accelerators and detectors

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1、AcceleratorsanddetectorsW.K.H.PanofskyandM.BreidenbachStanfordLinearAcceleratorCenter,Stanford,California94309[S0034-6861(99)02002-4]I.SCOPETheluminosity,de®nedasthedatarateperunitcrosssectionoftheprocessunderinvestigation,isanotherThedevelopingunderstan

2、dingofparticlephysics,es-criticalparameter.Forhigh-momentum-transfereventspeciallyinthepast60orsoyears,hasbeenlargelypacedthecrosssectionisexpectedtovaryinverselyasthebytheevolutionofhigh-energyacceleratorsanddetec-squareofthemomentumtransferred.Therefor

3、ethelu-tors.Werestrictourselvesheretodescribingcrucialde-minosityofcollidersshouldincreasequadraticallywithvelopmentsinacceleratorsrelatedtohigh-energypar-energyinordertoyieldaconstantdataratefor``inter-ticlecollisions.Similarly,discussionofdetectorswill

4、beesting''ornovelevents.Inadditionotherparametersrestrictedtothoseassociatedwiththeacceleratorsandareofrelevancetotheexperimenter,suchastheback-colliderscovered.groundconditions,thatisparticle¯uxesotherthanThereexistextensivereviewsonoursubject(Particlet

5、hoseoriginatingfromthecollisionunderinvestigation.DataGroup,1996;seepp.128ff.forcollidersandpp.Thenthereisthe``dutycycle''ofthemachine,whichis142fffordetectors).Whilethereareextensivereviews,detailedtechnicaldescriptionsofacceleratorsanddetec-thetimestru

6、ctureoverwhichcollisionsoccur.Fewmod-torsinthepeerreviewedliteratureareveryincomplete;ernacceleratorsorcollidersproducerandomcollisionsoriginalsourcematerialislargelycontainedinlabora-uniformlydistributedintime.Someacceleratorsaretoryreportsandconference

7、proceedingsandmostmajorpulsedandmostcollidersemploybunchesofparticlesacceleratorinstallationshaveneverbeencomprehen-ratherthancontinuousbeams.Theresulting``dutysivelydocumented.cycle''limitstheabilitytointerpretthetimerelationshipamongproductsofinteracti

8、on.Experimentswithaccel-eratorsuseeithertheprimarycollisionsorsecondarybeamsproducedinthesecollisions;thequalityandII.GROWTHPATTERNSOFACCELERATORSquantityofsecondarybeamsdifferamongtypesofac-ANDCOLLIDERSceleratorsandcollid