history of modern biotechnology i - springer

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1、PrefaceTheaimoftheAdvancesofBiochemicalEngineering/Biotechnologyistokeepthereaderinformedontherecentprogressintheindustrialapplicationofbiology.Geneticalengineering,metabolismondbioprocessdevelopmentinclud-inganalytics,automationandnewsoftwarearethedominantfieldso

2、finterest.Therebyprogressmadeinmicrobiology,plantandanimalcellculturehasbeenreviewedforthelastdecadeorso.TheSpecialIssueontheHistoryofBiotechnology(splittedintoVol.69and70)isanexceptiontotheotherwiseforwardorientededitorialpolicy.Itcoversatimespanofapproximatelyfi

3、ftyyearsanddescribesthechangesfromatimewithrathercharacteristicfeaturesofempiricalstrategiestohighlydevelopedandspecializedenterprises.SuccessofthepresentbiotechnologystilldependsonsubstantialinvestmentinR&Dundertakenbyprivateandpublicinvestors,researchers,andente

4、rpreneurs.Alsoanumberofnewscientificandbusinessorientedorganisationsaimatthepromotionofscienceandtechnologyandthetransfertoactiveenterprises,capitalraising,improvementofeducationandfosteringinternationalrelationships.Mostoftheseactivitiesrelatedtomodernbiotechnolo

5、gydidnotexistimmediatelyafterthewar.Scientistsworkedinsmallgroupsandanestablishedsciencepolicydidn’texist.Thissituationexplainsthelongperiodoftimefromthedetectionoftheanti-bioticeffectbyAlexanderFlemingin1928totheratandmousetestingbyBrianChainandHowartFlorey(1940)

6、.Thefollowingdevelopmentsuptotheproduc-tionlevelwerearealbreakthroughnotonlybiologically(penicillinwasthefirstantibiotic)butalsotechnically(firstscaled-upmicrobialmasscultureundersterileconditions).Theantibioticindustryprovidedtheprocessingstrategiesforstrainimpro

7、vement(selectionofmutants)andthesearchfornewstrains(screening)aswellasthetechnologiesfortheasepticmasscultureanddown-streamprocessing.Theprocesscanthereforebeconsideredasoneofthemajordevelopmentsofthattimewhatgraduallyevolvedinto“Biotechnology”inthelate1960s.Reaso

8、nsforthenewnamewerethepotentialapplicationofa“new”(molecular)biologywithits“new”(molecular)genetics,theinventionofelec-troniccomputingandinformationscie