decision-making processes：决策过程

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1、Decision-MakingProcessesDecision-MakingProcessesGlossaryCaseStudyImprovingCreativityReflectiveThinkingProcessTheKepner-TregoeApproachTheFishboneTechniqueDecision-MakingProcesses(continued)BrainstormingSixThinkingHatsIncrementationMixedScanningTacitBargainingTheSyst

2、emsApproachGlossaryBrainstorming—atechniqueusedtogenerateideas.Itemphasizesbrainactivity.Itcanbeappliedaspartoftheproblem-solvingprocess.ConvergentThinking—aformofthinkinginwhichideascometogethertoformasolution.DivergentThinking—aformofthinkinginwhichmanydifferenta

3、spectsofanideaareexplored.Brainstormingisonetechniqueofdivergentthinking.FishboneTechnique—amethodofexaminingcauseandeffectusingafishbonediagram.GlossaryIncrementalism—theprocessofmakingdecisionsthatresultinchangebyincrements.Kepner-TregoeApproach—avariationofthere

4、flectivethinkingsequence.Itsmostimportantcontributionisthewayinwhichagroupworksthroughthecriteriaphase,differentiatingbetweenthemustsandthewantsofasolution.MixedScanning—adecision-makingstrategythatcombinesexaminingaproblemcomprehensively(therationalapproach)andpar

5、tbypart(theincrementalapproach).GlossaryReflectiveThinkingProcess—apatternforsmallgroupproblemsolvingthatincludessixcomponents:1.Whatistheproblem?2.Whatareitscausesandlimits?3.Whatarethecriteriaforanacceptablesolution?4.Whataretheavailablesolutions?5.Whatisthebests

6、olution?6.Howcanitbeimplemented?TacitBargaining—bargaininginwhichcommunicationisincompleteorimpossible.CaseStudyGeneralMotors1.WhatdoyouthinkarethemainproblemsatGM?2.WhatwouldyoudoifyouwereCEOofGM?3.Howdoesthiscaserelatetoyourorganization?ImprovingCreativityCreativ

7、itycanbedividedintotwophasesofthinking.DivergentthinkingConvergentthinkingImprovingCreativityGibsonandHodgetts(1986)identifyfourdifferentkindsofcreativitythatmaybeappliedtogroupproblemsolving.InnovationSynthesisExtensionDuplicationImprovingCreativityLeft-andRight-B

8、rainFunctionsImprovingCreativity—PracticalTipsThefollowingaresomementalflexibilityexercisesthatshouldhelpyouimproveyourcreativity.Theseareadapted