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1、Text1 Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatemonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamstha
2、tfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevermorepronounced. Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a）certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b）winterbornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreases
3、soccerstamina;c）soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d）noneoftheabove. AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiedn
4、uclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigit
5、spanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.” Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercise
6、thananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliber
7、atepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome. Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includin
8、gsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresults
