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1、September-OctobeT1988ManagementandtheWorld'sWDrkbyPeterEDruckerhenMarxwasbeginningworkonDasKapitalintheearly1850s,thephenomenonofmanagementwasun-Wknown.Soweretheenterprisesthatmanagersrun.ThelargestmanufacturingcompanyaroundwasaMan-chester,Englandcottonmillemployingfewertha
2、n300people,ownedhyMarx'sfriendandcoUahoratorFriedrichEngels.AndinEngels'smill-oneofthemostprofitahlehusinessesofitsday-therewereno"managers,"onlyfirst-linesupervisors,orchargehands,whowereworkersthemselves,eachenforcingdisciplineoverahandfuloffellow"proletarians."Rarelyinhu
3、manhistoryhasanyinstitutionemergedasfastasmanagementorhadasgreatanimpactasquickly.Inlessthan150years,managementhastransformedthesocialandeconomicfahricoftheworld'sdevelopedcountries.Ithascreatedaglohaleconomyandsetnewrulesforcountriesthatwouldparticipateinthatecon-omyasequa
4、ls.Andithasitselfbeentransformed.Tobesure,thefundamentaltaskofmanagementremainsthesame;tomakepeoplecapahleofjointperformancebygivingthemcommongoals,commonvalues,therightstructure,andtheongoingtraininganddevelopmenttheyneedtoperformandtorespondtochange.Buttheverymeaningofthi
5、staskhaschanged,ifonlyhe-Thetiulyimportantcausetheperformanceofmanagementhasconvertedtheworkforcepioblemsmanagersfromonecomposedlargelyofunskilledlaborerstooneofhighlyeducatedknowledgeworkers.facecomefromtheFewexecutivesareawareofthetremendousimpactmanagementsuccessesofhash
6、ad.Indeed,agoodmanyarelikeM.Jourdain,thecharacterinmanagementitself.Moliere'sLeBourgeoisGentilhomme,whodidnotknowthathespokeprose.Theyharelyrealizethattheypractice-ormispractice-management.Asaresult,theyareill-preparedforthetremendouschallengesthatcomeuponthem.Forthetrulyim
7、portantproblemsPeterF.Druckei,theMarieRankinClarkeProfessorofSocialSciencesandManagementattheCiaremontGraduateSchool,isknownthrough-outtheworldforhisworkonmanagementpracticeandthought.Thisishistwenty-fiftharticleinHBR;thefirstappearedin1950.HARVARDBUSINESSREVIEWSeptember-Oc
8、tober198865MANAGEMENTmanagersfacedonotcomefromtechnologyorpolitics.Theydonotorigin