国际分工中的波兰[文献翻译]

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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译原文：TheNewcompetitionandNewEconomy:PolandintheInternationalDivisionofLabor出处：EUROPE-ASIASTUDIESVol.59,No.5,July2007,761–777作者：JANEHARDY1.UneventransformationandtheriseoftheneweconomyInthelast15yearsthePolisheconomyhasundergoneaprofoundrestructuringwhichhasfallenintoroughlythreeph

2、ases.Intheearlytomid-1990sexposuretotheinternationaleconomymeantthebankruptcyandclosureoflargestateownedenterprises(SOEs)andinsomecaseswholesectors,textilesforexamplebeingoneoftheworstaffected.ThecollapseoftheSovietUnionandthedisbandingofitstradingsystem(CMEA)4meantthedisappearanceofthema

3、inmarketforrelativelyadvancedtechnologicalgoods,whichaffectedkeysectorsoftheeconomy,dinparticular.In1999,theso-called‘secondwave’ofreformsintroducedthemarketintopublicservicesandrestructuredwelfarewithprofoundimplicationsforworkersandusersaclike(Kolarska-Bobin′ska2000;Stunning&Hardy2005).

4、Themostdramaticofthesereformswasinthehealthservice,whichresultedinhospitalclosuresandjoblossesofnearly27.1%between1995and2003(seeTable1).By2006,thethirdroundofrestructuringwasunderway,primarilyinareasstipulatedbyEUcompetitionpolicy,whichhasfocusedontelecommunications,airlines,railwaysandt

5、hepostoffice.Table1showthattheimpactofthisrestructuringhasbeenhighlyunevenbetweensectors,reflectingtheirdegreeofcompetitivenessandtheirabilitytointegratewiththeglobaleconomy.Italsoreflectstheimportanceofnewprioritiesandfunctionsnecessaryforamoderncapitalisteconomy.Theunevennessofrestructu

6、ringhasbeenreflectedinunevendistributionalimpactsoftransformationintermsof-11-regions,localities,socialclassandgender(Dunford&Smith2000;Petrakos2001;Heidenreich2003;WorldBank2004;Skolt2001;Slavic2000).Paceetal.(2004)pointtotheparadoxofincreasingpovertyandinequalityalongsidewhatisconsidere

7、dtobegoodgrowthandsoundeconomicfundamentalsWhilethenumberofpeoplelivingbelowthesubsistencelinewas6.4%in1994thisfigurehadrisento11.8%by2004(GUS2005).By2004theaveragerateofUnemploymentwas20%,althoughinsomepartsofPolandandforyoungpeoplethisfigurewasfarhigher.Thetwosect