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1、InternationalLawIINTRODUCTION InternationalLaw,principlesandrulesofconductthatnationsregardasbindinguponthemand,therefore,areexpectedtoandusuallydoobserveintheirrelationswithoneanother.Internationallawisthelawoftheinternationalcommunity.IIANCIENTHISTORYTheneedforsomeprinciplesandrulesofconductbet
2、weenindependentstatesariseswheneversuchstatesenterintomutualrelations.Rulesgoverningthetreatmentofforeigntraders,travelers,andambassadors,aswellastheconclusionandobservanceoftreaties,developedearlyinhumanhistory.Theoldestknowntreaty,preservedinaninscriptiononastonemonument,isapeacetreatybetweentw
3、oSumeriancity-states,datingfromabout3100BC.AconsiderablenumberoftreatiesconcludedbytheempiresoftheancientMiddleEastduringthe2ndmillenniumBCshowrudimentarynotionsofinternationallaw.InlaterantiquitytheJews,Greeks,andRomansdevelopedtenetsofinternationallaw.JewishlawassetforthintheBookofDeuteronomyco
4、ntainsprescriptionsforthemitigationofwarfare,notablyprohibitionsagainstthekillingofwomenandchildren.TheGreekcity-statescreatedanelaboratetreatysystemgoverningamultitudeofaspectsoftherelationsamongthemselves.TheconductoftheOlympicGamesandtheprotectionofreligioussanctuaries,suchastheTempleofDelphi,
5、wereamongthesubjectsofsomeoftheseinter-Greektreaties.Evenmorethanotherancientpeople,theRomansmadesignificantcontributionstotheevolutionofinternationallaw.Theydevelopedtheideaofajusgentium,abodyoflawsdesignedtogovernthetreatmentofalienssubjecttoRomanruleandtherelationsbetweenRomancitizensandaliens
6、.Theywerethefirstpeopletorecognizeinprinciplethedutyofanationtorefrainfromengaginginwarfarewithoutajustcauseandtooriginatetheideaofajustwar.IIITHEMODERNSYSTEM Moderninternationallawemergedastheresultoftheacceptanceoftheideaofthesovereignstate,andwasstimulatedbytheinterestinRomanlawinthe16thcentur
7、y.Buildinglargelyontheworkofpreviouslegalwriters,especiallySpanishprecursors,theDutchjuristHugoGrotius,sometimescalledthefatherofmoderninternationallaw,publishedhiscelebratedtreatiseDeJureBelliacPacis(OntheLawsofWarand