资源描述：
《the invention of the transistor》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、TheinventionofthetransistorMichaelRiordanDepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,California95064LillianHoddesonDepartmentofHistory,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Illinois61801ConyersHerringDepartmentofAppliedPhysics,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,
2、California94305[S0034-6861(99)00302-5]Arguablythemostimportantinventionofthepaststandingofsolid-statephysics.Weconcludewithancentury,thetransistorisoftencitedastheexemplarofanalysisoftheimpactofthisbreakthroughuponthehowscienti®cresearchcanleadtousefulco
3、mmercialdisciplineitself.products.Emergingin1947fromaBellTelephoneLaboratoriesprogramofbasicresearchonthephysicsI.PRELIMINARYINVESTIGATIONSofsolids,itbegantoreplacevacuumtubesinthe1950sandeventuallyspawnedtheintegratedcircuitandThequantumtheoryofsolidswa
4、sfairlywellestab-microprocessorÐtheheartofasemiconductorindustrylishedbythemid-1930s,whensemiconductorsbegantonowgeneratingannualsalesofmorethan$150billion.beofinteresttoindustrialscientistsseekingsolid-stateThesesolid-stateelectronicdevicesarewhathavepu
5、talternativestovacuum-tubeampli®ersandelectrome-computersinourlapsandondesktopsandpermittedchanicalrelays.BasedontheworkofFelixBloch,Ru-themtocommunicatewitheachotherovertelephonedolfPeierls,andAlanWilson,therewasanestablishednetworksaroundtheglobe.Thetr
6、ansistorhasaptlyunderstandingofthebandstructureofelectronenergiesbeencalledthe``nervecell''oftheInformationAge.inidealcrystals(Hoddeson,Baym,andEckert,1987;Actuallythehistoryofthisinventionisfarmorein-Hoddesonetal.,1992).Thistheorywasthenappliedtovolveda
7、ndinterestingthangivenbythis``linear''ac-calculationsoftheenergybandsinrealsubstancesbycount,whichoverlookstheintricateinterplayofscien-groupsofgraduatestudentsworkingwithEugeneti®c,technological,social,andpersonalinterestsandWigneratPrincetonandJohnSlat
8、eratMIT.Bardeendevelopments.Theseandmanyotherfactorscontrib-andFrederickSeitz,forexample,wrotedissertationsun-utedtotheinventionofnotonebuttwodistinctlydif-derWigner,calculatingtheworkfunctionandbandferenttransistorsÐthepo
