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28ᣚVDMexchange-compressionstrokeCdeadcenterCtopdeadcenter(upperdeadcenter)Clowerdeadcenter(bottomdeadcenter)Csbudc(beforeupperdeadcenter)Ctatdc(aftertopdeadcetner)Csbbdc(beforebottomdeadcenter)Ctabdc(afterbottomdeadcenter)`3cylinderbore`3MboreandstrokeVenergychamberV`◣¢cylinderclearancevolume:£¢
29combustionchambervolumeV`ᨬᜧ¢maximumcylindervolumeDcompressionchamberV¥displacement6)7¥enginedisplacementbc¥pistonsweptvolumeV`¥cylindercapacityᓫ¥single-chambercapacity¢§volumetryD¨compressionratio©ªD¨criticalcompressionratio¨expansionratio☢¨surfacetovolumeratio
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32ᑴ)³᳛brakehorsepowerᑴ)^ᦔ᳛brakethermalefficiency»ᦔ᳛overallefficiencyÂ▲³᳛smokelimitinghorsepower³᳛Åpowercurve7ÆÇᜫmechanicalloss7Æᦔ᳛mechanicalefficiencyᨵᦔ^ᦔ᳛effectivethermalefficiencyᐙVÀᦪvolumetricefficiency¥VÀᦪcoefficientofexcessair〉ឋÀᦪadaptivecoefficient±²〉ឋÀᦪcoefficientoftorqueadaptibilityÊ〉ឋÀᦪ
33speedadaptivecoefficientËᓄÀᦪcoefficientofintensification᪥ÍÀᦪcorrectionfactorᣚÎÀᦪconversionfactorbc¬ᙳÊÏmeanpistonspeed6)7Êenginespeed(rotationalfrequency)ងÊÊidlingspeedÑÒÊeconomicspeedÓ)ÊstartingspeedᨬÔ-.Êlowestcontinuousspeedwithloadᨬᜧ±²ÊspeedatmaximumtorqueᨬÕÊmaximumnoloadgovernedspeedÖÊsoeedaovernina
34×ÊoverspeedងÊidlingÊØ)᳛speedfluctuationrateÙworkingcondition(operatingmode)¶.ÙdeclaredworkingconditionÚÙvariableworkingcondition-.ÙsteadyworkingconditionÛno-loadᐰÝ₹fullload×Ý₹overloadßᑖÝ₹partloadᐙ¥(UV)chargeKãᔣ
35directionofrotationå┐clockwise⌮┐counter-clockwisevleft-handrotationxright-handrotation3majordiameteru3pitchdiameterᑁ3minordiameter3ᔣ◣radialclearance6)7ឋengineperformanceéÛឋloadingperformanceÓ)ឋstartingperformanceéÊឋaccelerationoerformance
36) ឋpowerperformanceêឋemissionperformanceᱯឋnoloadcharacteristicsÝ₹ᱯឋpartthrottlecharacteristicsÖÊᱯឋgovernorcontrolcharacteristicsëᨵᱯឋmappingcharacteristics-.ÖÊ᳛steadystatespeedgoverningrateV`ìíV`îcylinderblockandheadV`ìcylinderblockìð⌼castinblock(castenblock)6)7òenginebonnetV`ìéËóengineblockstiffeningribV`
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38wetcylinderlinerV`Rᝅwaterjacketcexpansionplug■ÿ freezeplugcylinderwallringridgeexhaustport◞intermediatebottumguidewayᡂgeneratingradiusoperatingwidthcolumn combustionchamber
39 maincombustionchamber subsidiarycombustionchamber⚜ prechamber! 'swirlcombustionchamberᑖ$% dividedcombustionchamber!% turbulencecombustionchamberᳫ' hemisphericalcombustionchamber()' bathtubsectioncombustionchamberL' L-combustionchamberᬪ' wedge-sectioncombustionchamber$% opencombustionchamber+,-. closedspraychamber/ ⚔ᑁ
40pistonchamberᰦ3 explosionchamber 456volumeratioofcombustioncahmber 6surface-volumeratioofcombustionchamber7⍝☢56arearatioofcombustionchamberpassage:;<7crankcasebreather=>;;?@camshaftbearingbushseatABC> Dcamshaftdrive(gear)cover:;Lflvwheelcover
41MNᘤscavengingairreceiver/ pistonPQ$R/ splitskirtpistonU'R/ U-slotpistonSTUV/ knurledpistonᙊ⚔/ domeheadpistonX⚔/ flatheadpiston=⚔/ crownheadpiston(convexheadpiston)Y⚔/ concaveheadpiston▤[⚔/ step-headpiston\'/ trunkpiston]ᙊ'/ ovalpistonᢙ_`'/
42autothermicpistona`◣/ constantclearancepiston╨defᱏ/ invarstrutpistonhijᓾ%/ direct-cooledpistonijᓾ%/ indirectcooledpistonlP/ slipperpiston/ mpistonspeed/ ⚔Qpistonhead/ PQpistonskirt/ Psolidskirt/ Pᜧqrpistonskirtexpanderls%/ Pslipperskirt◞_Rheatdam
43/ ᪗upistonmark/ ├pistonpin/ ├Gpistonpinboss/ ├qᝅpistonpinbushingᐰy%/ ├full-floatingpistonpiny%/ ├semifloatingpistonpinzA{┑%/ ├setscrewpistonpin/ pistonring}ᔠ%/ compoundpistonring/ concentricpistonring/ eccentricpistonringᵫfreering,ᔠ
44closedring['keystonering['halfkeystonering'rectangularringoilcontrolring$Rslottedoilcontrolring{rᚁcoilspringloadedslottedoilcontrolringexpanderᚁdoublebevelledoilcontrolringᑁᚁinternalbeveltopᑁᚁinternalbevelbottomᚁbevelled-egeoilcontrolringscraooerrina
45'napierring╄/ chromeplatedpistonring/ qpistonringexpander/ Rpistonringgroove/ ringzone/ pistonringland/ ᑁ⊤☢backofring:ᩚ᪀connectingrod:ᩚ᪀central-locatedconnectingrod:ᩚ᪀offsetconnectingrodi:ᩚ᪀hingedconnectingrodᩚconnectingrodᩚᜮ
46connectingrodsmallendᩚᜧᜮconnnectingrodbigendᩚᩚconnectingrodshank ᩚslaveconnectingrod'ᩚfork-and-bladeconnectingrod ᩚmainconnectingrod¡'ᩚboxedrod¢£%ᩚhingedtypeconnectingrod/⁚%ᩚarticulatedconnectingrodᩚHconnectingrodcapᩚ;?connectingrodbearing:;crankshaft%:;one-oiececrankshaft
47}ᔠ%:;assembledcrankshaft¥¦:;right-handcrankshaft§¦:;left-handcrankshaftᦋ`©ªḄ:;strokedcrankshaft:;¬crankshaftfrontend:; ;⚠crankshaftmainjournal;⚠¯°shaftjournaloverlapᙊ±fillet ;?mainbearing:;²³;?crankshaftthrustbearingↈµ;ethinwallbearingshell:;⍝crankshaftoilpassage:
48crank:µcrankarm:├crankpin;ᝅbush:±crankangle:crankradius¶ᙌoilslander±>degreewheel¸X⊝dynamicbalancerX⊝¯balancerweightº»¼»ᘤtorshionalvibrationdamperº»X⊝ᘤtorsionbalancer½»X⊝ᘤharmonicbalancer
49»¸X⊝ᘤvibrationbalancer:;£>crankshaftsprocket;⚠rotorjournal;eccentricshaft:;flywheelK>CᙌflywheelringgearK>ÁÂcantileverK>Á;flywheelspindleK>ḄÃÄflywheelmomentofinertiaK>᪗uflywheelmarkÅÄÆÇ
50equivalentsystemÅÄ;ÈequivalentshaftlengthÉÊËVÃឋÍreciprocatinginertiaforce,1storderÎÊËVÏឋÍreciprocatinginertiaforce,2ndorderÐÃឋÍcentrifugalinertiaforceÑ᪀valvegear=>;camshaft=>cam%=>;one-piececamshaft}ᔠ%=>;assembledcamshaft=>;Ò¸᪀camshaftdriveÓÔᵨ=>;racecamshaft=>;;⚠camshaftbearinaiournal
51=>;;?camshaftbearing=>;>camshafteccentric=>;£>camshaftsprocket=>;ÖBC>camshafttiminggear=>;C>camshaftgearwheel×=>inletcam=>ØÔÙÚ(2)ÛᜐÝÞὅÝswm45100FanEàáâãä2004-5-2714:07:30C>intermediategear(countergear) ;C>countershaftgear ;countershaft`mᘤåᐭ;transmissionimputshaft`mᘤåÛ;
52transmissionoutputshaft`mᘤ ¸C>;transmissiondrivegearshaft`mᘤ ;transmissionmainshaft`mᘤ;transmissioncountershaft`mᘤ;Ḅèrigidityofshaft`mC>6`m6transmissiongearratioé¸6gearratio êÍlinepressureëᑴêÍmodulatedpressureíîëᑴêÍvacuummodulatorpressuremïêÍgovernorpressureðñêÍcompensatorortrimmerpressure▲êÍholdoresure
53¬ôfrontpump(inputpump)õÍ鸿ÀᐙêÍhydrodynamicunitchangepressure÷ôgearpump(outputpump)øôscavengeoilpumpëê▀pressure-regulatorvavleᵯû▀ëê▀solenoidregulatorvalveõÍ`ᘤü7▀converterbypassvalvemï▀governorvalve⌱▀selectrovalveᣚ▀shiftvalveÿ ▀signalvalve▀relayvalveᣚᢣᘤ
54shiftpatterngeneratorᢣᘤshiftindicator(shifttorwer)ᐜ▀priorityvalve▀flowvalve▀overlapvalveᘤᑴ▀retardercontrolvalvefluidstartstallstart ᘤ┝ converterlockupᐰ!"ᣚ#$hydraulicautomaticcontrolsystemᵯ&"ᣚ#$electronic-hydraulicautomatiecᣚshiftᓣ□□shift
55(downshiftᣚpowershfitᓫᔣ+ᔠᘤᣚfreewheelshfit-.ᣚmanualshfit"ᣚautomaitcshfitᢓᑴᣚinhibitedshift0▲ᣚoverrunshift2ᑴᣚforcedshiftᣚ3shiftpoint4ᱏ6bladeangleshiftᣚ78shifthysteresisᣚ9:shiftscheduleᣚ;<
56processofpowershiftᣚ=>timingᣚ?@propertyofautomaticshiftᣚABpropertyofautomaticshftᣚᐗDengagingelementᣚE᪀gearshiftGHᩚcontrollever ᩚstickshift(gearshiftlever)(K ᘤ) ᩚrangeselector Mshiftingfork(gearshiftfork)ᑖOPᑴᩚtransfergearshiftfork QRgearshiftpedal S(TM⍝S)shiftrail
57VW directchange(directcontrol)XᔣY& columnshift(handlechange)ᢥ[ᑴfinger-tipcontrol\ gatechangeb248b24807-09-0812:23]^neutralpositionVW_directdrive`topgear(highgear)abottomgear(lowspeedgear)bcfirstgearbdsecondgear0overdirveaear
58efeconomicgear᎔reversegearhicreepergear_ᱯឋdriveperformancelmᱯឋcoastperformance?nᐭp ᱯឋconstantinputtorqueperformanceᐰqrᱯឋfullthrottleperformancestᜫᱯឋnoload(parasiticlosses)performancevwᱯឋprimarycharacteristicxyᱯឋresponsecharacteristicᔾᦈᱯឋabsorptioncharacteristicᐰᱯឋtotalexternalcharacteristicnᐭᱯឋ
59characteristicofenhancen|ᱯឋcharacteristicofexit ᱯឋtorquefactor(coefficientofmoment)=}#ᦪoverloadingratio #ᦪtorqueratio#ᦪcapacityfactorrgeometrysimilaritykinematicsimilaritydynamicsimilarityឋtransparencyᔣ⁚universaljointanddriveshaftᔣ⁚universaljointᔣ⁚nonconstantvelocityuniversalioint
60ᔣ⁚constantvelocityuniversaljointᔣ⁚nearconstantvelocityuniversaljoint"&ᔣ⁚self-supportinguniversaljoint"&ᔜ⁚nonselfsuportinguniversaljoint6Vswingdiameter☢constantvelocityplaneᔣ⁚ᜳtruejointangleᓝ&ᔣ⁚cardan(hookes)universaljointᔣ⁚MyokeMflangeyorkMslipyoke⁚⁚slipjoint¡¢
61slipshaftyoke£M(¤WM)tube(weldyoke)ᓝcross(spider)ᓝ¥ᡂcrossassemblyᢰឋᐗD¥ᡂflexibleuniversaljointᳫ├&ᔣ⁚flexiblememberassemblyª«\¬housingᳫ:ballᳫᜮballheadᳫᜮ┑button¯°ᳫ±centeringballandseatᳫ²&ᔣ⁚rzeppauniversaljoint³´¬outerrace
62µ¶ᝅinnerrace¸ᢝºcage»ᔣ¼Ḅᳫ²&ᔣ⁚plungingconstantvelocityjoint¾´¬cylinderouterrace«´¿⍝µ´ᝅinnerracewithcylinderballgroovesÀ°¸ᢝºnon-concentriccage¿¡ᳫ²&ᔣ⁚ballsplinerzeppauniversaljoint¬outerhousingᑁ¬ÃinnerhousingᳫM&ᔣ⁚weissuniversaljointᳫMballyoke?°ÄᳫcenteringballÅᳫ├ᔣ⁚
63tripoduniversaljointÅ«\¬housingÅ├ºspiderªὶᔣ⁚doublecardanuniversaljointÇᙽ&ᔣ⁚tractsuniversaljointÇᙽMforkyoke\ÇᙽtongueandgroovecouplijngÊ\Çᙽgroovecouplingdriveshaft(propellershaft)#driveline´&driveshafttypeËᔣ⁚Ḅtwo-jointinboardslipddiveshaftËᔣ⁚Ìtwoiointouboardsliodriveshaft
64ᓫᔣ⁚singlejointcouplingshaftÍᔠ&unitizeddriveshaftÎᘤdriveshaftabsorber¯Ïdriveshaftcenterbearing£¤WᔠDwelddriveshafttubeassemblyᱯÐÑÒdriveshaftlengthÓÎÔÕresonantnoiseofriveshaftḄÖ×6criticalspeedofdriveshaft¥ᡂḄ⊝balanceofdriveshaftassemblyᐕÚslipphaseangleÛᐰᙌdriveshaftsafetystrap_
65driveaxle(drivingaxle)Þ¶typeßà&_dividedaxleáâãº&_rigiddirveaxleáâãº&_independentsuspensiondriveaxle6ᔣ_steeringdriveaxleäå&_tandemaxles“Å”äå"three-speed"tandemaxlesᓫ_singledriveaxleè_multiaxledriveᘤreduceréᘤfinaldriveᓫêéᘤsinalereductionfinaldrive
66ªêéᘤdoublereductionfinaldriveë^&ªêéᘤfrontmounteddoublereductionfinaldrive8^&ªêéᘤrearmounteddoublereductionfinaldriveì^&ªêéᘤtopmounteddoublereductonfinaldriveiµíî&ªêéᘤplanetarydoublereductionfinaldriveäå&éᘤthru-driveªéᘤtwospeedfinaldriveiµíî&ªéᘤtwospeedplanetaryfinaldriveªêªéᘤtwospeeddoublereductionfinaldriveîïᘤwheelreductor(hubreductro)iµᙊ«íî&îïᘤplanetarywheelredactoriµ┵íî&îïᘤdifferentialgearedwheelreductor(bevelepicyclickhubreductor)òᔠᙊ«íî&îïᘤ
67spurgearedwheelreductoróᘤdifferential┵íî&óᘤbevelgeardifferentialᙊ«íî&óᘤspurgeardifferential■&óᘤlimited-slipdifferentialõöᱏ&"┝óᘤmulti-discself-lockingdifferentialÇîᙽ"┝óᘤself-lockingdifferentialwithsideringandradialcamplate"+ᔠ&"┝óᘤautomotivepositivelockingdifferential2ᑴ┝ &óᘤlockingdifferential!óᘤhydraulicdifferentialÏóᘤinteraxialdifferentialóᘤ¬differentialcarrieer(case)é(íîfinalreductionaear
68_÷axleratio¥÷totalreductionratioé(íî÷finalreductiongearratioªíîdoublereductiongearóᘤéíîdifferentialpinion-shaftóᘤÌíîdifferentialsidegeariµíîspidergear(planetarypinion)øù┵íîspiralbevelgearªú☢íîhypoidgearûüíᑴgleasontoothᝍÿ ᑴoerlikontooth┵ᦪnumberofteethinbevelgearsandhypoidgears┵
69facewidthoftoothinbevelgearsandhypoidgears☢┵planebevelgearᝍᡲoctoidform⚔┵contrategear☢circulartoothcontact◣backlashincirculartoothᘤᓝdifferentialspiderᘤ┝ ᪀differentiallocking-deviceᘤ┝ ᦪdifferentiallockingfactorᘤ carrierbearing axlehousing#$ banjohousing%ᑖ$ trumoet-tvoeaxlehousina
70'ᔠ$ unitizedcarrier-typeaxlehousing)ᑖ$ splithousing*+, press-weldingaxlehousing-.0 expandedtubeaxlehousing1+, forgeweldingaxlehousing#2⌼$ castrigidaxlehousing4axleshaftᐰ6$4full-floatingaxleshaft46$4semi-floatingaxleshaft7ᑖ896$4three-quarterfloatingaxleshaft:;ᨬᜧ▬Ḽ@Asliptorque:;BC₹EFratingaxlecapactiy:;GH
71driveaxleratio:;IJdriveaxlemassᓫL$;single-jointswingaxleNO$;doublejointswigaxlePQ suspensionsystemPQsuspensionR typeSTUPQrigidaxlesuspensionTUPQindependentsuspension⊝PQequalizingtypeofsuspension'ᔠ$PQcombinationsuspension%WXYPQ
