python面试题

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Python
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24defprint_directory_contents(sPath):importosforsChildinos.listdir(sPath):sChildPath=os.path.join(sPathsChild)rifos.path.isdir(sChildPath):print_directory_contents(sChildPath)else:printsChildPathᱯ⌕!"#$%•&'(⌕*+஺᝞-᪵/ṹ0123&'(⍳5ᐸ6ᨵḄ(஺•⌴9:ᦪ◤⌕⌴9<=>஺?@ABCᐸḄDᳮᔲᑣAH☢JKLK>ḄMᵨ᪘(callstack)஺•ᡃRSᵨosTᙽVWX*YZ[\,^_`ᑮ[\bcdefghḄ஺AeiṹᑏᡂsChildPath=sPath++sChild,ldmnᙠWindowsX*pq3┯஺•s៉uẠTᙽdwxᨵyzḄld{ẚᾯ~"ᩭ,GoogledAḄ஺᝞-ABCṹḄ⚜0ᜧ஺

25ᢝKISSDᑣ@ᢝᓫᾯ0!!"#$%⚪'B☢ὅVWX*[\ḄuẠ⌴9¡d¢£ᵨᖾ31▅¦"☢Ḅṹᑏ3AO,A1§AnḄᨬ=z஺AO=dict(zip(('a,,'b7c','d','e'),(l,2,3,4,5)))Al=range(lO)A2=[iforiinAlifiinAO]A3=[A0[s]forsinAO]A4=[iforiinAlifiinA3]A5={i:i*iforiinAl}A6=[[i,i*i]foriinAl]ᫀAO={'a':1,'c':3,'b':2,'e':5,'d':4}Al=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]A2=[]

26A3=[1,3,2,5,4]A4=[1,2,3,4,5]A5={0:0,1:1,2:4,3:9,4:16,5:25,6:36,7:49,8:64,9:81}A6=[[0,0],[1,1],[2,4],[3,9],[4,16],[5,25],[6,36],[7,49],[8,64],[9,81]]!"#$%⚪'ᑡ⊤«᪆(listcomprehension)ᓝᑖ⁚°_±²³´ᩭµd+nᜧḄ¶·¸¹஺᝞-A¦ºm»ṹ²e0eᑏ"¼?ᙢz஺ᐸ¾ᑖṹᦑ!ᑏḄÀÀḄ஺Á
AᐳÃḄ´ÄµqᨵÀ´஺32"☢ṹq3ÅÆdeff(xj=[]):foriinrange(x):Lappend(i*i)print(l)f(2)f(3,[3,2,1])

27f(3)Çᫀ%[0,1][3,2,1,0,1,4][0,1,0,1,4]ᕃÊË+n:ᦪMᵨᓝᑖBÌfor5ÍᐜÏH0Ð1ÑÒ§ºÓᑡ⊤I஺IdÔÕḄ'ÖᢣᔣᑁÚÚÛḄ+nᑡ⊤஺ËÜn:ᦪMᵨᙠ+ᙽÝḄᑁÚÞߺÝḄᑡ⊤஺Im_ᢣᔣºÝàᡂḄᑡ⊤஺ÄÏáâÝᑡ⊤ÑÒ0ஹ1Ð4஺²äᔳ஺Ëæn:ᦪMᵨḄç-ᨵ»᜻Àº஺éSᵨºÄêᑁÚᙢᙬÚÛḄìᑡ⊤஺md
ÅÆéḄêínᐗïd0Ð1º஺33A᝞ðñᳮ^᱐/ḄṹÊᫀ'᱐/ñᳮóᑮmn⚪Ḅ_᎛Aö⌕⊤÷ø²ᐶúû§üýþRAd᝞ðSᵨGit(ᡈᐸᨬḄᐹ)᝘᝘Ḅᩭ஺ᡃᔣᵨGit᱐ᑴ"#(VCS),◈ᨵᐸḄ⌱()*᝞subversion(SVN)o!"#(%⚪'

28-.ᨵ᱐ᑴḄ/ṹ)12.ᨵ34Ḅᕸᖹ஺ᨵ7᎛ᡃ9◤⌕ᑏ=>=?ឋḄஹBCDEᡮᣵḄH)IJKLMN᱐ᑴ.ᐵ"஺P᝞Q☢SḄᜧUḄ/ṹ)ᵨ᱐ᑴ"#ᨵᑭḄ஺᱐ᑴWXYZS/ṹ[\]^_`abcdeᐭ]^_bug;gᳮḄijḄNk᱐bl᱐aᙠnoᡂᕒrᑖtu/ṹavwxᐸyᓄᜐᳮ஺|W}~ᑮc⚪Ḅ᱐)ᓫI1ᱯ]஺ᨵᐸḄW஺_=]34“Ღ4⊡"(monkeypatching^Ḅ^_
IJ\ᔩᫀ'“Ღ4⊡”1ᢣ,ᙠᦪᡈS£¤¥¦§¨)©ªᦋ¬|9Ḅl஺®4¯importdatetimedatetime.datetime.now=lambda:datetime.datetime(2012,12,12)ᜧvᑖKLM)IJ°NḄ\--ᦪᙠ/ṹ[rḄlᨬ²³ᢝ=µ஺ᡭ"Ღ4⊡"Ḅ·-BW]¸¹஺mockᒹS»cI¼Ḅ°ᨵY½஺!"#$%⚪J¾SI⚪¿ÀSᓫᐗ¸¹Ḅᨵ=¦]Â஺᝞QÃᑮ⌕ÄÅ“Ღ4⊡")BC¿ÀNÆJÇÈÉÊ/ṹḄËÌᕒ(ÎÏÈ1ᨵIJÐ)Ñ9ᐳÓÔÕÖ×]))Ø

29ÙÚÛBÜÝឋ஺ÞKISS·ᑣṹ¾SI⚪¿ÀÀà=>PythonáâãḄä)ᦪ»▭᝞æçèஹéᵨêê஺ë᜜¯᝞Q.íîmockïᙽḄñ)ÔḄòÇ7óí=í஺Iïᙽôõᨵᵨ஺35▅íM☢Ḅ/ṹ)|Ḅ÷øQ^_classA(object):defgo(self):print"goAgo!"defstop(self):print"stopAstop!"defpause(self):raiseException("NotImplemented")classB(A):defgo(self):super(B,self).go()print"goBgo!"

30classC(A):defgo(self)super(C,self).go()print"goCgo!"defstop(self):super(C,self).stop()print"stopCstop!"classD(B,C):defgo(self):super(D,self).go()print"goDgo!"defstop(self)super(D,self).stop()print"stopDstop!

31defpause(self):print"waitDwait!classE(B,C):passa=A()b=B()c=C()d=D()e=E()#¿ÀMᑡ/ṹḄ÷øQa.go()b.go()c.go()

32d.go()e.go()a.stopOb.stopOc.stopOd.stopOe.stopOa.pause()b.pause()c.pause()d.pauseOe.pause()ᫀ÷øQCÚûḄüä⊤þ:

33a.go()#goAgo!b.go()#goAgo!#goBgo!c.go()#goAgo!#goCgo!d.go()#goAgo!#goCgo!#goBgo!#goDgo!

34jdoisjdojs#idojsvdo;s#Odo^s'Didoisvdots#()dois-qidojsvde4s#()dojs-eio6g06#io6J06#jo6v06#()o6's

35p9juaiu9|diuiJON:uoijd9Dxg…#Ossned'Dp9iu9iu9|dujijo[\]luoitdsDxg…#Ossned'qp9iu9iu9|dujijo|\|:uoijda3xg…#Ossned'eidoisvdo;s#()dojs'9idoisado௃s#idoisjdois#idoisvdo)s#()dojs-p

36d.pauseO#waitDwait!e.pause()#...Exception:NotImplemented!"#$%⚪J
☢ᔣḄḄḄ⌕஺஺⍝⚪ᳮPythonsuperᦪḄᵨ#஺36▅%&☢Ḅ'ṹ)*Ḅ+,-./012classNode(object):def_init_(self,sName):self.JChildren=[]self.sName=sNamedef_repr_(self):return"".format(self.sName)

37defappend(self,*args,**kwargs):self._IChildren.append(*args,**kwargs)defprint_all_l(self):printselfforoChildinself.JChildren:oChild.print_all_l()defprint_all_2(self):defgen(o):IAII=[o,]whileIAII:oNext=lAILpop(O)lAll.extend(oNext.JChildren)yieldoNextforoNodeingen(self):printoNode

38oRoot=Node("root")oChildl=Node("childl")oChild2=Node("child2")oChild3=Node("child3")oChild4=Node("child4")oChild5=Node("child5")oChild6=Node("child6")oChild7=Node("child7")oChild8=Node("child8")oChild9=Node("child9")oChildlO=Node("childlO")oRoot.append(oChildl)oRoot.append(oChild2)oRoot.append(oChild3)oChildl.append(oChild4)

39oChildl.append(oChild5)oChild2.append(oChild6)oChild4.append(oChild7)oChild3.append(oChild8)oChild3.append(oChild9)oChild6.append(oChildlO)#&☢'ṹḄ+,-.oRoot.print_all_l()oRoot.print_all_2()ᫀoRoot.print_all_l()5ᡭᓺ&☢Ḅ-.8

40oRoot.print_all_l()5ᡭᓺ&☢Ḅ-.8

41!"#$%⚪2
Ḅ:;<ᙠ>?ᔠ(composition)B᪀⌼(objectconstruction)஺◤⌕ᨵ?ᔠᡂᑖ᪀ᡂ)IJKLMNOPQRᓄ஺TUVWᑮ⌴Z[ᡂᘤ(generator)Ḅ]ᵨ஺[ᡂᘤ/^Ḅᦪ_`a஺bLcde᪀⌼fghḄᑡ⊤)ᯠlᡭᓺᑡ⊤Ḅᑁn)

42ᨬ¬try'ṹ஺try&Ḅ®᡻)ᑣ᡻elseᙽ'ṹ஺᝞.[)<5᡻᝞.xᙠfinally)ᨬl°/5᡻஺37.Python'pass¥¦ḄIᵨ3deJ8pass5᡻±²³´)fµ´ᓰ¶·ᡈὅº»ᓰ¶)whileFalse:pass38.?Python?range()sᦪḄᵨJ8ᑡ,f?ᦪ_)¼ᵨᙠforinrange஺½¾39.᝞«ᵨPythonᩭ¬®¯°ᣚHᦻ³´µJ8bL]ᵨre¿ᙽḄsub()ᦪᡈὅsubn()ᦪᩭÁÂÃÄᣚ)ÆP:sub(replacement,string[,count=0])(replacement/ÇÄᣚᡂḄᦻª,string/◤⌕ÇÄᣚḄᦻª)count/fgb⌱Êᦪ,ᢣᨬᜧÇÄᣚḄᦪÌ)>>>importre>>>p=re.compile(,blue|white|red,)

43>>>print(p.sub("colour','bluesocksandredshoes'))coloursocksandcolourshoes>>>print(p.sub("colour",'bluesocksandredshoes',count=l))coloursocksandredshoessubn()O#᡻Ḅᦔ.Ïsub()f᪵)e*5ÑÒfgÓÔᦪ?)ᒹÖÄᣚlḄ×ḄطٰᐳÄᣚḄᦪÌ40.Python[☢match()search()Ḅº»J8re¿ᙽmatch(pattern,string],flags])ÛÂstringḄÜᜮ/ᔲBpatternᓛ¤஺re¿ᙽresearch(pattern,string[,flags]),^5stringßàpatternḄáfgᓛ¤z஺>>>print(re.match('super','superstition').span())(0,5)>>>print(re.match('super','insuperable'))None

44>>>print(re.search('super','superstition').span())(0,5)>>>print(re.search('super','insuperable').span())(2,7)41.ᵨPythonᓛ¾HTMLtagḄÃ᎛<.*><.*?>ᨵdeº»J8âãäåᓛ¤(<*>)éäåᓛ¤(<.*?>)ì᝞8test<.*>:test<.*?>:42.Python[☢᝞«ÈᡂÊËᦪJ:random¿ᙽîï᦮ᦪ8random.randint(a,b):ÑÒîï᦮ᦪx,a<=x<=b

45random.randrange(start,stop,[,step]):I^[H]fgòᙠ(start,stop,step)óôḄîï᦮ᦪ)ᒹÖ-õz஺îïöᦪrandom.random():ÑÒ0ᑮ1óôḄ÷yᦪrandom.uniform(a,b)ÑÒᢣøòᑁḄ÷yᦪ஺43.ᨵÌᨵHVᐹ01ÎÏ®ÐpythonḄbug¬☟᝱Ḅṹᑖ᪆J8PyChecker/fgpython'ṹḄ☟᝱ᑖ᪆üᐹ)*bLýþÂÿpythonṹḄbug,ṹḄᩖPylint᜜ᐹcodingstandard44.᝞«ᙠHfunction[☢ÙÚHᐰÜḄ5J!ᙠfunctionḄ#$%ᐭglobal'(deff()globalx45.ᓫßàßáßḄº»

46ᓫ+,-+,.ᦔḄ0᝞2⌕ᣚ0◤⌕6,(\),;+,ᑣ=>ᣚ0?@ᒹBCD᝞2⌕⊤FLet'sgoGH6Iᓫ+,s4=letVsgo'-+,s5="Let'sgo"s6='Irealylike"python"!"GJᓫ+,-+,K⊤FH6IḄLMN46Pythontâã(multi-threading)஺|3HçkèṹJᑡéêëPythonṹ1ì:íḄ஺ᫀPython?PQᢝSTUVWḄXYZ஺Python\]NXYZᒹ0^᝞2_`abXYZcṹḄd0eᵨXYZᒹ?PghU஺Python\ᨵjklGlobalInterpreterLock(GIL)Ḅmn0opqrst᎛_ḄXYZ\0vᨵj᡻஺YZḄ᡻dxyz{0|_}lYZ?᡻Ḅ0^~▭WK᡻஺bGILG⍝ᐵᓱᜐᳮ0᡻Ḅ#├஺GUᕡḼ᝞2_`cṹḄdeᵨthreadingᒹ?PgḄ!஺

47PbᨵXᳮᵫeᡃeᵨthreadingᒹḄ஺᝞2_`t᡻r0@Pὃ⇋ᦔ᳛⚪0eᵨGᒹᐰ¡⚪Ḅ0@¢£஺^ᜧ¥ᑖ§¨©0?PGª«0_¬®XYZḄ¥ᑖ᜜ᒹ¯°±²³ᡂ(ab#µXZ)0ᡈὅ¸¹ᵨ_ḄPythonṹḄ᜜¥Zº(»᝞SparkᡈHadoop),¼ᡈὅ_ḄPythonṹ¹ᵨḄᐸ¾ṹ(»᝞0_ᙠPython\¹ᵨC¿ᦪ0ᵨÁᜐᳮ#├ÂᜧḄXYZ±)஺lÃG⚪MlGILJÄÅmn(A-hole)஺XÆÇÈᜧÉḄtÊ0ËÌÍÎÏÐXYZṹ\ḄÑ⚠,=ᑮ¾(ÔGILḄÕᙠ஺47î?☢Ḅsᦪᢥ᯿᡻ᦔ᳛ôõ᣸÷஺oK>Öᵫo×1zÊḄᦪH᪀ᡂḄᑡ⊤±lÚᐭ஺Gᑡ⊤Û஺Úᐭᑡ⊤ḄF»᝞©[random.random()foriinrange(100000)]_᝞soÜ(ÏÐḄᫀTpḄ஺deffl(IIn):11=sorted(IIn)12=[iforiin11ifi<0.5]return[i*iforiin12]

48deff2(IIn):11=[iforiinIlnifi<0.5]12=sorted(ll)return[i*iforiin12]deff3(IIn):11=[i*iforiinIln]12=sorted(ll)return[iforiin11ifi<(0.5*0.5)]ᫀᢥ᡻ᦔ᳛Þcᑮß᣸ᑡf2ஹflf3⌕Ü(GᫀḄ0_âãä⍝o᝞sᑖ᪆ÏÐṹḄឋç஺Python\ᨵgḄZºᑖ᪆ᒹ0èéG◤ê஺importcProfileIln=[random.randomOforiinrange(lOOOOO)]

49cProfile.run('fl(IIn),)cProfile.run('f2(IIn),)cProfile.run('f3(IIn),)lNᔣᜧì᦮ᙢï(0©☢ᡃ¯Wñᑖ᪆ṹḄÚò2>>>cProfile.run('fl(IIn),)4functioncallsin0.045secondsOrderedby:standardnamencallstottimepercallcumtimepercallfilename:lineno(function)10.0090.0090.0440.044:l(fl)10.0010.0010.0450.045:l()10.0000.0000.0000.000{method'disable'of'Jsprof.Profiler'objects}10.0350.0350.0350.035{sorted}

50>>>cProfile.run('f2(IIn),)4functioncallsin0.024secondsOrderedby:standardnamencallstottimepercallcumtimepercallfilename:lineno(function)10.0080.0080.0230.023:l(f2)10.0010.0010.0240.024:l()10.0000.000o.oocI0.000{method'disable'ofIsprof.Profiler'objects}10.0160.0160.0160.016{sorted}>>>cProfile.run('f3(IIn),)

514functioncallsin0.055secondsOrderedby:standardnamencallstottimepercallcumtimepercallfilename:lineno(function)10.0160.0160.0540.054:l(f3)10.0010.0010.0550.055:l()10.0000.000o.oocI0.000{method'disable'ofJsprof.Profiler'objects}10.0380.0380.0380.038{sorted}lÃG⚪óôõ?ö÷ṹÑ⚠xyᨵøùḄᢈç஺`⌕ûᑏýXcᦔḄṹ0ᨬÿ⌕ᩭ——ᙠ☢Ḅ᝞ᑡ⊤Ḅᐜ᣸!"#᝞$%&ᙠ᣸'ᐜ(⌱*+,-Ḅ./஺ᐸ234᧕6Ḅ7⚪9ᯠ%&+;ា=Ḅ>ᐹᩭ@A஺"#BCDE>ᐹᨵ-ᜐḄ஺

5248.᝞«ᵨPythonᩭ¬®¯°ᣚHᦻ³´µJ%&Iᵨsub()K/ᩭLMNOᣚsubK/ḄQRSTsub(replacement,string[,count=0])replacementUOᣚᡂḄᦻXstring◤⌕UOᣚḄᦻXcountZ[%⌱\ᦪᢣᨬᜧUOᣚḄᦪa49.Python[☢search()match()Ḅº»Jmatch஺bᦪcdeRE3ᙠstringḄfgAhᓛjsearch஺klm᦮[stringLoᓛjpqrmatch஺cᨵᙠ0AhᓛjᡂsḄtᨵu᝞3fgAhᓛjᡂsḄmatch஺qunone50.ᵨPythonᓛ¾HTMLtagḄÃ᎛ø.*ùø.*?ùᨵdeº»J'ὅwxᓛjkyᜮᑮ|ᓛj
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53importrandomrandom.random()kuZ[Ḅ0N1Ḅᦪ1selectpollNepollrᐸᡠᨵḄI/OMḄK/c3;Ḅ☢3B.D[7⚪%ᨵᐭBD[7⚪I/Oᵨᨵ-ḄBCB.ᐸtornadoIᵨḄqepollḄ.Xselectᨵ3[T1.¡ᦪ¢▲2.Loj¤¥᠒3.ᦪ§ᵫᑁ᪶«¬ᑮᵨᡝ᝱pollᦋᗐBZ[epollᦋB±[.2²¥³/

541.ᐜᩭᐜ´µ(FCFS,FirstComeFirstServe)2.¶·¸ᐜ(SJF,ShortestJobFirst)3.ᨬ¹¸ᐜᩗ²¥(PriorityScheduling)4.»ᱏ½(RR,RoundRobin)5.¾¿✄ÁÂ(J²¥(multilevelfeedbackqueuescheduling)»²¥³/T1.ᨬÃÄÅ»¸ᐜEDF2.ᨬÆÇÈ¥¸ᐜLLF3É┝Ë"T1.ÌÍÎÏ2.ÐÑÒ3=Ó⌕ᩩÕT1.Ö×ᩩÕ2.ØÙNÚᢝᩩÕ3.3ᒑÝᩩÕ4.ÞßàᩩÕᜐᳮÉ┝XK/:

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58ᑖ⚓ñᑖÛḄ⌕ãó1.⚓2HIḄᱥᳮᓫ,ᑖ⚓2ìêëôõöᑖ?@÷ᑁÉøᱏú⚪ᡈὅýᑖ⚓2ᵫAZØÿᳮḄ◤⌕•Ḅᓫᨵ᦮Ḅ,ᑖḄḄᙢ!ᐳ#$%ᵨᡝḄ◤⌕.2.⚓Ḅᜧ,-.ᵫ012.3ᙢᙬᑜᑖ⚓67⚓ᑁᙢᙬᵫ9ᘤ;?ᓾA-.,B.CᵨᡝᡠEᑏḄGHIJᵫEKGHᙠMGHNOEKP᪷RḄឋTᩭᑜᑖ.3.ᑖ⚓ḄVWᙢᙬXYZḄ.ᑖḄᙢᙬXY[ZḄ.8⚓☢]ᣚ_`1.ᨬb]ᣚ_`OPT:Acd!2.ᐜNᐜfFIFO3.ᨬgᨬhijᵨ_`LRU:ᨬgPYkᨬhlᨵjᵨmḄ⚓☢no]ᣚ.4.clock_`9pqrs7turspvrsᢣxyz᝱|ᓄPs~io<ᩩ

591ᦪR(DatabaseTransaction),ᢣVᓫVᓫᐗ᡻OḄ0ᑡV⌕ᐰᙢ᡻O⌕ᐰᙢA᡻O஺2ᦪRᦪR⊤ᑡᡈᑡḄNO᣸HḄ᪀jᵨcᦪR⊤Ḅᱯ.஺ᑖ7¡¢ᢥ᯿ᦪR¥¦Ḅᱥᳮ]¨HḄ=¡A᪵ªd«¬OḄ?=¡CᓫOḄ®஺¯₞±http://tech.meituan.com/mysql-index.html3Redis²ᳮ4³´┝7¶´┝¶´┝±Ꮇ.¸s~¹sº»¼½ᑗcd¿ÀᦪR᦮ឋḄV³´┝±ᎷÁA¸s~¹sº»ᙠ«ÂVPÃᔲ¿ÀᦪR᦮ឋ஺5MVCC

60ᜧᦪḄMySQLÅ¥ÆÇ᝞InnoDB,FalconoÉPBXTÊAjᵨËᓫḄO┝9ᑴ஺ÍÎÏÊ7Ð᜜ᵨᩭÒÓ¹sឋḄÔÕ"᱐عsÙᑴ(MVCC)"Ḅ9ᑴᩭÛjᵨ஺MVCCAjᵨᙠMySQLOracle,PostgreSQL,oÉᐸÎÝᦪR01Þß᪵jᵨ஺6MylSAM7InnoDBMylSAM〉ᔠCÝ◤⌕ᜧâÃãḄäᵨåᐸCᨵᜧâᑏV¹A®஺æçè◤⌕updateé᦮⊤ʸÔ┝Ûᩭ,=êḄNG_ëNGÊì`VíᑮëVᡂ஺Ð᜜MylSAMCSELECTCOUNT(*)ðñḄò_óìôḄ஺InnoDBḄõö¸¡J÷ᩖḄ¥ÆÇCÝ,Ḅäᵨ¸ôMylSAMù᠒஺Îûᢝ"O┝"CᙠᑏVôýḄP᎛¸ÿ஺ᢝḄᵨ᝞஺11.ᡝᔣ!ᘤ#〈%&SYNᩭ()%&*+ᡭ-./0Ḅ%1ᑖ஺ᡝ34567Ḅ89:;/<=ᦪA஺

612.!ᘤ@/%&ᔠBḄSYNC〈%&SYN/ACK஺ACKḄDEṹ/A+l,SYN/ACKᒹHIJᨵ%&<=89B஺3.ᨬMᡝN#〈%&ACK஺@!Oᑮ4&ACKḄQ᎛STᡂV0WᐭV67()Y᝱஺[Qᒹ89\:;/ᦈᑮḄDE9A+1,^_ᑣ/B+L2aᢵCPḄ67Ḅc◀◤⌕#〈a&ᒹg[h/aᢵ(four-wayhandshake)஺ᡝᡈ!ᘤᙳk*+#lᢵ+.ᙠsocketnopqr%s᡻uclose஺v.ᓽkxyᢵv.஺(1)ᡝA#〈%&FIN,ᵨᩭᐵ{ᡝAᑮ!ᘤBḄᦪ|}〈஺(2)!ᘤBᦈᑮ4&FIN,~#C%&ACK,DE89/ᦈᑮḄ891஺SYN-᪵%&FINᓰᵨ%&89஺(3)!ᘤBᐵ{ᡝAḄ67#〈%&FINᡝA஺(4)ᡝA#CACKᦻDEDE89:/ᦈᑮ89L3ARPᙢᙬ᪆(AddressResolutionProtocol):᪷|IPᙢᙬᱥᳮᙢᙬḄ%&TCP/IP4uHliburmb2Ḅ

624&☢D@QḄurllib2kPost^urllibk1.urlliburlencodesBᵨᩭGET¡¢£¤Ḅxy^urllib2¥ᨵ஺4¦/rurllib§urllib2%l¨ᵨḄ©g஺2.urllib2k7O%&RequestªḄ«ᩭ:URL¬Ḅheaders,urllib®k7OURL஺4¯ᕡḼ²k³´²ḄUserAgent¢£¤µ஺5PostGetGETM⌨ᢥ¸/ᑵ»¼½POSTᦪ|¾\¿»ÀÁÂÃᘤÄÅÆᵨᡝᦪ|¾\¿»ÀÇ஺GETÈÉkᦈÊPOST/ÈÉkᦈÊ஺GETË\ÌÍPOSTËÌÍ஺GETnÎÏ^^applicati஺n/x-www-folTn-url,POSTni^ϪÑencodedapplication/x-www-form-urlencodedᡈmultipart/form-data/ÒoWᑴᦪ|¨ᵨ¿nṹ஺GETᔊÕÖᦪ×ᶇᙠÂÃᘤᔊÕp஺POSTÖᦪ¾×ÍᙠÂÃᘤᔊÕp஺GETÙᦪ|ÚÛᨵ▲ᑴ@#〈ᦪ|QGETsBᔣURLÝᦪ|;URLḄÚÛ¦O▲ᑴḄÁURLḄᨬᜧÚÛ¦2048&¢£Ç஺POST¼▲ᑴ஺GETàᐕâASCII¢£஺POST¥ᨵ▲ᑴ஺ãᐕâÒWᑴᦪ|஺

63POSTäGETḄåᐰឋèég/ᡠ#〈Ḅᦪ|¦URLḄ%1ᑖ஺ᙠ#〈ëṹᡈᐸíîïðQñ⌕¨ᵨGET!POSTGETåᐰg/Öᦪ¾\×ÍᙠÂÃᘤᔊÕᡈweb!ᘤòóp஺GETḄᦪ|ᙠURLpÙᡠᨵôõ¦köḄ஺POSTḄᦪ|¾÷øᙠURLp஺6CookieSessionCookieSessionùÍᡝ!ᘤúûü¾ýãk×Íᵨᡝþÿ
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640123᪵5web678apacheᓰᵨ:;Ḅᑁ=>?•ᢙABnginxᜐᳮEFGHIJKḄLᢝ:NḄABOPQ'acheᑣJKSḄᙠUABVnginxWᢝX>?XYὑUឋW•[
\]U^_ᙽᓄḄbcᑏ_ᙽ+,\ᓫf)ghapache+,nginxḄ-.:•rewrite,8nginxḄrewritejᜧ_ᙽlNmnoᑮḄpqrᑮ•;bug,nginxḄbug+,sNltu8vwᵨᡝṹ1.xᦻ2.xᦻhashz᝞md53.MD5+Salt|}~saltq4.ᵨ%Bcrypy9HTTP(HTTPS

65HTTPS(ᐰ:HypertextTransferProtocoloverSecureSocketLayer)ᐰ$᪗ḄHTTP⍝\ᓫHTTPḄᐰ᱐஺ᓽHTTPVᐭSSLHTTPSḄᐰmẠSSL,Ḅᑁ◤⌕SSL,URIscheme(᪗¡)£¤¥3http:¡஺ᵨ¦ᐰḄHTTPᦪ¨©ª஺https:URL⊤xᵨ%HTTP,¬HTTPSᙠ3¦HTTPḄ®¯°=/²³´µ(ᙠHTTP·TCP¸)஺~¡¹Ḅᨬ»ẆBᵫv¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄ%²³´µ·Å|¤"ᙠÆÇÈᵨ¦ÉÊvËᐰÌÍḄÅÎ᝞Ï᧕LÑ|☢஺lᦻn©ªÓÔ(HTTP-Hypertexttransferprotocol)ÕÖu%×Øᘤ(ÉÊv67ᘤ¸Ú+ÛḄÖᑣÜᱯv©〈ÉÊvᦻ᫏Ḅᦪ¨©〈ÓÔ஺10XSRF(XSS•CSRF(Cross-siterequestforgery)àwEFá⌼•XSS(CrossSiteScripting)àwãnäåCSRFæ.ᙠEF,XSSæ.ᙠãn11RESTfulç᪀(SOAP,RPC)é₞ëhttp://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2011/09/restful.html12SOAPSOAP(ì$SimpleObjectAccessProtocolḄ✌îïðᑏᓽ\ᓫ,ñòÓÔ)Ïᣚᦪ¨ḄÕÓÔÖᵨᙠbõvöWeb67(webservice)÷,Ïᣚøù᪀Ûú஺SOAP$%\ᓄv⚓67ᘤ(WebServer)üXMLᦪ¨ý÷Ã

66þᦪ¨ÿ⁚ḕᓄ⚓☢ᵨᢥ᯿HTTP⍳XML᡻ᧇᣚ"ᐸ$%&'()*ஹ,-./0஺13RPCRPC(RemoteProcedureCallProtocol)234ᵨ567839:2;<=>?@ABC◤⌕FGHI9:ᢈKḄ஺RPCᎷNOPQRḄSᙠ,᝞TCPᡈUDP,XYZ[ᦪ]஺ᙠOSI9:^_`,RPCabFQRI.ᵨI஺RPC"cdeᒹg9:ᑖijᙠᑁḄᵨlmn᧕஺pq:ABstḄuᜧwx.Qz{|}~4ᵨXᔣRPC஺XFSOA,ᔆᖪὶᔠwebservice,ᑴNFwsdlN|QRsoap.ὶ9SOAᓄXhttp+xml/json.6ᓄ*ᔜ8஺Xᔣ6¡Ḅ¢ᑤᦋ¥&6z7ḄREST*F.¦ᓄḄ§¨RPC->SOAP->RESTful14CGI.WSGICGI6ᵨ9ᐵ6ªwebABᘤ.ᵨḄᵨᡝ3CGIᩭ®¯°᝱ᦪ]ᡈᦻ0³஺CGI67´µ¶Ḅ5·ᵨ¸¹ᡠᨵ'(ᩭᑏᒹgperl,c,luapython³³஺

67WSGI,WebServerGatewayInterface,6Pythonᵨᡈ᪾¾.WebABᘤḄ78WSGIḄᐸ`TÀḄÁ6Âᵨᡝ·ᵨz7Ḅ'(PythonÃᑏÄÅÆ஺16`ÇÈÉᙠGFWÊËÌÍḄᕣᕣ.`ÇÈÉMan-in-the-middleattack,ÏÐᑏXMITM6ᢣÈÉὅÓÔḄuÆᑖÕÖ×µ¶ḄὶØÙÚᣚᐸᡠᦈᑮḄᦪ]"ÔḄuÆÝXÞßàᙠ37´áâḄªÓ¡}ã¡äå)>᦮´çäèÈÉὅéᐰëᑴ஺17clOkì⚪ᡠîclOkì⚪ᢣḄ6ABᘤïᢝᡂᓟ>ó´ôᡝÆḄì⚪õÁ6concurrent10000connectionöõ6clOkö´÷øḄᵫᩭú஺18socketSocket=Ipaddress+TCP/UDP+port19ûüᘤýS₞¨http://web.jobbole.com/84367/ûüᘤýS=ᑴ,ᐸ)ÿ⌕
HTTPḄᑴ᝞Expires;Cache-control

68ExpiresᶍExpiresWebᘤᜮᙠhttp!"#$%&ᘤᙠ'(")*%&ᘤ+,-./%&ᘤ0ᦪ234◤67!஺Cache-controlᶍ9:ᐵ<úCache-Control=ExpiresḄ>ᵨ@ABᢣDE*FGḄᨵᦔ(Jᑴ%&ᘤᔲ-./%&ᘤ0ᦪ2L9MN!ᑮᘤ0ᦪ2஺PQ'Cache-ControlḄ⌱STUVWTXA᝞YZ"VWḄ[ᐸ]ᐜ_`aExpires20HTTP1.0bHTTP1.1c₞:http://blog.csdn.net/elifefly/article/details/39647661.!ᜮHost,@gᘤUghi2.jk.3.ᦻmn:op4.qrstu᝱wᳮ,Cache21AjaxAJAX,AsynchronousJavaScriptandXMLyzḄJavaScriptbXML,=ᙠQ9M{|᦮g⚓☢Ḅ=ᘤᣚᦪ2TMᑖh⚓Ḅᢈ஺

69ᦪ2᪀1᪛᪛=AVLḄAVL⊝᪛ᙠ{ᡈὅᑤ◀⁚:Ḅ"᎛᪷2QZḄ7ᦪ᪛⌕U¡ᵨ¢Ḅ⊝ᩭᣚ0ᑤ⁚:"᎛7ᦪḄ¤¥¡ᡠ,§ᓫ©᝞YªḄᵨ«¬Ḅ7ᦪ®®ᜧa°ᐭbᑤ◀²³⌱SAVL,᝞Y¬°ᐭᑤ◀7ᦪ´µ¶QU·⌱SRB஺1¸▤º⚪/ᦾ¾¿ᢤ@P☘Â@7+,ÃÄ1_¸▤Å+,ÃÄ2_஺!·☘ÂÃÄ@gn_Ḅ¸▤ÆᐳᨵUÈÉÃÊ஺1fib=lambdan:nifn<=2elsefib(n-1)+fib(n-2)ËÌÉÍÎÏÊdefmemo(func):cache={}defwrap(*args):ifargsnotincache:

70cache[args]=func(*args)returncache[args]returnwrap@memodeffib(i):ifi<2:return1returnfib(i-l)+fib(i-2)ËÐÉÏÊ1deffib(n):2a,b=0,13for_inxrange(n):4a,b=b,a+b5returnb2Ñ᝱¸▤º⚪@P☘Â@7+,ÃÄ1_¸▤Å+,ÃÄ2_……ÓÅ+,ÃÄn_஺!·☘ÂÃÄ@gn_Ḅ¸▤ÆᐳᨵUÈÉÃÊ஺fib=lambdan:nifn<2else2*fib(n-1)

713ÔÕ⌚×ᡃÙ+,ᵨ2*1ḄÚÔÕÛḼᡈὅÝḼÞ⌚×TᜧḄÔÕ஺ºᵨng2*1ḄÚÔÕ49ßᙢ⌚×@g2*nḄᜧÔÕÆᐳᨵUÈÉÏÊáË2*ngÔÕḄ⌚×ÏÊaË2*(n-l){ÄË2*(n-2)ḄÏÊ஺f=lambdan:1ifn<2elsef(n-1)+f(n-2)14ᩰãÔ▣åæᙠ@gmçnᑡÌéᦪê«ë@çBᢥ᯿/îᑮï⌴Ḅñò᣸òë@ᑡBᢥ᯿/Äᑮ⌴Ḅñò᣸ò஺ôᡂ@göᦪ÷ᐭø᪵Ḅ@gÌéᦪêb@g᦮ᦪᑨnᦪê«ᔲûᨵ·᦮ᦪ஺5Þ◀ᑡ⊤«Ḅ9ýᐗÿᵨ
ᔠ1list(set(l))ᵨᐺ111=[,b'ûc'ûd'ûb,ûc7a,ûa,]212={}.fromkeys(ll).keys()

723print12ᵨᐺᢝ111=[,b'ûc,ûd,ûb,ûc,,,a,ûa,]212=list(set(ll))312.sort(key=l1.index)4print121II=[,b'ûc,ûd,ûb7cVa7a,]212=[J3[12.append(i)foriin11ifnotiin12]☢ᑮḄ᣸ᯠᑤ◀6⊤ᡂᣚ1->2->3->4ᣚᡂ2->1->4->3.classListNode:def—init_(self,x):self.val=xself.next=NoneclassSolution:

73#@paramaListNode#@returnaListNodedefswapPairs(self,head):ifhead!=Noneandhead.next!=None:next=head.nexthead.next=self.swapPairs(next.next)next.next=headreturnnextreturnhead7ᐺḄ!1"#1diet={'nameTearth','port':'80'}2$ᔆ!Iitems=[(,name'/earth,),('port,,,80,)]2dict2=dict(items)3dictl=dict(([,name,,'earth,],[,portV80,]))3fromkeys()!1diet1={}.fromkeys(('x?y)-1)2dict={,x,:-l,y-l)3dict2={l.fromkeysCfx'/y'))

744dict2={,x,:None,'y':None)8ᔠ&'ᨵᑡ⊤*+,-☢⌕/0-1⌴3def_recursion_merge_sort2(11,12,tmp):iflen(l1)==0orlen(12)==0:tmp.extend(ll)tmp.extend(12)returntmpelse:ifll[0]<12[0]:tmp.append(ll[0])delll[0]else:tmp.append(12[0])del1210]return_recursion_merge_sort2(l1,12,tmp)defrecursion__merge_sort2(l1,12):return_recursion_merge_sort2(11,12,[])456!

75defloop_merge_sort(l1,12):trnp=[]whilelen(ll)>0andlen(12)>0:ifll[0]<12[0]:tmp.append(ll[0])delll[0]else:tmp.append(12[0])del1210Jtmp.extend(ll)tmp.extend(12)returntmp978⊤/79:;<Ḅ☢=>?@ᩭ.classListNode:def—init_(self,x):self.val=xself.next=Nonedefnode(ll,12):length1,lenth2=0,0#üýHþ⊤ÿwhile11.next:

7611=11.nextlength1+=1while12.next:12=12.nextlength2+=I#Ḅ⊤ᐜiflength1>lenth2:for_inrange(length1-length2):11=11.nextelse:for_inrange(length2-length1):12=12.nextwhile11and12:if11.next==12.next:return11.nextelse:11=11.next12=12.next10CᑖEFdefbinarySearch(l,t):low,high=0,len(l)-1whilelow

77printlow,highmid=(low+high)/2ifl[mid]>t:high=midelifHmid]

787greater=qsort([xforxinseq[l:]ifx>=pivot])8returnlesser+fpivot]+greater910if_name—==,—main—11seq=[5,6,78,9,0,-1,2,3,-65,12]12print(qsort(seq))12FGH⚪defcoinChange(values,money,coinsUsed):#valuesᦪ#valuesCountsḄᦪ#moneyᩭḄᦪ#coinsUsedᦪiᡠᵨḄᦪforcentsinrange(1,money+1):minCoins=cents#!"#ᑮmoneyḄᡠᨵ&'(#fbrvalueinvalues:ifvalue<=cents:temp=coinsUsed[cents-value]+1iftemp

79values=[25,21,10,5,1]money=63coinsUsed={i:0foriinrange(money+l)}coinChange(va!ues,money,coinsUsed)13JKLᔊNOKLᔊC8᪛QRS'ᦪU=᪀C8᪛=WᢥYZᡭᓺ]'C8᪛##14/0᪛⁚3classNode(object):def_init_(self,data,left=None,right=None):self.data=dataself,left=leftself.right=righttree=Node(l,Node(3,Node(7,Node(0)),Node(6)),Node(2,Node(5),Node(4)))##15456ᔊdeflookup(root):stack=[root]whilestack:current=stack.pop(O)printcurrent.dataifcurrent.left:

80stack.append(current.left)ifcurrent.right:stack.append(current.right)##1686ᔊdefdeep(root):ifnotroot:returnprintroot.datadeep(root.left)deep(root.right)if_name_==*_main_lookup(tree)deep(tree)17^_LᔊOKLᔊᦋabOKc18/ᨬᜧ᪛O1defmaxDepth(root):2ifnotroot:3return04returnmax(maxDepth(root.left),maxDepth(root.right))+1

8119/&f᪛gᔲij1defisSameTree(p,q):2ifp==Noneandq==None:3returnTrue4elifpandq:5returnp.val==q.valandisSameTree(p.left,q.left)andisSameTree(p.right,q.right)6else:7returnFalse20^_/defrebuild(pre,center):ifnotpre:returncur=Node(pre[()])index=center.index(pre[O])cur.left=rebuild(pre[l:index+1J,center[:index])cur.right=rebuild(pre[index+1:],center[index+1:])returncurdefdeep(root):ifnotroot:return

82deep(root.left)deep(root.right)printroot.data21ᓫ⊤⌮mclassNode(object):defߟinit_(self,data=None,next=None):self.data=dataself.next=nextlink=Node(l,Node(2,Node(3,Node(4,Node(5,Node(6,Node(7,Node(8,Node(9)))))))))defrev(link):pre=linkcur=link.nextpre.next=Nonewhilecur:tmp=cur.nextcur.next=prepre=curcur=tmpreturnpreroot=rev(link)

83whileroot:printroot.dataroot=root.nextPythonWebiᐵ9:;WSGI?CGIᐰpg"rᐳtᐵ#u"(CommonGatewayInterface),HTTPvwᘤyzḄᡈᐸ}~ᘤḄ-“7"ḄS$ᐹ=ᐸ-ᙠtvwᘤ஺CGIᵨS0ᑏ=⌕]ᐹᨵ᪗ᐭஹ@N5᛻a஺᝞php,perl,tcl஺FastCGIgS'(long-live)ḄCGI,}S"᡻Ḽ=⌕¢£=¤¥¦Z§⌕¨©ª«:forkSZ(]gCGIᨬ®¯°Ḅfork-and-execute±²)஺}´µᢝᑖ¶²Ḅ6=ᓽFastCGI-ᙠt¸vwᘤ᜜Ḅº~᡻W#»ᩭ¼ᐸ}t¸vwᘤᩭḄ½/஺FastCGIg¾ᐵḄஹ¿ÀÁ᪀ḄCGIÂÃ᡽Å=ᐸº⌕gÆCGIÇÈᘤ-ᢝᙠᑁÊ_ËÌÍÎÏÐḄឋÒ஺Óᡠᕜ*=CGIÇÈᘤḄÖ×ØÙgCGIឋÒÚÛḄº⌕ÜË=᝞ÝCGIÇÈᘤᢝᙠᑁÊ_#»FastCGI-ÞᳮᘤK=ᑣáâãḄឋÒஹ¿ÀឋஹFail-Overᱯឋ஺

84WSGIḄᐰpåPythonWebServerGatewayInterfacevl.OPythonWebvwᘤtᐵ#uæ=}gPythonçᵨ-NWEBvwᘤè«ḄS#u஺}Ḅéᵨ=êëìFCGIᡈFASTCGIèêḄíîḄéᵨ஺WSGIḄï᪗=g⌕ðS'ñᓫḄòL〉ᵨḄvwᘤyWEB᪾Áè«Ḅ#u஺FlupbgõᵨPythonWSGIḄSö÷=gᵨìPythonḄçᵨÂø_ḄS$ᐹᡈὅúgSû஺Spawn-fcgigS'ü-=]'-ḄéᵨgÞᳮfast-cgi-=ýþÞᳮwsgi-ÿ
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