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1、CHAPTER54PipelineIntegrityandSecurityAlanMurrayRafaelG.Mora54.0PipelineIntegrityandSecurityGreen:Tobeaddedattheendofthereview54.1IntroductionPipelinesprovideasafeandeconomicmeansoftransportingfluidssuchasnaturalgas,crudeoil,refinedproductsandnaturalgasliquidsproductsacrossgre
2、atdistancesandoverallmannerofterrain.Asmanmadesystemshowever,theycananddofailfromtimetotime,sometimeswithcatastrophiceffect.Figure54.1illustratestheaftermathofarecentgaspipelinerupturefollowedbyafirewhichresultedinthedeathof12people[1].Suchfataleventshoweverarerare,accounting
3、forlessthan0.02%ofthe45,000transportrelateddeathsthatoccurannuallyintheUnitedStates[2].Theconsequencesoffailures,whentheydooccur,aremorecommonlymeasuredintermsoflostproductanditseffectifany,ontheenvironment,aswellasadisruptiontobusinesswhilearepairismade[3].Repairsandenvironm
4、entalremediation,especiallyinsensitiveareas,canhoweverbeveryexpensive.ForexamplethecleanupcostofarecentrelativelymodestcrudeoilpipelinebreakinCanadaamountedto$24million,inadditiontoa$1.4millionfineleviedonthecompanyforcausingenvironmentalpollution.Incidentsummarystatisticscol
5、lectedbytheUSDepartmentofTransportation’sOfficeofPipelineSafetyfortheperiod1986untilJune2005indicatesthatthecollectivepropertydamagerelatedtooilpipelineincidentsamountedtojustover1billiondollars,whilealmosthalfthatamount($447milliondollars)wasassociatedwithdamagerelatedtogasp
6、ipelineincidents[4].Notwithstandingtheseincidents,pipelinescontinuetobethesafestmethodofdeliveringgasandpetroleumproducts,asattestedbythehundredsofthousandsofmilesofmajortransmissionpipelinesoperatingcontinuouslythroughouttheworld,unseentothegeneralpublic.Protectionofthepubli
7、cisparamount,soasafe,longlasting,andprofitablepipelineiseveryoperator’sgoal.Consequently,theuseofintegrityschemesandmaintenancemeasuresthatarecosteffectiveandpreventfailures,orhighrepaircosts,mustbeconsidered.Figure54.1GasPipelineexplosioninCarlsbadNewMexicoAugust2000resultin
8、gin12deaths54.2PurposeandCostEffectivenessofPipelineTransportationPi
