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1、第一课Cytoplasm:TheDynamic,MobileFactory细胞质：动力工厂Mostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm. Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane. Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilame
2、ntousnetworkofthecytoskeleton. Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutrients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。TheNucleus:Informati
3、onCentral（细胞核：信息中心）Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousesthegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.(Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid.)Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorganelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision. Apore-perforate
4、dsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm. Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargermoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜
5、贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。Organelles:SpecializedWorkUnits（细胞器：特殊的功能单位）Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell. Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicr
6、eticulum,theGolgicomplex,vacuoles,lysosomes,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands. Thisquantityreflectsthefactthat,ribosome
7、sarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses. Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmallersubunit. DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofmRNA,"reading"thegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatseq
8、uenceintoprotein. SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasinglemRNAstrand;suchacombinationiscalledapolysome. Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedon
