohydrates.5.Therearegenerallytwodifferentkindsofvitamins,theyare__________________________.6.Nightblindnessisadiseasenormallycausedbylackof_____________.7.OneofthemainfunctionofvitaminDistopreventadultsfrom________________.8.AlthoughthehumanbodyproducesvitaminDnormally,itfailstodosoifthereisnotenough______________.9.ThereasonwhyvitaminCisseenasanantioxidantisthatitdrives__________outofthebody.10.IfyouareinlackofBgroupvitamins,youshouldturnto________________________.选词填空Currentresearchhas__________thatchildrenarenotgettingthesleeptheyneedthesedays.Childrenthesedays__________tobedoingworseinschoolandhavereducedattentionspans.Mostparentsarenot__________ofacommonproblemaffectingthousandsofchildreninthiscountry:sleepdisorders.Parentsoftenfailtofollowtherechildren'ssleepingpatternswhichcan
172resultinsomeseriousside__________ifthatchildhasasleepdisorder.AstudydoneatTulaneUniversityinNewOrleansstudiedabout300firstgradersthatpreformed__________inschool.Theyfoundthat18percentshowedsignsofasleepingproblem.Thepercentageofchildrenwithbadgradesfoundtohavesleepingproblemswassixtoninetimeshigherthanfoundinapreviousstudydoneoverallofthechildhoodpopulation..Mostpeoplebelievethatsleepdisordersonlyaffectadultsbutin__________30%ofallchildrenhavesomesortofsleepdisorder.Sleepdisordersaredefinedasagroupofsyndromescharacterizedbydisturbanceinthepatient'samountofsleep,qualityortimingofsleep,orinbehavioursorphysiologicalconditionsassociatedwithsleep.Toqualifyforadiagnosisofsleepdisorder,theconditionmustbeapersistentproblem,causethepatientsignificantemotionaldistress,and__________withhisorhersocialor__________functioning.Somesleepdisorderscanaffectchildrenofallages.Thesleepdisorderthatchildrenare__________tooftendependsontheirageanddevelopment.Sleepdisorderschangemost__________inthemiddle-schoolyears.Childrenoftenexperiencemoreanxietyatthistime.Thesourceofthecertainsleepdisordercannotnormallybepinpointedineverycase.Manyfactorscomeintoplaywhendealingwiththecauseofasleepdisruption.Parentalcharacteristics,personality,psychosocialinfluences,education,parentingskills,stress,trauma,school,cultureandpersonalhealthcanallbringaboutsleepingdisordersinyoungtomiddle-agedchildren.realityappearoccupationalsubjectaffectpoorlyinterferefrequentlyeffectsinterruptnationalconfirmedobjectreluctantlyaware参考答案第一部分阅读理解全真试题(unit1-25)Unit121.D22.C23.B24.C25.D26.D27.B28.A29.C30.A31.D32.A33.C34.B35.A36.B37.B38.C39.B40.DUnit221.D22.B23.C24.B25.B26.C27.C28.A29.A30.A31.D32.D33.C34.A35.A36.D37.B38.C39.D40.BUnit321.C22.A23.D24.A25.D26.B27.D28.B29.D30.A31.C32.C33.C34.A35.B36.B37.D38.A39.C40.BUnit421.B22.D23.C24.A25.C26.A27.C28.D29.D30.D31.A32.D33.B34.C35.C36.A37.B38.D39.A40.BUnit521.C22.D23.B24.A25.D26.B27.B28.A29.C30.B
17331.C32.A33.D34.C35.A36.D37.B38.D39.A40.CUnit621.D22.B23.B24.C25.D26.C27.A28.D29.B30.A31.B32.D33.B34.B35.C36.D37.A38.B39.A40.CUnit721.D22.B23.B24.CA25.C26.C27.A28.D29.B30.A31.B32.C33.D34.A35.D36.D37.B38.C39.C40.AUnit821.C22.B23.A24.C25.D26.C27.D28.B29.D30.A31.B32.B33.A34.B35.D36.D37.B38.C39.A40.AUnit921.C22.C23.B24.D25.A26.D27.B28.C29.A30.B31.C32.D33.D34.B35.A36.C37.A38.D39.B40.BUnit1021.B22.A23.D24.C25.B26.D27.D28.C29.A30.B31.C32.D33.A34.D35.A36.B37.A38.C39.C40.BUnit1121.B22.C23.A24.D25.B26.D27.C28.A29.B30.C31.D32.A33.D34.B35.C36.D37.A38.C39.A40.BUnit1221.B22.D23.B24.C25.A26.C27.D28.A29.B30.C31.C32.D33.D34.B35.A36.B37.A38.D39.A40.CUnit1321.A22.B23.A24.D25.B26.B27.A28.C29.D30.C31.A32.B33.C34.D35.D36.C37.A38.B39.C40.DUnit1421.C22.C23.A24.B25.D26.A27.D28.A29.C30.A31.B32.C33.C34.B35.D36.B37.B38.A39.D40.BUnit1521.D22.D23.A24.B25.B26.C27.A28.C29.B30.D31.A32.A33.C34.B35.D36.D37.C38.C39.B40.CUnit16
17421.B22.A23.C24.C25.D26.C27.B28.A29.D30.A31.B32.C33.A34.D35.B36.D37.D38.A39.C40.BUnit1721.B22.C23.A24.D25.B26.D27.B28.C29.D30.A31.B32.C33.C34.A35.B36.A37.D38.A39.C40.DUnit1811.C12.A13.C14.B15.D16.C17.C18.D19.D20.A21.A22.B23.C24.B25.D26.A27.D28.C29.A30.BUnit1921.D22.A23.B24.C25.D26.D27.A28.C29.B30.A31.A32.D33.C34.A35.B36.D37.C38.A39.B40.CUnit2021.C22.A23.C24.B25.D26.A27.C28.D29.B30.A31.B32.C33.D34.A35.D36.A37.B38.C39.C40.AUnit2121.A22.D23.C24.C25.B26.C27.A28.A29.B30.A31.B32.A33.D34.A35.D36.B37.A38.D39.C40.DUnit2221.B22.A23.A24.B25.B26.B27.C28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.A34.A35.B36.B37.B38.D39.D40.CUnit2321.C22.A23.D24.C25.A26.B27.C28.D29.A30.A31.B32.B33.B34.A35.A36.C37.D38.B39.D40.BUnit2421.A22.B23.C24.A25.D26.B27.D28.C29.A30.D31.B32.C33.B34.D35.A36.C37.A38.C39.D40.DUnit2521.D22.C23.B24.D25.A26.B27.A28.C29.A30.C31.D32.D33.A34.B35.C36.D37.B38.C39.C40.A第二部分阅读理解模拟练习(unit1-2)Unit121.A22.B23.C24.D25.D26.C27.C28.B29.C30.B31.C32.D33.B34.C35.C36.B37.A38.D39.B40.D
175Unit221.B22.A23.A24.A25.B26.B27.C28.C29.C30.D31.A32.C33.B34.D35.C36.A37.B38.C39.D40.A第三部分简答题评述（四.简答题全真题）1.（Heseemedpuzzledabout）whereFrisbeewas.（Heseemedpuzzledabout）thelocationoftheFrisbee.WheretheFrisbeehadgone.WheretheFrisbeelay.ItslosingtrackoftheFrisbee.AboutwheretofindtheFrisbee.NewtonpretendedtobepuzzledaboutwheretheFrisbeewas.2.Newtonseemedtoliketoplaytrickson/makefunofpeople.ItseemsNewtonlikedtodeceivepeople.Becauseitsbehaviourwasdeceiving.(Because)Newtonpretendedtobepuzzled.HepretendednottobeabletofindtheFrisbee.3.Petownersarewillingtosharetheirstories(withothers).Petowners’willingnesstosharetheirstories(withothers).Petownersareeagertosharethemwithothers.Everypetownerhasastorytoshare.Petownerswanttotelltheirpets’stories.Theirownersareeagertosharetheirstorieswithothers.Petownerswanttoshowtheirpetsaresmart.4.Petshaveamentalandemotionallife.Humantraitscouldbeprojectedontoanimals.Anthropomorphism.Projectinghumantraitsontoanimals.5.Itistheresultofmechanicaltraining.Itistheresultofunintentionalpunishmentpunishmentsandrewards.Itistheresultofconditioning.Theyareconditionedtobehaveinacertainway.Theyweretrained.Training.第四部分简答题全真试题（unit1-4）Unit11.(The)cartheftintheU.S./U.S.A./UnitedStates.Car/Vehicle/MotorVehicletheft.Theft/theftsofcars.It’smainlyaboutthevehicletheftintheU.S.A.Thepassageismainlyaboutthevehicletheft.ThepassagetellsusthevehicletheftintheU.S.VehicletheftisacommonphenomenonintheUnitedStates.
176Vehicletheftandhowtoavoidit.Vehiclestealingandtheprotectionofyourcar.Highvolumeofvehicletheftsandsecuritysystemsagainsttheft.Vehicletheftandhowtocopewithit.2.Leavinghiskeyinthetruck.Heleftthekeyinthetruck.Heshouldhavetakenhiskeywithhim.Heshouldn’thaveleftthekeywithhim.Hedidn’tremovethekeyoutofthetruck.Hiscarelessness.3.Morethantwomillioncarswouldbestolen.Thevehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillion.4.Disassemblethemandselltheparts,orsmugglethemabroad.Sellingtheirpartsathomeorsmugglingthemabroad.Sellingtheirparts(toindividuals)andsmugglingthemabroad.5.Adevicethattransmitsradiosignals.Radiotransmittingdevice.Thesecuritysystemwithadevicethattransmitradiosignals.Unit21.Theywereaccustomedtobeingspoiledandindulged.Theywereusedtobeingspoiledandindulged.Theywereaccustomedtobeingtakencareofbyothers.Theyusuallyleftlife’sdailyworkinothers’hand.2.Becauseofthetwistsandtheturnsoftheriver.Becauseofthewilderrapids.Becausetheriverisfullofunpredictabletwistsandturns.Becausetherearewilderrapidsintheriver.Becausethereareunpredictabletwistsandturns.3.Itwasinadversity.Itwasbynomeansamajorcontender.Itwassufferingfromyearsofadversity.Teamworkwasnotbroughtintofullplay.4.Thelackofteamwork.Teamworkwasneglected.Distrustandlackofteamwork.5.Teamwork.Thespiritofteamwork.Thespirittoworkasateam.Unit31.theywanttoconstructthatworldinourheads.theywanttoknowmoreabouttheworld.theywanttobewell-informed.
177theywantmoreinformation.2.Becausetheyareasourceofnewsandotherinformation.Newspapersareasourceofnewsandinformation.Becausetheyserveasasourceofnewsandinformation.Becausetheyprovideuswithnewsandinformation.Becausetheyinformusofnewsandinformation.3.selective.toone’stasteandinterest.affectedbyone’spersonalpreference.4.Thesocialcontextofexposure.5.hardlyplanned.unplanned.toagreatextendunplanned.seldomplanned.Unit41.beentertainers.playwiththem.entertainthemselves.beoncallasentertainers.actasentertainers.2.thinkupthingstodo,suchasprojectsandgames.comeupwithsomethingtodo3.shouldlearnanddeveloptheactualabilitytoplay.havenoconditiontodeveloptheirabilitytoplay.havetolearnthoseskillswhicharenotinnate.4.loseself-confidence.believethattheyarelessworthyofadmirationandrespect.believethatthey’relackingofsomething.5.capableandinterestingpeople.第五部分：快速阅读和选词填空Passage11.Y2.N3.NG4.N5.guaranteed6.Internetaccess7.twocustomersatisfactionprograms/acustomerhotlineandacustomercall-backprogram8.higherpricesoftheirpizzas9.recklessdrivingbytheirdrivers10.thesamePassage21.N2.N3.Y4.NG5.indifferentsettings)6.whatthechildisgoingthrough)7.recruityoungadults)8.socialinequality)9.completelysterileorhomosexualindividuals)10.secret)
178Passage31.N2.Y3.N4.N5.usethem/capitalizeonthem/becuriousenoughtocapitalizeonthem6.responsibleenoughtoownafirearm7.more,than8.prevalentacrosstheschools/commoninschools9.beshot/bevictimized10.huntingPassage31.Y2.NG3.N4.Y5.hydrogen6.thegravitationalforces7.blackband8.thesame9.dwarfplanet10.size/disproportionatelysmallsizePassage51.N2.N3.N4.Y5.fatsolublevitaminsandwatersolublevitamins6.vitaminA7.fracture/breakingtheirbones8.sunlight/sunlightexposure/exposingtosunlight9.toxins10.plantandanimaltissuesinvolvedinmetabolism/liver,yeastanddairyproducts选词填空：confirmedappearawareeffectspoorlyrealityinterfereoccupationalsubjectfrequently
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