新四级英语阅读理解自测试卷

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新四级英语阅读理解自测试卷新四级英语阅读理解自测试卷ModelTestOne题号时间分配分值1———20题30分钟20分21———60题40分钟40分61———80题30分钟40分PartIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(30minutes,20points)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave30minutestogooverthefollowing2passagesquicklyandanswerthequestions.Forquestion1-7and11-17,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestion8-10and18-20,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.PassageACyberCrimeThefirstrecordedcybercrimetookplaceintheyear1820!Thatisnotsurprisingconsideringthefactthattheabacus,whichisthoughttobetheearliestformofacomputer,hasbeenaroundsince3500B.C.inIndia,JapanandChina.Theeraofmoderncomputers,however,beganwiththeanalyticalengineofCharlesBabbage.In1820,Joseph-MarieJacquard,atextilemanufacturerinFrance,producedthelooms.Thisdeviceallowedtherepetitionofaseriesofstepsintheweavingofspecialfabrics.ThisresultedinafearamongstJacquard’semployeesthattheirtraditionalemploymentandlivelihoodwerebeingthreatened.Theycommittedactsofsabotage(阴谋怠工)todiscourageJacquardfromfurtheruseofthenewtechnology.Thisisthefirstrecordedcybercrime!Todaycomputershavecomealongway,withneuralnetworkandmasscomputingpromisingtoturneveryatominaglassofwaterintoacomputercapableofperforminga

1billionoperationspersecond.Cybercrimeisanevilhavingitsorigininthegrowingdependenceoncomputersinmodernlife.Inadayandagewheneverythingfrommicrowaveovensandrefrigeratorstonuclearpowerplantsisbeingrunoncomputers,cybercrimehasassumedrathersinisterimplications.MajorcybercrimesintherecentpastincludetheCitibankripoff.US$10millionwasfraudulentlytransferredoutofthebankandintoabankaccountinSwitzerland.ARussianhackergroupledbyVladimirKevin,arenownedhacker,perpetratedtheattack.Thegroupcompromisedthebank’ssecuritysystems.VladimirwasallegedlyusinghisofficecomputeratAOSatrun,acomputerfirminSt.Petersburg,Russia,tobreakintoCitibankcomputers.HewasfinallyarrestedonHeathrowairportonhiswaytoSwitzerlandDefiningcybercrimeAtfirst,letussatisfactorilydefine“cybercrime”anddifferentiateitfrom“conventionalcrime.”Computercrimescaninvolvecriminalactivitiesthataretraditionalinnature,suchastheft,fraud,forgery,defamationandmischief,allofwhicharesubjecttotheIndianPenalCode.TheabuseofcomputershasalsogivenbirthtoagamutofnewagecrimesthatareaddressedbytheInformationTechnologyAct,2000.Definingcybercrimesas“actsthatarepunishablebytheInformationTechnologyAct”,wouldbeunsuitable,astheIndianPenalCodealsocoversmanycybercrimes,suchasemailspoofingandcyberdefamation,sendingthreateningemails,etc.asimpleyetsturdydefinitionofcybercrimewouldbe“unlawfulactswhereinthecomputeriseitheratooloratargetorboth.”Letusexaminetheactswhereinthecomputerisatoolforanunlawfulact.Thiskindofactivityusuallyinvolvesamodificationofaconventionalcrimebyusingcomputers.Someexamplesare:FinancialcrimesThiswouldincludecheating,creditcardfrauds,moneylaundering,etc.Tocitearecentcase,awebsiteofferedtosellAlphonsomangoesatathrowawayprice.Distrustingsuchatransaction,veryfewpeoplerespondedtoorsuppliedthewebsitewiththeircreditcardnumbers.ThesepeoplewereactuallysenttheAlphonsomangoes.Thewordaboutthiswebsitenowspreadlikewildfire.Thousandsofpeoplefromalloverthecountryrespondedandorderedmangoes（芒果）byprovidingtheircreditcardnumbers.Theownersofwhatwaslaterproventobeaboguswebsitethenfledtakingthenumerouscreditcardnumbersandproceededtospendhugeamountsofmoneymuchtothechagrinofthecardowners.CyberpornographyThiswouldincludepornography（色情）websites,pornographymagazinesproducedusingcomputers(topublishandprintthematerial)andtheInternet(todownloadandtransmitpornographicpictures,photos,writings,etc.)InMumbai,aSwisscouplewouldgatherslumchildrenandthenwouldforcethemtoappearforobscenephotographstowebsitesspeciallydesignedforpaedophilia.TheMumbai

2policearrestedthecoupleforpornography.SaleofillegalarticlesThiswouldincludesaleofnarcotics,weaponsandwildlife,etc.,bypostinginformationonwebsites,auctionwebsites,andbulletinboardsofsimplybyusingemailcommunication.OnlinegamblingTherearemillionsofwebsites,allhostedonserversabroad,thatofferonlinegambling.Infact,itisbelievedthatmanyofthesewebsitesareactuallyfrontsformoneylaundering.IntellectualpropertycrimesTheseincludesoftwarepiracy,copyrightinfringement,trademarksviolations,theftofcomputersourcecode,etc.EmailspoofingAspoofedemailisonethatappearstooriginatefromonesourcebutactuallyhasbeensentfromanothersource.E.g.Lydiahasane-mailaddressLydia@asianlaws.org.Herenemy,Samspoofshere-mailandsendsherobscenemessagestoallheracquaintances.Sincethee-mailsappeartohaveoriginatedfromLydia,herfriendscouldtakeoffenceandrelationshipcouldbespoiledforlife.Emailspoofingcouldalsocausemonetarydamage.InanAmericancase,ateenagermademillionsofdollarsbyspreadingfalseinformationaboutcertaincompanies.Thismisinformationwasspreadbysendingspoofedemails,purportedlyfromnewsagencieslikeReuters,tosharebrokersandinvestorswhowereinformedthatthecompaniesweredoingverybadly.Evenafterthetruthcameoutthevaluesofthesharesdidnotgobacktotheearlierlevelsandthousandsofinvestorslostalotofmoney.ForgeryCounterfeitcurrencynotes,postageandrevenuestamps,marksheets,etc.canbeforgedusingsophisticatedcomputers,printersandscanners.OutsidemanycollegesacrossIndia,onefindstoutssolicitingthesaleoffakemarksheetsorevencertificates.Thesearemadeusingcomputers,andhighqualityscannersandprinters.Infact,thishasbecomeaboomingbusinessinvolvingthousandsofRupeesbeinggiventostudentsgangsinexchangeforthesebogusbutauthenticlookingcertificates.CyberdefamationThisoccurswhendefamationtakesplacewiththehelpofcomputersortheInternet.E.g.someonepublishesdefamatorymatteraboutsomeoneonawebsiteorsendse-mailscontainingdefamatoryinformationtoallofthatperson’sfriends.AfamouscyberdefamationoccurredinAmerica.Allfriendsandrelativesofaladywerebesetwithobscenee-mailmessagesappearingtooriginatefromheraccount.Thesemailsweregivingtheladyinquestionabadnameamongherfriends.Theladywasanactivistsagainstpornography.Inreality,agroupofpeopledispleasedwithherviewsandangrywithherforopposingthemhaddecidedtogetbackatherbyusingsuchunderhandedmethods.Inadditiontosendingspoofedobsceneemailstheyalsoputupwebsitesabouther,thatbasicallyinsulted

3hercharacterthatsentemailstoherfamilyandfriendscontainingmatterdefaming（诋毁）her.()1.Theabacuswasconsideredtobetheearliestformofacomputer,hasbeenaroundsince3500B.C.inIndia,JapanandChina.()2.TheinventionofloomscausedafearamongstJacquard’semployeesthattheirtraditionalemploymentandlivelihoodwerebeingthreatened.()3.Cybercrimeappearedbecausesomepeopleareevil.()4.Cybercrimeistotallythesamewithtraditionalcrime.()5.Therearemillionsofwebsites,allhostedoninlandservers,thatofferonlinegambling.()6.Usingsophisticatedcomputers,printersandscannerscanforgecounterfeitcurrencynotes,postageandrevenuestamps,marksheets,etc.()7.AfamouscyberdefamationeverhappenedinAmerica.8.Inadayandagewheneverythingfrom_________and_____to_______________isbeingrunoncomputers,cybercrimehasassumedrathersinisterimplications.9.Computercrimescaninvolvecriminalactivitiesthataretraditionalinnature,suchas___,___,___,defamationandmischief,allofwhicharesubjecttotheIndianPenalCode.10.Financialcrimeswouldinclude___________,_____________,____________,etc.PassageBPurposeofLifeThepurposeoflifeisalifeofpurpose.——RobertByrneThepurposesofhumanlifeencompassthehumanbeingnotonlyasanindividual,butalsoasasocialbeingandasaparticipantinthewebofalllife.Wefindidentity,meaning,andfulfillmentinrelationshipsoffamilyandcommunity.Thusreligionsdefinecorrectsocialrolesandpromotetheidealsofsocialharmony,justice,andpeace.Furthermore,humanbeingshaveapurposeinrelationtonature.Wemustprotectandenhanceourenvironmentwhileatthesametimecultivatingitandharvestingitsriches.“Tome,thereisonlyoneformofhumandepravity—themanwithoutapurpose.”ThoseareratherharshwordsbyAynRand.However,Icanunderstandherpoint.Afterall,alifewithoutpurposeisalifewasted.KennethHilderBrandeloquentlyexplainstheproblem.“Multitudeofpeople,driftingaimlesslytoandfrowithoutasetpurpose,denythemselvessuchfulfillmentoftheircapacities,andthesatisfyinghappinesswhichattendsit.Theyarenot

4wicked;theyareonlyshallow.Theyarenotmeanorvicious;theysimplyareempty—shakethemandtheywouldgourd（照葫芦画瓢）.Theylackrange,depthandconviction.Withoutpurposetheirlivesultimatelywanderintomorassofdissatisfaction.Asweharnessourabilitiestoasteadypurposeandundertakethelongpulltowarditsaccomplishment,richcompensationsrewardus.Asenseofpurposesimplifieslifeandthereforeconcentratesourabilities,andconcentrationaddspower.”Thepurposeoflife,then,istoleadalifeofpurposeanditsmeaningistogivelifemeaning.Butwhatismeantbypurposeandmeaning?Theysimplymeanthe“thebigpicture”,vision,chiefaim,orcorevaluesthatallothergoalsaresubordinateto.Forexample,ourpurposemightbetoleavetheworldabetterplacethanthewaywefoundit,ortomakeeveryonewemeethappier.Eitherofthesepurposeswouldbenobleandachievable.Howcanhelpcreateabetterworldormakeothershappier?Wouldn’tyouagreethatonewayisbyrefusingtosteal,criticize,intimidate,gossiporargue?Anotherwaywouldbetotreatotherswithkindness,generosity,honesty,andrespect.Ourgoalshouldbenotmerelytobegood,buttobegoodforsomething,tohavevaluethatweoffertotheworld.Ourpurposeisthepathwefollow;itisabroadpaintbrushthatcolorsallareasofourlife.Whenallpersonalgoals(career,family,etc.)arealignedwithourpurpose,wewillbeauthenticbeingswithintegrity.Despitetheimportanceofpurpose,manyofusarefloundering,driftinginanunknowndirection.Whyisthat?Onereasonisfear.Weareafraidtostateourtargetbecausewewillmissit.Toavoidfailure,weavoidhavingapurpose.Butthatstrategymakesusmuchsenseasanostrich“hidingfromitsenemiesbyburyingitsheadinthesand”.Ifwedonotstandforsomething,wemayfallforanything.Whatisthepurposeoflivingifwedonothavesomethingtolivefor?Thosewholeademptylivessometimesturntobigotryandhatredforsolace.Soweneedtobecarefultochooseapurposethatwillhelpustogrow.Helpourpotentialtounfold,andhelpustranscendourpresentlimitations.Ourpotentialisstaggering.Weareco-creatorsoftheuniverse.Godhasmadeuspartnersincreation.Hecreatedtheuniverse.Wecreatethemusic.Hecreatedtheworld.Wecreatedthepyramids.Hecreatedlife.Wecreatedlanguagethatallowsustoreflectonlife.Consideringtheuniquepositionintheuniverse,ourpurposeshouldbeequallyunique.Itshouldbebiggerthanlife.Sinceweareonlyasstrongasourpurpose,itshouldbecourageousanduplifting.Budhhaofferssomeadvice:“Yourworkistodiscoveryourworkandthenwithallyourhearttogiveyourselftoit.”CharlesMyasalsomakesagoodpoint:“Makesurethethingyouarelivingforisworthdyingfor.”Thebenefitsoflivingalifeofpurpose1.Growth.TheIndianphilosopher,Patanjali,explains,“Whenyouareinspiredbysomegreatpurpose,someextraordinaryproject,allyourthoughtsbreaktheirbonds:yourmindstranscendlimitations,yourconsciousnessexpandsineverydirection,andyoufindyourselfinanew,great,andwonderfulworld.Dormantforces,facultiesandtalentsbecomealive,and

5youdiscoveryourselftobegreaterpersonbyfarthanyoueverdreamedyourselftobe.”2.Peace.Weareatpeacewhenweknowourroleandcontributetolife.Ourcontributionisawayofthankinglifeforlife.3.Power.Ourpurposewillstrengthenallofourothergoalsbybindingthemwithacommonpurpose.4.Coping.Ourpurposewillhelpusovercomechallengesandbearpain.5.Happiness.Totravelinlifewithoutdirectionistobelostandunhappy.Toknowwhereyouaregoingistohavemeaningandhappiness.6.Self-esteem.Whenwehaveapurpose,wehavevalue.Whenwedogood,wefeelgood,wearegood.7.Transcendence.WilliamJamesexplains:“thegreatestuseoflifeistospenditforsomethingthatweoutlastit.”8.Meaning.Ourpurposemakesususefulforothersandtheworld,therebygivingourlifemeaning.9.Spirituality.Whenwearealignedwithanoblepurpose,wearealignedwithGod;whenwelosesightofourpurpose,welosesightofGod.Alifeofpurposeisnotwithouteffort.Butwemustaskourselves,“whichisthebetterrosebush,thatwiththefewestthornsorthatwiththefinestroses?”Toil,pain,andsweatarethebirthplaceofgreatness.Let’snotspendtime;let’suseit;touseittomakeadifference.Ifwemakeadifferencetotheworld,won’twemakeadifferencetoourselves?Iftheworldishappythatwearehere,won’twefeelthesameway?PerhapsthisiswhyZigZiglaroffersthefollowingadvice:“don’tbecomeawanderinggenerality.Beameaningfulspecific.”()11.Thosewhohavenopurposeoflifearewickedandshallow.()12.Wedon’thavetimetofindaappropriateaimoflife,weavoidtohaveapurpose.()13.Soweneedtobecarefultochooseapurposethatwillhelpustogrow.()14.Weseldomreapthebenefitsoflivingalifeofpurpose.()15.Findadestinationinyourlifeandyouwilldiscoveryourselftobegreaterpersonbyfarthanyoueverdreamedyourselftobe.()16.Toknowwhereyouaregoingistohavemeaningandhappiness.()17.Alifeofpurposeiseffortless.18.Wefind_______,_______,and_______inrelationshipsoffamilyandcommunity19.Onewayofhelpingcreateabetterworldormakeothershappierisbyrefusingto____,_____,______,______or______.20.Peoplewithoutpurposeoflifelack______,______and_______PartⅡReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(70minutes,80points)SectionA(40points)Directions:Inthissection,thereare4passageswithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselect

6onewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.PassageCTheFrenchareveryattachedtothefamily—bloodisdefinitely21thanwater.Theytakeprideintheirchildren,partlybecauseformanyyearsFrancesuffereda22birth-rate.Therearestilltaxincentives23inFrancetoencourageandrewardhavingalargefamily.Theelderlyaregivenrespect,theyoungaregiven24.Thereisinter-dependenceinFrenchfamilies,wheregrandparents,auntsandunclesmaywellliveveryneartheimmediatefamily.All25areincludedinfamilyplans,holidays,discussions,mealsandcelebrations.Childrenareencouragedtoairtheirthoughtsatatenderage,sothattheyareoftengoodconversationalistbythetimetheyaresevenoreightyearsold.Oneofthe26ofFrenchlifeisthespectacleofanentirefamilyofthreeorfourgenerationsallenjoyingthemselvesatthesamerestaurant,orataparty.Andoneofthemostseveresanctionswhichcanbeimposedonachildbyaparentistobe27fromsuchafunction.OneFrenchfamily,whoseson28somemildbeachoffamilyetiquette,ceremoniously29hisplace-settingatthetablefordinnerthatevening,frighteninglyreminiscentofpoorDreyfusbeingmarchedroundparadeground,havingthebuttonstornfromhisuniformandhisswordsnappedinhalf.Butthesonuncomplaininglydidashewastoldandate30inthekitchen.A)expectI)capacityB)bannedJ)affectionC)thickerK)delightsD)spreadL)generationsE)decliningM)aloneF)careerN)committedG)availableO)processH)removedPassageDWhenwethinkofcreativepeoplethenamesthat31springtomindarethoseofmensuchasLeonardodaVince,AlbertEinsteinandPabloPicasso,i.e.,greatartists,32andscientists—aselectandexceptionallygiftedbodyofmenwitraretalentsandgenius.The

7tendencyto33creativityandimaginativethinkingasexclusiveprovinceofaluckyfewdisregardsthecreativeandimaginativeaspectsinherentinthe34ofmanyofthetasksweregularlyhavetoface-thediscoveryanddevelopmentofnewmethodsandtechniques,theimprovementofoldmethods,existinginventionsandproducts.Everyonehascreativeabilitytosome35.Creativethinking36posingoneselfaproblemandthenoriginatingorinventingasolutionalongnewandunconventionallines.Itinvolvesdrawingnewanalogies,discoveringnewcombinationsand/ornew37ofthingsthatarealreadyknown.It38,then,thatacreativepersonwillexhibitgreatintellectualcuriosityandimagination.Hewillbealertandobservantwithagreatstoreofinformationwhichhewillbeabletosortoutandcombine,inthesolutionofproblem.Hewillbeemotionallyreceptivetonewandunconventionalideasandwillbelessinterestedinfactsthanintheirimplications.Mostimportantofallhewillbeabletocommunicateuninhibitedlyandwillnotbetoo39aboutotherpeople’sreactiontohisapparently“crazy”notions.PeoplecalledtheWrightbrothersmadbutitdidnotstopthemfrombecomingthefirstmentoconstructand40aheavier-than-aircraft.A)challengeI)occupationB)probablyJ)regardC)flyK)applicationsD)potentialL)solutionE)inventorsM)provideF)followsN)extentG)concernedO)involvesH)relatePassageEThequestforsuccessalwaysbeginswithatarget.AsYogiBearoncesaid,“Youhavegottobeverycarefulifyoudon’tknow41youaregoing,becauseyoumightnotgetthere.”Toomanypeople42throughlifelikesleepwalkers.Eachdaytheyfollowfamiliar43,neverasking,“WhatamIdoingwithmylife?”andtheydon’tknowwhattheyaredoingbecausetheylackgoals.Goal-settingisa44ofthewilltomoveinacertaindirection.Beginwithaclearconceptionofwhatyouwant.Writedownyour45anddatethem–puttingthemintowordsandclarifyingthem.Ratherthanconcentratingonobjectstoacquireandpossess,focusingonfulfillingyourdesirestodo,toproduce,to46yourgoal-settingthatyieldsthetruesenseofsatisfactionweallneed.Itisimportanttovisualizeyourselfaccomplishingyourgoal.Whilelosersvisualizethepenaltiesoffailure,winnersvisualizethe47ofsuccess.I’veseenamongtheathletes,

8entrepreneursandpublicspeakers.I’vedoneitmyself.Iwasterrifiedofairtravel.Ihavereadtoomanyarticlesdescribing48scenesandimaginedthesescenesvividly.Friendsquotedstatisticscontrastingairandhighwaysafety,butitmadenodifference.Ihadthe49toflyonaprivateplanewithfriendstoaresort.Ididn’twanttomissoutonagreatvacation.SoIspenttwoweeksimagineasmoothflightonabeautifulsunnydayandaneasylanding.Whenthedayarrived,Iwas50togo.Toeveryone’ssurprise,Igotontheplaneandflew.Ilovedeveryminuteofit,andIstillusethetechniquesIemployedthatday.A)routineI)specificB)focusingJ)goalsC)crashK)broadD)wanderL)contributeE)managementM)organizeF)whereN)approachG)rewardsO)opportunityH)eagerPassageFLong-term,mannedspaceflightscouldleadtohealthproblemswhenastronautsreturntoearth.Russiansholdthe51forspendingthelongesttimeinspace.Theyhavealsospentthemosttimeexperimentingonthe52ofhumanstosurvivelongperiodsintheconfinedandweightlessconditionsofspacetravel.TherecentresultsofajointUS-Russian53withratsidentifylossofbonestrengthandmusclepowerasaseriousproblem.Theloss54intheanimalsafteronlytwoweeksinspacewasanalarming40percent.Thislosswasprincipallyintheweight-bearingmusclesofthebackand55which,innormalconditions,keepthebodystanding.A56weakeningoftheheartmusclelosscouldmakeitimpossibletoreturntoearthafteralongperiodinspace.Duringspace57,astronautsfollowvigorousexerciseplanstotryandpreventboneandmuscleloss.Thisseemstoworkwellonmusclesbutnotsosuccessfulatstoppingbone58.TheUS-Russianexperimentersthinkthatweightlessnessinspacecutsoffthegrowthhormonesthatusually59boneformation.Theyareconfidentoffindingasolutiontoboneloss.Thiswouldnotonlymake60spaceflightspossiblebutwouldalsohelpproblemsontheground,suchasbonelosscommoninolderwomen.

9A)similarI)lossB)objectiveJ)attitudeC)legsK)abilityD)flightL)stimulateE)awareM)physicalF)measuredN)recordG)eventO)long-durationH)experimentSectionB(40points)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageGNormallyastudentmustattendacertainnumberofcoursesinordertograduate,andeachcoursethatheattendsgiveshimacredit,whichhemaycounttowardsadegree.InmanyAmericanuniversitiesthetotalworkforadegreeconsistsofthirty-sixcourseseachlastingforthreeclassesperweekforfifteenweeks;whileattendingauniversityastudentwouldexpecttotakefouryearsattendingtwosemesterseachyear.Itispossibleforastudenttomovebetweenoneuniversityandanotherduringhisdegreecourse,thoughthisisnotinfactdoneasaregularpractice.Foreverycoursethathefollowsastudentisgivenagrade,whichisrecorded,andtherecordisavailableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemployers.Allthisimposesaconstantpressureandstrainofwork,butinspiteofthissomestudentstillfindtimeforgreatactivityinstudentaffairs.Electionstopositionsinstudentorganizationsarousemuchenthusiasm.Studentwhoadvisetheacademicauthoritiesusuallyperformtheeffectiveworkofmaintainingdiscipline.Anystudentwhoisthoughttohavebrokentherules,forexample,bycheatinghastoappearbeforeastudentcourt.Withtheenormousnumberofstudents,theoperationofthesystemdoesinvolveacertainamountofactivity.Astudentwhohasheldoneofthesepositionsofauthorityismuchrespectedanditwillbeofbenefittohimlaterinthisyear.61.Normallyastudentwouldatleastattendclasseseachweek.A.36B.12C.20D.1562.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,anAmericanstudentisallowed.

10A.toliveinadifferentuniversityB.totakeaparticularcourseinadifferentuniversityC.toliveathomeanddrivetoclassesD.togettwodegreesfromtwodifferentuniversities63.Americanuniversitystudentsareusuallyunderpressureofworkbecause.A.theiracademicperformancewillaffecttheirfuturecareersB.theyareheavilyinvolvedinstudentaffairsC.theyhavetoobserveuniversitydisciplineD.theywanttorunforpositionsofauthority64.Somestudentsareenthusiasticforpositionsinstudentorganizationsprobablybecause.A.theyhatetheconstantpressureandstrainoftheirstudyB.theywillthenbeabletostudylongerintheuniversityC.suchpositionshelpthemgetbetterjobsD.suchpositionsareusuallywellpaid65.Thestudentorganizationsseemtobeeffectivein.A.dealingwiththeacademicaffairsoftheuniversityB.keepingupthestudent’senthusiasmforsocialactivitiesC.evaluatingstudent’sperformancebybringingthembeforeacourtD.ensuringthatthestudentsobserveuniversityregulationsPassageHIn1993,NewYorkStateorderedstorestochargeadepositonbeveragecontainers.Withinayear,consumershadreturnedmillionsofaluminumcansandglassandplasticbottles.Plentyofcompanieswereeagertoacceptthealuminumandglassasrawmaterialsfornewproducts.Butbecausefewcouldfigureoutwhattodowiththeplastic,muchofitwoundupburiedinlandfills.TheproblemwasnotlimitedtoNewYork.Unfortunately,thereweretoofewusesforsecond-handplastic.Today,oneoutoffiveplasticsodabottlesisrecycledintheUnitedStates.Thereasonforthechangeisthatnowtherearedozensofcompaniesacrossthecountrybuyingdiscardedsodabottlesandturningthemintofenceposts,paintbrushes,etc.AstheNewYorkexperienceshows,recyclinginvolvesmorethansimplyseparatingvaluablematerialsfromtherestoftherubbish.Adiscardremainsadiscarduntilsomebodyfiguresouthowtogiveitasecondlifeanduntileconomicarrangementsexisttogivethatsecondlifevalue.Withoutmarketstoabsorbmaterialscollectedforrecycling,throwawaysactuallydepresspricesforusedmaterial.Shrinkinglandfillspaceandrisingcostsforburyingandburningrubbishareforcinglocalgovernmentstolookmorecloselyatrecycling.Inmanyareas,theEastCoastespecially,recyclingisalreadytheleastexpensivewastemanagementoption.Foreverytonofwaste

11recycled,acityavoidspayingforitsdisposal,which,inpartsofNewYork,amountstosavingofmorethan$100perton.Recyclingalsostimulatesthelocaleconomybycreatingjobsandtrimsthepollutioncontrolandenergycostsofindustriesthatmakerecycledproductsbygivingthemamorerefinedrawmaterial.66.WhatregulationwasissuedbyNewYorkStateconcerningbeveragecontainers?A.Averagecompaniesshouldberesponsibleforcollectingandreusingdiscardedplasticsodabottles.B.Throwawaysshouldbecollectedbythestateforrecycling.C.Afeeshouldbechargedonusedcontainersforrecycling.D.Consumershadtopayforbeveragecontainersandcouldgettheirmoneybackonreturningthem.67.ThereturnedplasticbottlesinNewYorkusedto.A.endupsomewhereundergroundB.beturnedintorawmaterialsC.haveasecond-lifevalueD.beseparatedfromotherrubbish68.Thekeyproblemindealingwithreturnedplasticbeveragecontainersis.A.tosellthemataprofitablepriceB.howtoturnthemintousefulthingsC.howtoreducetheirrecyclingcostsD.tolowerthepricesforusedmaterials69.Recyclinghasbecomethefastchoiceforthedisposalofrubbishbecause.A.localgovernmentsfinditeasytomanageB.recyclinghasgreatappealforthejoblessC.recyclingcauseslittlepollutionD.othermethodsaremoreexpensive70.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.A.rubbishisapotentialremedyfortheshortageofrawmaterialsB.localgovernmentsintheU.S.canexpectbigprofitsfromrecyclingC.recyclingistoberecommendedbotheconomicallyandenvironmentallyD.landfillswillstillbewidelyusedforwastedisposalPassageIWeeatfoodeveryday,andeveryoneisafoodcustomer.Itisnaturalforcustomerstobeinterestedinlowerprices.Butwhatarelowerprices?Couldwereallyhavelowerpriceswhilechargingmoreforfoodproducts?Economistsfrequentlyfurnishdataontherelationshipofpricesandincome.Butsince

12mostcustomersarenotappealedtoeconomicreports,theydonotunderstandwhytheyseefoodpricesgoingupeachweek.Pricesarearesultofcostsplusprofit.Ifthetotalcostoffoodproductsgoesup,itstandstoreasonthatatleastsomeofthisincreasemustbepassedontothecustomer.Let’sconsidersomeofthesecosts.Thefarmermustpaymoreforfertilizers,tools,farmlabor,andsoon;theprocessormustincreasesalariesandwages,paymoreformachinerychemicals,power,containers,andplantmaintenance;thetruckingcompany,thedistributor,thewholesaleralsohavehighercosts.Bythetimefoodproductsreachthestoretobesoldtocustomers,theseriesofsmallincreasesthathavebeenaddedalongthewaymustbeabsorbedbythefoodmerchantorpassontotheconsumer.Totheextentthatthepriceschargedforfoodincreaselessthantheincreaseindisposableincome,pricescanbeconsideredtobelower,nothigher.Customerswantanddesiretoknowwhypricesaregoingup.Itwouldgreatlybenefitthefoodmerchanttohavethefiguresreadilyavailableinordertospeakintelligentlywhencustomersraisethequestionofprices.Mostsurveysfindthatcustomersreallydonotknowwhypricesarewhattheyare,andseldomdotheyknowanythingaboutthesmallmarginofprofitthatismadebyfoodmarkets.Ifthesetwothingswereunderstood,notonlywouldcustomersappreciatetheservicethatisprovided,buttheywouldalsocomprehendthereasonforhigherprices.Thisinformationcanbegiventocustomersatnocosttothemerchant.71.Ifthepricesoffoodproductsdonotincreasewhenthetotalcostoffoodproductsgoesup,foodstores.A.havetopassontheincreasetowholesalersB.willmakelessprofitC.willchargemorefortheserviceprovidedtocustomersD.havetostopsellinganything72.Whencustomerwanttofigureoutwhyfoodpricesaregoingup,theywillmostprobably.A.readeconomicreportsB.workonafarmthemselvesC.writetothegovernmentD.askthefoodmerchant73.InresponsetothesecondquestioninPara.1,theauthorwillsay.A.“No,ifthepriceschargedincreaselessthantheincreasesinourdisposableincome.”B.“Yes,ifthepriceschargedincreasemorethantheincreaseinourdisposableincome.”C.“Yes,ifthepriceschargedincreaselessthantheincreaseinourdisposableincome.”D.“Yes,ifthepriceschargedincreasemorethantheincreaseinourdisposableincome.”74.Theauthorthinksfoodmerchants.A.shouldtakedirectresponsibilityfortheincreaseinfoodprices

13B.shouldnotpassontheincreaseinfoodpricestotheircustomersC.aremakingnotthatmuchprofitthoughfoodpricesaregoingupD.havebenefitedalotfromtheincreaseinfoodprices75.Itissuggestedthatfoodmerchantsshould.A.makeitcleartothecustomersastothecostsofthefooditemsB.prepareadetailedreportofthecurrenteconomicsituationC.providethecustomerswithmoreafter-saleserviceswhentheeconomyisslumpD.providemoreservicesforfreetothecustomerswhentheprofitmarginissmallPassageJThefirstjazzmusiciansplayedinNewOrleansduringtheearly1900’s.After1917,manyoftheNewOrleans’smusiciansmovedtothesouthsideofChicago,wheretheycontinuedtoplaytheirstyleofjazz.SoonChicagowasthenewcenterofjazz.SeveraloutstandingmusiciansemergedasleadingjazzartistsinChicago.DanielLouis“Satchmo”Armstrong,borninNewOrleansin1900,wasone.AnotherleadingmusicianwasJoseph“King”Oliver,whoisalsocreditedwithhavingdiscoveredArmstrongwhentheywerebothinNewOrleans.WhileinChicago,OliveraskedArmstrong,whowasinNewOrleans,tojoinhisband.In1923KingOliver’sCreoleJazzBandmadethefirstimportantsetofrecording.IntheHotFiveandHotSevenbandsunderLouisArmstrongtheyalsomaderecordingsofspecialnote.AlthoughChicago’sSouthSidewasthemainjazzcenter,somemusiciansinNewYorkwerealsodemandingattentioninjazzcircles.In1923FletcherHendersonalreadyhadatenpiecebandthatplayedjazz.Duringtheearly1930’s,bigdancebandsweretherage.Largenumbersofpeoplewenttoballroomstodancetojazzmusicplayedbybigbands.OneofthemostpopularandfamousjazzbandswastheDukeEllingtonband.Edward“Duke”EllingtonwasborninWashingtonD.C.,in1899anddiedinNewYorkCityin1974.Hestudiedthepianoasayoungboyandlaterbeganwritingoriginalmusicalcompositions.ThefirstofEllington’sEuropeantourscamein1933.Hesoonreceivedinternationalfameforhistalentasabandleader,composerandarranger.Tenyearslater,EllingtonbegangivingannualconcertsatCarnegieHallinNewYorkCity,andpeoplebegantolistentojazzinthesamewaythattheyalwayslistenedtoclassicalmusic.76.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatLouisArmstrongwenttoChicagoto.A.formhisownbandB.learntoplayChicago-stylejazzC.playinJosephOliver’sbandD.makerecordingswiththeHotFive77.Accordingtothepassage,thefirstblackbandtomakeasignificantsetofjazzrecordings

14was.A.theHotSevenbandB.FletcherHenderson’sbandC.TheReadhotPepper’sbandD.KingOliver’sCreoleJazzband78.AsusedinParagraph2,theword“note”couldbestbereplacedby.A.distinctionB.memorandumC.moodD.song79.Thenickname“Duke”belongto.A.LouisArmstrongB.JosephOliverC.EdwardEllingtonD.FletcherHenderson80.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.A.bythe1930’sjazzwasappreciatedbyawideaudienceB.classicalmusichadagreatinfluenceonjazzC.jazzoriginatedinNewOrleansintheearlynineteenthcenturyD.jazzbandswerebetterknowninEuropethanintheUnitedStates

15ModelTestTwo题号时间分配分值1-20题30分钟每题1分，共20分21-60题30分钟每题1分，共40分61-80题40分钟每题2分，共40分PartIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(30minutes,20points)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave30minutestogoovertwopassagesquicklyandanswerthequestions.Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthePassage;N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthePassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions8-10and18-20,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.PassageATop10MostDangerousJobsByDennisO'ConnellWhataresomeofthemosthazardous（危险的）professionsintheworld?Surely,asthefaceofsocietyevolves（发展，进化）,sodoesthislist.Whocantell?Yes,lawyersandwindowwashersfacehazardsintheirlineofwork,butthefollowinglistrankssomeofthemostdangerouswaystoearnabuck.①Fortherecord,ifIomittedyourlineofworkandyouthinkthatyourprofessiondeservestomakethecut,Ioffermyheartfeltapologies.10.BodyguardWhenyouarepaidtoserveasahumanshield(盾牌)forapresident,rockstarorbusinessman,youknowyouhavetosay“1loveyou”toeveryoneeverytimeyouwalkoutthedoor.KevinCostner(theleadingcharacterintheOscarmovieBodyguard)wasthemostrecentmantoglamorize（使有魔力，使光荣）theprofession,butthereisno"bull"aboutit;“bodyguard”makesthelist.O.sorry!IforgetyoudonotknowaboutthisAmericanslang:bysaying“nobullaboutsomething”,Imean,noconfirmofhisidentificationasapolicemanbutjustasadutifulbodyguard.9.CoastGuardSearch&Rescue

16WhetherthishasanythingtodowiththeAmericancoastlineterritory,Idonotknow;butforsuretherearesomanystrongmenandwomenwhoguardourcountryandpickupthoseunfortunateontheocean.Fewmenandwomenputtheirlivesontheline②dayinanddayoutliketheCoastGuard.Evenlessdosoforsuchunselfishpurposes,astheseworkershelpotherswhoareindesperateneedofassistance,makingitallthemorenobleandvirtuous（有道德的，善良的）.8.BombSquad（班）Doyouknowaboutthekamikaze③?(Justthinkofthosedaring（勇敢的）JapanesesoldiersduringtheSecondWorldWar).Howmanyprofessionsdoyouknowthatcomeclosetothisoneintermsoffacingriskanddangerhead-on（迎面地）?Ialwayswonderedwhatthefailurerateisforbombsquadschool.7.ArmoredCar（装甲车）GuardOnceIwaswalkingdownthestreet,enjoyinganicesummereveningwhenIheard,“Stop,standback!”IlookedstraightaheadandrealizedthatIwasstaringdownthebarrelofgun.Puzzled,morelikeadrunkard（酒鬼）,Iasked“whatdidIdo?”Lookandbehold（看）,thebankguardswereloadingcashintotheATM,andtheyhadfulldiscretion（处理权利）toblowmyheadcleanoff④...Whatascare!!!6.PolicemanThemeninblueorrather⑤thecop（大盖帽）:policemen.Oftentheyarechastisedi.e.,reproached,criticizedorbeingdisdained..sometimesjustifiably（有理由的）,sometimesunfairly.Regardlessoftheabove,mosttimes,apolicemanisasignofpeace,calmandreassurance.Thesemenandwomenhavesomeofthemoststress-packed（为压力所包围的）jobsintheworld.5．FirefighterWhetheryouarefightingafireintheforest,killingtheflamesinaresidential（住宅的）areaorrunningintoaburninghousetosavechildrenandanimals,thereisareasonwhywomenfancyfirefighters;InAmericasomewomenevenregardthosefirefightersasakindofidolforthey'repeacefulandhelpeveryonedespiteallodds/possibility.4.MinerAmericansocietyhasshiftedfromanindustrialtoamoreservice-orientedone⑥,so"miner"islessmentionedinsuchlists.Butthisdoesnotchangeanything,asthisisoneprofessionthatleaveshealthconcernsdowntheroadandtakesliveswhenaccidentshappen.3.TruckDriverTruckdriversarespecialindividualswholiveontheroadandtravelnon-stopintheirmissiontodelivergoodsworldwide.Theyhavealwaysfacedtoughroadconditions,recklessdrivers(driverswhoshownorespecttoroadsrulesandregulations)andsleeplessnights,whichcanallleadtotragiccircumstances.2.Logger

17Bythisterm,Imeanpeoplewhoseworkistocutdownforesttreesfortimber.Loggingisdangerousyear-round,butseasonaldangerpeaksinlatesummerandfallasmostdeathsoccurinJuly,SeptemberandOctober.Manywouldrankthisprofessionhigher,aslogginghasbeenaeverlasting（长久的）choiceintopdangerlists.1.AlaskanCrab（螃蟹）FishermanEverwonderwhycrabissoexpensive?Yes,thefactthatthemeatisrareisonefactor,butanotherimportantandlesser-knownfactisthatthemenandwomenwhorisktheirlivesfishingthecrabinice-coldwatersfacethehigheston-the-jobmortality,namely,deathrate.It'strue,it'strue.()1.Thispassagemainlygivesadescriptionabout10jobsandhowdangerousthesejobsare.()2.Generallyspeaking,bodyguardusuallyworkforthosefamousorpowerfulfiguressuchaspresidents,rockstarsorwealthybusinessmen.()3.TheCoastGuardSearchandRescueputtheirlivesindangerbecausethisisthemostsuitablejobforthemtoservethepeopleunselfishlyandtoshowtheirnobilityandvirtue.()4.TheArmoredCarGuardmayshootatanyonewhoisonthespotwheretheyareatwork.()5.Comparedwithpeopleofotherprofessions,thepolicemansuffermorescold,criticismfromthesociety.()6.Alaskanisprobablytheplacewherecrabsarethemostexpensiveandpeopleshouldgettheminice-coldwaters.()7.ThoughAmericahaschangedfromanindustrialcountrytoamoreservice-orientedone,therestillexistssomanyworkerswhorisktheirliveslaboringinthemineindustry.8.Intermsofriskanddangerhead-on,theprofessionthatcomestheclosesttothisis.9.Fortruckdrivers,thesefactorsthatcontributetotheirtragiccircumstancesare.10.Intheloggingindustry,mostdeathsusuallyoccurinthefollowingmonths:.PassageBTheWebisMagicbutStudent'sResearchPapersareNotSometimesIlookforwardtotheend-of-semesterrush.Whenstudents'finalpaperscomestreamingintomyofficeandmailbox.Icouldhavehundredsofpagesoforiginal（新颖的，独创的）thoughtstoreadandevaluate（评估）.Onceinawhile,itistrulyexciting,andbrilliantwordsaretypedacrossapageinresponsetoaquestionIhaveaskedtheclasstodiscuss.

18Butthispastsemesterwasdifferent.Inoticedadeclineinboththequalityofthewritingandtheoriginalityofthethoughtsexpressedintheirpapers.Whathashappenedsincelastfall?DidIaskworsequestions?Weremystudentsunusuallylazy?No.manystudentsinmyclasshadusedthelatesteasywayofwritingapaper:doingtheirresearchontheinternet.Itiseasytofindaresearchpaperthatisbasedmainlyoninformationcollectedfromtheweb.Firstthebibliography（参考书目）citesnobooks,justarticlesandpointersdirectingmetosomewebsites①.Thenmaterialslistedinthebibliographyarecuriouslyoutofdate.Alotofstuffonthewebbeingadvertisedasthenewestisatleastafewyearsold.Anotherclueisthebeautifulpicturesandgraphsthatareinserted（插入）neatlyintothebodyofthestudent'stext.Theylookimpressive,asthoughtheyweretheresultofcarefulworkandanalysis,butactuallytheyoftenhavelittlerelationtothesubjectofthepaper.Cutandpastedfromtheweb,theypretendtobeoriginalwork.Donotgetmewrong.Iamnoneo-Luddite.Iamasfascinatedasanyoneelsebythepotentialofthisnewtechnologytoprovideinstantinformation.WhatIamdescribingisthehunt-and-peckmethodofwritingapaper.Weallknowthatwordprocessingmakesmanyfirstdrafts（草稿）lookfarmorepolishedthantheywere.Ifthepaperdoesnotreachtheassignedfivepages,readjustthemargin,changethefontsize,and…ofcourse,thosemachinations（诡计）takeuptimethatthestudentcouldhavespentrevisingthepaper.Withprogramstocheckone'sspellingandgrammar—nowstandardfeaturesonmostcomputers,onewonderwhystudentsmakeanymistakesatall.Insteadofbecomingperfections,toomanystudentshavebecomeslackers（懒鬼）,preferringtoletthemachinedotheworkforthem.Theinternetmakesresearchlooktooeasy.Youtossaquerytothemachine,waitafewseconds,andalotofpossiblesourcesofinformationappearonyourscreen.Insteadofbooksthatyouhavetocheckoutofthelibrary,readcarefully,understand,synthesize（合成）,andthenexcerpt（引用）,thesesourcesarepuns,blips,pictures,andshortsummariesthatmaybedownloadedmagicallytothedorm-roomcomputerscreen.Unbelievable!Howsimple!Theonlyproblemisthatapaperconsistingofsummariesboundtobefragmented(片段的)andsuperficial（肤浅的）②;itdemonstratesmoreofarandommontage（蒙太奇）thantheabilitytokeepanargumentthrough10to15doublespacedpages.Collegelibrarieswithgoodcomputertechnologymighthavebeensendingaclearmessagetostudents:donotread,justconnect.Surf.Download.Cutandpaste.Originalitybecomeshardtoseparatefromplagiarism（剽窃）ifnoauthoriscitedonawebpage.Clearly,thewordsareupforgrabs（随意窃取）,andstudentsmuchprefertheincredibledisorderthehardwordofstoppingtothinkandmakesenseofwhattheyhaveread.Librariesusedtobestorehouses（仓库）ofwordsandideas,butnowtheyareseenasbiginformationcenters.Someofthisinformationcomesfromother,biggerlibraries,intheformofbooksthatcantaketimetoobtainthroughinterlibraryloan.Whathappenstothemanystudentswhowriteapaperthenightbeforeitisdue（预期的）？Thecomputerscreen,thegatewaytotheworldsittingrightontheirdesks,promisesinstantaccess,butactuallyoffer

19onlyapale,two-dimensional（二维的）versionofalibrary.Butitisalsomyfault.Itakemuchoftheblameforthedeclineinthequalityofstudentresearchinmyclasses.Ineedtoteachstudentshowtoread,totaketimewithlanguageandideas,toworkthrougharguments,tosynthesizevarioussourcestocomeupwith③originalthought.Ineedtohelpmystudentsunderstandhowtoaccesssources;Ineedtoletthemtrusttheirownideasmorethanpiecesofinformationthatflashonascreen.Thismustbetaught,aswellasthemethodsofexploration④.Iamseeingmystudentsattentionspan（范围）growweakerandtheirabilitytoreasonforthemselvesdecline⑤.Iwishthattheuniversity'scomputersystemwouldstopworkingforaday,sothatIcouldencouragethemtogoinside,situnderatree,andreadareallygoodbook—fromstarttofinish.Iwouldlikethemtositforawhileandthinkwhysomethingsgeteasierandeasiersorapidlythatwehardlyfollowtheirpace,whileothertasksremainashardaseversuchasdoingresearchandwritingagoodpaperthatneedspatienceandtime.Knowledgedoesnotemergeoutofnowhere,butwedoneedsilenceandspaceforindependentthought.Nextsemester,Iamgoingtourgemystudentstoturnofftheirglowingboxesandthink,ifonlyonceinawhile.()11.Theauthorisagainsttheadvanceofindustrialtechnology.()12.Theinternetissuretotaketheplaceofhumanbeingsthinkingindependently.()13.Studentsshouldbethemastersoftheinternet.()14.Theauthorisresponsibleforthedeclineinthequalityofstudentresearch.()15.Studentsaresofondofusingthewebresourcesmainlybecauseitiseasytofindthebibliographyandpicturesandgraphs.()16.Intheeyesoftheauthor,thecomputershavemadestudentsbecomelazybones.()17.Collegelibrarieswithgoodcomputertechnologymayalsobeoneofthereasonswhystudentslackofthehabitsofindependentthinking.18.Inthepast,whentheauthorstartedtoreadandevaluatethestudents'researchpapers,hewouldgetandthoughtthestudentswere.19.Theauthorisalsofascinatedwiththisnewtechnologyforitprovides.20.Theauthorsuggestsstudentsgoingoutsideforawhileforhefavorsthisopinionthattheydoneedforindependentthought.PartIIReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(70minutes，80points)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereare4passageseachwithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagecarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

20PassageCPeoplehavelongspeculated/guessedthattheirlanguagescamefromasingle21.Asearlyas1767,physicianJamesParsonscollectednumbersfrommanyEuropeanlanguagesaswellas22ofIranandIndia,andfoundthemtobequite23.Heconcludedthatthey24haveallcomefromonesource:Noah’sArk（诺亚方舟）.ButSirWilliamJones,ChiefJusticeofIndia,tookthisobservationastep25.Asaneducatedman,hewastrained26theclassicallanguages,sothatwhenhewenttoIndiaandbegantoexamineSanskrit（梵文）,hesawrightawayhowsimilaritwastoGreekandLatin,notonlyinvocabulary,buteveningrammaticalfeatures.Inaspeech27beforeBengalAsiaticSocietyin1876,hedeclaredthattheSanskritlanguagebearstobothLatinandGreekastrongerresemblance（相似性）bothintherootsofverbsandintheformsofgrammar28couldpossiblyhavebeenproduced29accident①.Indeed,theresemblanceissostrong,hesaid,thatnoscholarcouldexaminethemallthreewithoutbelievingthemtohavesprungfrom（来源于）some30source,which,perhaps,nolongerexists.A)sourceI)resourceB)commonJ)thatC)thoseK)alikeD)mustL)mayE)furtherM)inF)atN)byG)thanO)givenH)similarPassageDIt'sanannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbye,andthat31eveningyou'reburningthelate-nightoil（开夜车）insympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards,schoolsarethrowingthebooksatkids.32elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomeworkfatigue（疲劳）.What'sawell-meaning(善意的,好心的)parenttodo?Ashardas33maybe,sitback(不采取行动,休息一下)andchill,expertsadvise.Thoughyou'vegottogetthemtodoit,byhelpingtoomuch,orevenexamining34toocarefully,youmaykeepthem35doingitbythemselves.“Iwouldn'tadviseaparenttocheckeverysingleassignment,”sayspsychologistJohnRosemond,authorOfEndingtheToughHomework.“There'sa36ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildrenearnthe

21gradetheydeserve.”Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookover(察看,检查)theworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir37.But“youdon'twantthemtofeelithastobeperfect,”shesays.That'snottosayparentsshould38homework——first,theyshouldmonitor(监控)howmuchhomeworktheirkidshave.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhouringradesfour,five,andsixisstandard,saysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe“39morethananhourandahalf,”andtwoforhigh-schoolstudents.Ifyourchild40hasmorehomeworkthanthis,youmaywanttocheckwithotherparentsandthentalktotheteacheraboutreducingassignments.A)consistentlyI)merelyB)noJ)notC)ignoreK)doD)mistakesL)lackE)fromM)awayF)answersN)repliesG)itO)EvenH)veryPassageEBritainisfacinga41riseinitsratpopulationasgrowingnumbersofpeopleleavefastfoodscrapsinthestreet,anenvironmentgroup42.KeepBritainTidysaidtherodents（啮齿动物）wereabandoningtheirtraditionalhaunts（像鬼神出没）undergroundandwere43thestreets,luredby44remnantsofburgers（各种夹饼）,pizzasandcrisps.“Theratpopulationisontheriseandsoonit'llbeascommontoseearodentonourstreet45itistoseeadogoracat,”saidgroupDirector,SueNelson.Thepracticeofdumpingfastfoodlitterandscrapsonthestreet46thaninthetrash-withyoungmentheworstoffenders-wasbehindtherise.AccordingtotheNationalRodentSurveyin2001,Britain'sratpopulationhasgrownbynearlyonequartersince1998andisnowestimated4760million,twomillionmorethanthehumanpopulation.Onaveragearatcangivebirthevery24-28daysandjustasinglepairofratscanproducea48of2,000ayear.Around200BritonsayearcontractWeil'sDisease-aninfectionwhichcanleadtokidneyorliverfailureand49deathandwhichiscarriedinrat'surine（尿）.Tohighlighttheissue,KeepBritainTidylaunchedacinemaadvertentitled“Howclosedoyouwantthemtoget?”Theadculminatesinashockingimageofayoungwomansleepinginabedofrats-echoingthenightmarescenariofromJamesHerbert'sclassichorrortaleTheRats,inwhichmutantrodentsbeginto50onhumans.

22A)reportedI)warnedB)roamingJ)discardedC)disposedK)asD)ratherL)betterE)atM)inF)colonyN)eventuallyG)preyO)feedH)sharpPassageFPhishing,alsoreferred51asbrandspoofing（哄骗）orcarding,isavariationon“fishing,”theideabeingthatbait（饵）isthrownoutwiththehopes42whilemostwillignorethebait,somewillbetemptedintobiting.Creatingareplica（复制品）ofan53Webpagetofoolauserintosubmitting（提交）personal,financial,orpassworddata.　Theactofsendingane-mailtoauserfalsely54tobeanestablishedlegitimateenterpriseisanattempttoscamtheuserintosurrendering55informationthatwillbeusedforidentitytheft①.Thee-mail56theusertovisitaWebsitewheretheyareaskedtoupdatepersonalinformation,suchaspasswordsandcreditcard,socialsecurity,andbankaccountnumbers,thatthelegitimateorganizationalreadyhas.TheWebsite,however,isbogus（伪造的）andset57onlytostealtheuser’sinformation.　　ThetermphishingcomesfromthefactthatInternetscammersareusingincreasinglysophisticatedlures58they"fish"forusers'financialinformationandpassworddata.Themostcommonplanisto59theWebpagecodefromamajorsite—suchasAOL(AmericanOnLine美国在线服务)—andusethatcodetosetupareplicapagethatappearstobepartofthecompany'ssite.(Thisiswhyphishingisalsocalledspoofing.)Afakee-mailissentoutwithalinktothispage,whichimplorestheuser'screditcarddataorpassword.Whentheformis60,itsendsthedatatothescammerwhileleavingtheuseronthecompany'ssitesotheydon'tsuspectathing.A)upI)submittedB)outJ)toC)thatK)whichD)asL)copyE)makeM)directsF)privateN)claiming

23G)sayingO)presentH)existingSectionBDirections:Thereare4passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethoughthecenter.PassageGTodriveanymotorvehicleinBritain,youmusthaveavaliddrivinglicenseandinsurance.Theminimumageforadrivinglicenseisseventeenforacarormotorcycle.DuringthefirstyearyourownoverseasdrivinglicenseorInternationalDrivingPermit(许可证)willqualifyyoutodrive.IfyouarefromaEuropeanCommunitycountry,youmustexchangeyourexistingfulllicenseforafullBritishoneasyouapplywithinthefirst12monthsoftakingupresidency.AlearnerdrivermustdisplaytheprescribedL-plateonanyvehiclethedriverisdrivingandmustbeaccompaniedbyasupervisorwhoholdsafulllicenseforthattypeofvehicle.YouwillneedtoreadandknowtheBritishHighwayCode(公路法规)whichsummarizesthetrafficlaws.Mostimportant,inBritainwedriveontheleftandovertakeontheright.Itiscompulsoryforanyoneonamotorcycletoweararegulationcrashhelmet(头盔)andforboththefrontseatoccupants（占有者）inacartowearseatbelts.Therearealsostrictlawsaboutdrinking(alcohol)anddriving.Ifyouintendtodrinkthendonotdriveamotorvehicle,buttakepublictransportinstead!61.IfaFrenchdrivermovestoliveBritain,heneeds.A)exchangehisdrivinglicensewithinthefirstyearB)notexchangehisdrivinglicenseC)exchangehisdrivinglicensebeforehemovesinD)applyatanytime62.Ifthelearnerdrivesatruck,thesupervisorshouldhold.A)anykindoflicenseB)theInternationalDrivingPermitC)LplateD)thelicensefortruck63.Thetwopersonssittingonfrontseatsinacarneedtowear.A)no-slippingshoesB)acrashhelmetC)seatbeltD)glasses64.Thedriverdrinksalotofalcoholbeforedrivingandheshould.A)takethepublicbusB)wrotehomeC)driveontherightD)sleepinthebar

2465.Wecanmakeaconclusionthatthispassageis.A)abouthowtodriveB)abouttrafficlawsC)adriverguideinBritainD)aninternationaldriveguidePassageHPeoplehavebeenpaintingpicturesforatleast30,000years.Theearliestpictureswerepaintedbypeoplewhohuntedanimals.Theyusedtopaintpicturesoftheanimalstheywantedtocatchandkill.PicturesofthiskindhavebeenfoundonthewallsofcavesofFranceandSpain.Nooneknowswhytheywerepaintedthere.Perhapsthepaintersthoughttheirpictureswouldhelpthemtocatchtheseanimals.Orperhapshumanbeingshavealwayswantedtotellstoriesinpictures.About5,000yearsagotheEgyptiansandotherpeopleintheneareastbegantousepicturesasakindofwriting.Theydrewsimplepicturesorsignstorepresentthingsandideas,andalsotorepresentthesoundsoftheirlanguage.Thesignsthesepeopleusedbecameakindofalphabet.TheEgyptiansusedtorecordinformationandtotellstoriesbyputtingpicture-writingandpicturestogether.Whenanimportantpersondied,scenesandstoriesfromhislifewerepaintedandcarvedonthewallsoftheplacewherehewasburied.Someofthesepicturesarelikemoderncomic-strip（连环画）stories.IthasbeensaidthatEgyptisthehomeofthecomicstrip.But,fortheEgyptians,picturesstillhadmagicpower.Sotheydidnottrytomaketheirwayofwritingsimple.Theordinarypeoplecouldnotunderstandit.Bytheyear1000BC,peoplewholivedintheareaaroundtheMediterraneanSeahaddevelopedasimplersystemofwriting.Thesignstheyusedwereveryeasytowrite,andtherewerefewerofthemthanintheEgyptiansystem.Thiswasbecauseeachsign,orletter,representedonlyonesoundintheirlanguage.TheGreeksdevelopedthissystemandformedthelettersoftheGreekalphabet.TheRomanscopiedtheideaandtheRomanalphabetisnowusedallovertheworld.Thesedays,wecanwritedownastoryorrecordinformation,withoutusingpictures.Butwestillneedpicturesofallkinds:drawings,photographs,signs,anddiagrams,wefindthemeverywhere:inbooksandnewspapers,andonthewallsoftheplaceswhereweliveandwork.Pictureshelpustounderstandandrememberthingsmoreeasily,andtheycanmakeastorymuchmoreinteresting.66.PicturesofanimalswerepaintedonthewallsofcavesinFranceandSpainbecause.A)thehunterswantedtoseethepicturesB)thepainterswereanimalloversC)thepainterswantedtoshowimaginationD)thepictureswerethoughttobehelpful

2567.TheGreekalphabetwassimplerthantheEgyptianssystemforallthefollowingexceptthat.A)theformerwaseasytowriteB)therewerefewersignsintheformerC)theformerwaseasytopronounceD)eachsighstoodforonlyonesound68.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A)TheEgyptiansignslaterbecameaparticularalphabetB)TheEgyptianslikedtowritecomicstripstoriesC)TheRomanalphabetwasdevelopedfromtheEgyptianoneD)TheGreekscopiedtheirwritingsystemfromtheEgyptians69.Inthelastparagraphtheauthorthinksthatpictures.A)shouldbemadecomprehensibleB)shouldbemadeinterestingC)isofmuchuseinourlifeD)aredisappearingfromourlife70．Inhistory,somanypictureshavebeenpainted,whatmightbethereasonsforpeopletopaintthem?A)Thepaintersthoughttheirpictureswouldhelpthemtocatchtheseanimals.B)Humanbeingshavealwayswantedtotellstoriesinpictures.C)Theyusepicturesasakindofwritingtorepresenttheirideasandthoughts,things,soundsandsoon.D)Alloftheabove.PassageIAcenturyagointheU.S.,whenanindividualbroughtsuit（官司）againstacompany,publicopiniontendedtoprotectthatcompany.Butperhapsthisphenomenonwasmoststrikinginthecaseoftherailroads.Nearlyhalfofallnegligence（疏忽，过失）casesdecidedthorough1896involvedrailroads,andtherailroadsusuallywon.Mostofthecasesweredecidedinstatecourts,wheretherailroadshadtheclimateofthetimesontheirsides.Governmentsupportedtherailroadindustry;theprogressrailroadsrepresentedwasnottobesloweddownbyrequiringthemoftentopaydamagestothoseunluckyenoughtobehurtworkingforthem.Courtdecisionsalwayswentagainstrailroadworkers.AMr.Farwell,anengineer,losthisrighthandwhenaswitchman’snegligenceranhisengineoffthetrack.ThecourtreasonedthatsinceFarwellhadtakenthejobofanengineervoluntarilyatgoodpay,hehadacceptedtherisk.Thereforetheaccident,thoughavailedhadtheswitchmanactedcarefully,wasapureaccident.Ineffectarailroadcouldneverbeheldresponsibleforinjurytooneemployeecaused

26bythemistakeofanother.InonecasewhereaPennsylvaniarailroadworkerhadstartedafireatawarehouseandthefirehadspreadseveralblocks,causingwidespreaddamage.Ajuryfoundthecompanyresponsibleforallthedamage.Butthecourtoverturnedthejury’sdecisionbecauseitarguedthattherailroad’snegligencewastheimmediatecauseofdamageonlytothenearestbuildings.Beyondthemtheconnectionwastooremotetoconsider.Asthecenturyworeon,publicsentimentbegantoturnagainsttherailroads–againsttheireconomicandpoliticalpowerandhighfaresaswellasagainsttheircallousnesstowardindividuals.71．Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingisnottrue?A)Inthepast,thepublicopinionsareinfavorofthecompanywhenalawsuitinvolvesanindividualhappens.B)Whenanindividualsuitsalawcaseagainstarailroadcompany,usuallyitisconductedinastatecourt.C)Governmentsupportedtherailroadindustryprobablybecausethismeanslessdamagepaytotheworkers.D)Courtdecisionswereneveronthesideoftherailroadworkers.72.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueinFarewell’scase?A)Farwellwasinjuredbecausehenegligentlyranhisengineoffthetrack.B)Farwellwouldnothavebeeninjurediftheswitchmanhadbeenmorecareful.C)Thecourtarguedthatthevictimhadacceptedtherisksincehehadwillinglytakenthejob.D)Thecourtdecidedthattherailroadshouldnotbeheldresponsible.73.Whatmusthavehappenedafterthefirecasewassettledincourt?A)Therailroadcompensatedforthedamagetotheimmediatebuildings.B)Therailroadcompensatedforallthedamagebythefire.C)Therailroadpaidnothingforthedamagedbuildings.D)Therailroadworkerpaidforthepropertydamagehimself.74.Thefollowingarousedpublicresentmentexcept.A)politicalpowerB)highfaresC)economiclossD)indifference75.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A)RailroadoppressingindividualsintheU.S.B)HistoryoftheUSrailroadsC)Railroadworker’sworkingrightsD)Lawcasesconcerningtherailroad

27PassageJHawaii＇snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereignty（主权）overitsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago’s（群岛）politicalestablishment,whichincludetheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntiltheSecondWorldWarandpeopleofJapanese,ChineseandFilipino（菲律宾人）origin,isopposedtotheidea.Theislandswereannexed（附加）bytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii’snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60%ofthestate’shomeless,sufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespan（寿命）isfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorU.S.nativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy.ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii’sfirstnativegovernor,JohnWaihee,hasgiventhenativescauseamajorimprovementbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertoreestablishasovereignHawaiiannation.However,theHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.SomejustwantgreaterautonomywithinthestateasenjoyedbymanyAmericanIndiannativesovermatterslikeeducation.ThisisapositionsupportedbytheofficeofHawaiianAffairs(OHA),astateagencysetupin1978torepresentthenatives’interestsandwhichhasnowbecomethemoderatefaceofthenativesovereigntymovement.MoreambitiousistheKaLahuigroup,whichdeclareditselfanewnationin1987andwantsfull,officialindependencefromtheUS.ButifHawaiiannativesaregivengreaterautonomy,itisfarfromclearhowmanypeoplethiswillapplyto.Thestateauthoritiesonlycountasnativethosepeoplewithmorethan50%Hawaiianblood.Nativedemandsarenotjustbasedonpoliticalinjustice,though.Theyalsowanttheirclaimon660,000hectaresofHawaiiancrownlandtobeaccepted.Itisonthisissuethatnativegroupsarefacingmostoppositionfromthestateauthorities.In1933,thestategovernmentpaidtheOHAUS$136millioninbackrentonthecrownlandandmanyofficialssaythatbyacceptingthispaymenttheagencyhasgivenupitsclaimstolegallyowntheland.TheOHAhasvigorouslydisputedthis.76.Hawaiian'snativeminorityrefersto.A)Hawaiian’sethnicgroupsB)peopleofFilipinooriginC)theKaLihuegroupD)peoplewith50%Hawaiianblood77.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueoftheHawaiiannatives?A)Sixtypercentofthemarehomelessorunemployed.

28B)Theirlifespanis5yearsshorterthanaverageAmericans.C)TheirlifeisworsethanthatoftheethnicgroupsinHawaiian.D)Theyaretheonlynativegroupwithoutsovereignty.78.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueofJohnWaihee?A)HeisHawaiian’sfirstnativegovernor.B)Hehassetupasovereigntyadvisorycommittee.C)Hesuggestedthenativepeopledecideforthemselves.D)Heisleadingthelocalindependencemovement.79.Whichofthefollowinggroupsholdsalessradicalattitudeonthematterofsovereignty?A)AmericanIndiannativesB)OfficeofHawaiianaffairsC)TheKaLahuigroupD)TheHawaiiannative80.VariousnativeHawaiiandemandallthefollowingexcept.A)agreaterautonomywithinthestateB)morebackrentonthecrownlandC)aclaimontheHawaiiancrownlandD)fullindependencefromtheU.S.

29KeystoModelTestOne1.Y2.Y3.NG4.N5.N6.Y7.Y8.microwaveovens,refrigerators,nuclearpowerplants9.theft,fraud,forgery,10.cheating,creditcardfrauds,moneylaundering11.N12.NG13.Y14.N15.Y16.Y17.N18.identity,meaning,fulfillment19.steal,criticize,intimidate,gossip,argue20.range,depth,conviction21.C22.E23.G24.J25.L26.K27.B28.N29.H30.M31.B32.E33.J34.L35.N36.O37.K38.F39.G40.C41.F42.D43.A44.B45.J46.L47.G48.C49.O50.H51.N52.K53.H54.F55.C56.A57.D58.I59.L60.O61.B“thetotalworkforadegreeconsistsofthirty-sixcourseseachlastingforthreeclassesperweek”62.B“Itispossibleforastudenttomovebetweenoneuniversityandanotherduringhisdegreecourse,”63.A“therecordisavailableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemployers”64.C65.D“performtheeffectiveworkofmaintainingdiscipline”66.D“orderedstorestochargeadepositonbeveragecontainers”67.A“Butbecausefewcouldfigureoutwhattodowiththeplastic,muchofitwoundendupburiedinlandfills.”68.B“thereweretoofewusesforsecond-handplastic”69.D“Inmanyareas,theEastCoastespecially,recyclingisalreadytheleastexpensivewastemanagementoption.”70.C71.B“Pricesarearesultofcostsplusprofit.”72.D“theseriesofsmallincreasesthathavebeenaddedalongthewaymustbeabsorbedbythefoodmerchant”73.C“Totheextentthatthepriceschargedforfoodincreaselessthantheincreaseindisposableincome,pricescanbeconsideredtobelower,nothigher.”74.C“seldomdotheyknowanythingaboutthesmallmarginofprofit”75.A76.C“WhileinChicago,OliveraskedArmstrong,whowasinNewOrleans,tojoinhisband.”77.D“In1923KingOliver’sCreoleJazzBandmadethefirstimportantsetofrecording.”78.A79.C80.A

30KeystoModelTestTwo1.Y2.Y3.N4.Y5.Y6.NG7.Y8．BombQuad9.toughroadconditions,recklessdriversandsleeplessnights10.July,SeptemberandOctober.PassageANOTES：①toearnabuck:美国俚语，意思为挣钱。②toputtheirlivesontheline:献身于……③kamikaze：二战期间日本的神风敢死队队员④toblowmy/her/hisheadcleanoff:把……炸成碎片⑤orrather：亦或⑥shiftfrom…to…:从……转向……11.Y12.Y13.N14.N15.Y16.Y17.Y18.excited,brilliant19.instantinformation20.silenceandspacePassageBNOTES：①此句意思是：首先参考文献并没有指出参考了什么书籍，只是一些文章和网址指示我应上哪个网站。②唯一的问题是由几篇小结构成的论文注定是片段式的而且非常肤浅。③tocomeupwith：提出，拿出④我应该教会我的学生相信自己的观点，与此同时，还要教会他们如何寻找利用网络资源。Aswellas意思是“也，还”。⑤我现在正目睹着这种现象：学生的注意范围越来越小，而且他们的论证能力也在下降。21.A22.C23.K24.D25.E26.M27.O28.G29.N30.BPassageCNOTES:①Bearto...aresemble:具有某种相似性。27空为一个定语从句的省略，省掉了whichwas;28空后也是一个定语从句，修饰前面的Grammar一词。31.H32.O33.G34.F35.E36.L37.D38.C39.B40.A41.H42.I43.B44.J45.K46.D47.E48.F49.N50.G51.J52.C53.H54.N55.F56.M57.A58.D59.L60.IPassageFNOTES①此句意思为：给使用者发一封邮件声称是某个合法的机构是企图蒙蔽使用者输入一些私人信息以便进行某种偷盗行为。61.A看第一段最后一句。此处的EuropeanCommunityCountry指的是非英格兰的欧洲经济共同体国家，共同体最初的成员国有法国、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、意大利和西德。英国（联合王国）、丹麦和爱尔兰于1973年加入，希腊于1981年加入，

31葡萄牙和西班牙于1986年加入。以前的东德作为统一的德国的一部分于1990年被接纳加入。1995年奥地利、芬兰和瑞典参加了欧洲联盟，于是也加入了欧洲共同体。62.D见第二段整句话。63.C本题考细节，见第三段第三句话。64.A本题考细节，见第三段第四句话。65.C纵观全文可知道本文的中心议题是“在英国开车的指导”。66.D本题考细节.根据提示词Spain&France可在第一段找到相关信息.67.C看第四段“easytowrite;fewer;eachsighorletter,representedonlyonesound”.C中发音容易未提及。68.A本题考细节，可以从选项出发去文中寻求相关信息。Thesighsthesepeople(Egyptians)usedbecameakindofalphabet.69.C看最后一段末句。作者主要是认为图画有助于人们更好的理解和记忆,使故事生动有趣。70.D本题考细节。综观前两段即可。71.D见第三段首句，原文是：ALWAYS，并非全盘否定。72.A根据Farewell’scase可在段三找到答案。A陈述的原因是错误的。73.A信息在第四段。74.C信息在末尾段。只有C不是人们对此类案件态度的改变。75.D整篇文章讲的都是人们对于铁路案件的态度和立场,谈到了他的过去和现状。76.A第二段有TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii’snativepeoplehavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethicgroups.77.C第二段把Hawaii’snativeminority的生活与岛上其他种族做了对比。78.D看第三段。79.B看第四段第二句。原文语句为theofficeofHawaiianaffairs…andwhichhasnowbecomethemoderatefaceofthenativesovereigntymovement,其中moderate即为LESSRADICAL.80.B综合全文可知，他们的要求有“岛内自制”,“脱离美国而独立”以及“拥有领地”。只有B未提及。