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1、ͼʽÀíÂۺʹóѧӢÓïÔĶÁ½Ìѧ1.Introduction1.1SchemaTheearliestformulationofschemawasputforwardbyKant.Inmodernpsychologystudy,BartlettiscreditedwithfirstproposingtheconceptofschemainRemembering:AStudyinExperimentalandSocialPsychology.¡°Tohim,thetermschemareferstoanactiveorganizationofp
2、astreaction,orofpastexperiences,whichmustalwaysbesupposedtobeoperatinginanywell-adoptedorganicresponse.¡±[1]In1970s,Rumelhartexplainedthatthe¡°schemaisthebuildingblocksofcognition.¡±[2]Forexample,thepeopledon¡¯thavethedefinitionofcomputerbeforeitisinvented.Butnow,withthepopularizing
3、ofcomputer,thereisadefinitionofcomputerinpeople¡¯smindthatisthecomputerschema.Theschemahelpsthepeopletomakeupapictureofcomputersthathavebeenseenandtoknowthedifferentkindsofcomputersandthethingsthataresimilartothecomputerslater.Thatistosay,¡°schemaisastructureofabstractknowledge;itsu
4、mmarizesallkindsofknowncaseswhichhasdifferentdetailsandgivestheexpressiontotherelationorallparts.¡±[3]1.2ClassificationsofSchemaTheoryResearchershaveidentifiedseveraltypesofschemata.¡°Contentschema,whichreferstoareader¡¯sbackgroundorworldknowledge,providesreaderswithafoundation,abas
5、isforcomparison.Formalschema,oftenknownastextualschema,referstotheorganizationalformsandrhetoricalstructuresofwrittentexts.Itcanincludeknowledgeofdifferenttexttypesandgenres,andalsoincludetheunderstandingofdifferenttypesoftextswhichusedifferenttextorganization,languagestructures,voc
6、abulary,grammar,levelofformality/register.Schoolingandcultureplaythelargestroleinprovidingonewithaknowledgebaseofformalschema.Whileformalschemacoverdiscourselevelitems,linguisticorlanguageschemaincludethedecodingfeaturesneededtorecognizewordsandhowtheyfittogetherinasentence.Firstlan
7、guagereaders,maythroughrepeatedexamples,beabletogeneralizeapatternorguessthemeaningofaword,whichmaynothaveinitiallybeenpartoftheirlinguisticschemata.Thebuildingoflinguisticschemainasecondlanguagecanproceedinthemuchthesameway¡±.[4]Fromtheabovediscussionitisevidentthatschemaplayanimpo
8、rtantroleintextcomp
