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1、LanguageinSociety27,439±458.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaLanguagepolicy,languageeducation,languagerights:Indigenous,immigrant,andinternationalperspectivesNANCYH.HORNBERGERGraduateSchoolofEducationUniversityofPennsylvaniaPhiladelphia,PA19104-6216nancyh@gse.upenn.eduABSTRACTIndigenousla
2、nguagesareundersiege,notonlyintheUSbutaroundtheworld±indangerofdisappearingbecausetheyarenotbeingtransmittedtothenextgeneration.Immigrantsandtheirlanguagesworldwidearesimi-larlysubjectedtoseeminglyirresistiblesocial,political,andeconomicpres-sures.Thisarticlediscussesanumberofsuchcases,in
3、cludingShawandawafromtheBrazilianAmazon,QuechuaintheSouthAmericanAndes,theEastIndiancommunitiesofSouthAfrica,KhmerinPhiladelphia,Welsh,Maori,TurkishintheUK,andNativeCalifornianlanguages.Atatimewhenphraseslikeªendangeredlanguagesºandªlinguicismºareinvokedtodescribetheplightoftheworld'svani
4、shinglinguisticresourcesintheirencounterwiththephenomenalgrowthofworldlanguagessuchasEnglish,thecasesre-viewedhereprovideconsistentandcompellingevidencethatlanguagepol-icyandlanguageeducationserveasvehiclesforpromotingthevitality,versatility,andstabilityoftheselanguages,andultimatelypromo
5、tetherightsoftheirspeakerstoparticipateintheglobalcommunityonandintheirownterms.(Endangeredlanguages,immigrantlanguages,indigenouslanguages,languagerevitalization,linguicism)*Indigenousandimmigrantlanguagesareunderattack,aroundtheworld,sub-jectedtoseeminglyirresistiblesocial,political,and
6、economicpressures.Yet,althoughscholarsusephraseslikeªendangeredlanguagesº(Haleetal.1992)andªlinguicismº(Phillipson1992)todescribethissituation,thereisalsoaccumu-latingevidencethatlanguagepolicyandlanguageeducationcanserveasvehi-clesforpromotingthevitality,versatility,andstabilityofthesela
7、nguages.Thisarticleconsiderstheroleofpolicyandeducationinlanguagerightsandrevital-izationeffortsaroundtheworld,takingupcasesofindigenouslanguages(andtheirvitality),immigrantlanguages(andtheirversatility),andinternationallan-guagerights(andtheirstability)inturn.Eachs
