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1、LightandMatterFullerton,Californiawww.lightandmatter.comCopyrightc2002-2004BenjaminCrowellAllrightsreserved.rev.April1,2006ISBN0-9704670-8-7Permissionisgrantedtocopy,distributeand/ormodifythisdocu-mentunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionShare-AlikeLicense,whichcanbefoundatcreati
2、vecommons.org.Thelicenseappliestotheentiretextofthisbook,plusalltheillustra-tionsthatarebyBenjaminCrowell.AlltheillustrationsarebyBenjaminCrowellexceptasnotedinthephotocreditsorinparen-thesesinthecaptionofthefigure.Thisbookcanbedownloadedfreeofchargefromwww.lightandmatter.cominavarietyof
3、formats,includingeditableformats.BriefContents1TheRulesoftheRules72TheRayModelofLight213Images454ConservationofMassandEnergy615ConservationofMomentum896Relativity1217ElectricityandMagnetism1433Contents1TheRulesoftheRules3Images1.1Symmetry...........93.1LocationandMagnification....461.2AP
4、reviewofNoether’sTheorem..11Aflatmirror,46.—Acurvedmirror,47.3.2RealandVirtualImages.....481.3WhatAreTheSymmetries?....123.3AngularMagnification......49Problems.............16Problems.............50Lab1a:Scaling...........18Lab3a:Images...........52Lab3b:ARealImage........54Lab3c:Lenses..
5、.........56Lab3d:TheTelescope.......584ConservationofMassandEnergy4.1ConservationofMass......624.2ConservationofEnergy.....63Kineticenergy,63.—Gravitationalenergy,2TheRayModelofLight64.—Emissionandabsorptionoflight,66.—Howmanyformsofenergy?,67.2.1RaysDon’tRust........214.3Newton’sLawofG
6、ravity.....692.2Time-ReversalSymmetry.....214.4Noether’sTheoremforEnergy...722.3Applications..........244.5EquivalenceofMassandEnergy.74Theinverse-squarelaw,24.—Parallax,25.Mass-energy,74.—Thecorrespondence2.4TheSpeedofLight.......28principle,75.Theprincipleofinertia,28.—MeasuringProble
7、ms.............77thespeedoflight,28.Lab4a:ConservationLaws......802.5Reflection...........30Lab4b:ConservationofEnergy....84Seeingbyreflection,30.—Specularreflection,30.Problems.............32Lab2a:Time-ReversalandReflectionSymmetry.............36Lab2b:ModelsofLight.......40Lab2c:T
