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1、ThePsychologyofEvilbyPhilipZimbardo-StanfordUniversityDistinguishedLectures/SpecialTopicsOurtopictodayisanuglyone,onethatweallhatetothinkabout,toreadabout,tolistento.ItisEvil.Itisnotpleasanttothinkaboutthenatureofevil,ofcollectiveviolence,ofgenocide,ethniccleansing,massrape,brutaltort
2、ures,andbestialactsofhumanagainsthumanthatchallengeourbasicconceptionofhumannature. FromearlyChristianhistoryandthepersonificationofLuciferastheembodimentofevil,thedispositionalanalysisofevilhasfocusedanalyticalattentiononidentifyingthoseindividualswhoareevilbynature,andindeedther
3、earesomepeoplewhohavedirectedcollectiveviolence,suchasHitler,Stalin,IdiAmin,andPolPot.Butthoseevilmenaredead,yetevilcontinues.Itismoreprofitable,Ibelieve,forustofocusouranalyticalenergiesonunderstandingtheirfollowers--whytheykilledfortheirleaders,orwhy,oncetheystartedthekilling,theirl
4、eadersbecameirrelevant,andthatoncethemachineryofmassmurderhadbeeninstalledandlubricated,itrequiredonlypersistentdedicationtoone'sjobandtheknowledgethatitisbeingexecutedeffectively.Wedon'tneedevildemonsforthosedeeds,onlycompliantworkersorwillingsoldiers. Whatisthatline,thatcosmicbo
5、undary,thatonecrossestogofrombeingagoodperson,adutifulcitizen,toamassmurdererwithnoconscienceforevildeedsandnoremorsefordestroyinghumanlives?Andhowisthislinemaintained?Whatwouldittakeforyoutoslideacrossit?Wewanttobelieveitisimpermeable,withushereforeverandthemovertherepermanently,when
6、infact,thatlineispermeable--wegoodonescouldbecomethosebadones. MymodesttaskistooutlinesomeofthepsychologicalprocessesthatIbelieveareinvolvedinhumanevil,morespecifically,tosharewithyousomeideasIhaveaboutthesocialpsychologicalstrategiesandtacticsthatcanfacilitatethetransformationofg
7、ood,oratleastordinary,peopleintomonsters,whoareperpetratorsofevil.Itrytocounteractthefundamentalattributionerror,thehumantendencytooveremphasizethedispositionalwhilesimultaneouslyunderplayingthesituational.Idosobydemonstratingthatseeminglytrivialaspectsofsocialsituationscaninfluenceou
8、rbeha
