语言c概论笔记1-5章

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1、Chapter1Prescriptive（规范的）----laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)Descriptive（描述性的）----describe/analyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Synchronic（同步的）study----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory(mo

2、dernlinguistics)Diachronic（历时的）study----descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(studieshistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)Langue（语言）----thesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby;abstract;doesn'tchangefrequently.Parole（言语）----t

3、heconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;concrete;variesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.Saussure(索绪尔)thinksthatparoleissimplyamassoflinguisticfactsforsystematicinvestigation,whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole.Saussuretakes

4、asociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationChomskythinksthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspe

5、aker'scompetence,nothisperformance.Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.必考：Chomsky的语言学来源：philosophy,mathematics,psychologyLanguage:Languageisasystem,systematic(系统的)e.g."iblk"isnotapossiblecombined

6、./"Beenhewoundedhas"isnotagrammaticallyacceptedsentence.Languageisarbitrary(任意的)：nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith./"Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet."Languageisprimarilyvocal.Languageishum

7、an-specific(人类特有的).Arbitrariness（任意）：nologicalconnectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.Productivity（生产力）/creativity（创造力）：peculiar（特权）tohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephant

8、isdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Duality(doublearticulation)：Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)Higherleve