[美]浩史悌：马可波罗的中国：忽必烈汗国度的威尼斯人（劳特里奇

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1、MarcoPolo’sChinaMarcoPolo’sfamousbookabouthisjourneytoChina,writtenin1298,continuestobeasubjectofconsiderablecontroversy.OnerecentworkonthesubjectarguesthatMarcoPoloneverwenttoChinaatall,andotherscholarshavepointedoutapparentmistakesandimportantomissio

2、nsinMarco’swritings,includinghisfailuretomentiontheGreatWall,andhisapparentlyerroneousdescriptionofthecourseoftheYellowRiver.Thisbookre-examinesMarcoPolo’swritings.Themainargumentsagainsthiscredibilityhavebeennegative,concentratingonthingsthatitisargue

3、dheshouldhaveseenandnotedbutdidnot.ThemostseriousofthesesupposedomissionsaregenerallysaidtobehisfailuretodescribetheChinesewritingsystem,tea,foot-bindingandtheGreatWallofChina.Buttheauthorarguesthatwhathedoesmentionisimpressiveandarguesstronglyforhisve

4、racity.Forinstance,MarcodescribesthenewcapitalcityofDadubuiltforKhubilaiKhanonthesiteofmodernBeijing.HealsonotesthatthisnewcitywaslinkedtotheYangtzeRiverbycanals.ThebuildingofDaduonlybeganduringthe1260sandthecanalsystemlinkingittotheRiverwasnotcomplete

5、duntilafter1290,afewyearsbeforeMarcodictatedhisaccounttoRustichelloofPisa.Ifthegreatexplorerwasrelyingonsourcesotherthanpersonalexperience,thentheywereclearlyveryup-to-date.ThisbookclarifiesMarcoPolo’sitinerariesinChinaandproposesseveralnewidentification

6、sofplacesmentioned,inadditiontoelucidatingmanyofhisobservations,especiallythoseofplantsandanimals.TheresearchhasreliedextensivelyonoriginalChinesesourcesandissupplementedbytheauthor’swideknowledgeofChina.MarcoPolo’sChinapresentsaconvincingargumentandco

7、ncludesthathisworkisanaccurate,importantandusefulsourcefromanextraordinaryperiodofChinesehistory.StephenG.HawreadChineseattheUniversityofOxfordandhasanMAdegreefromtheUniversityofLondon.HefirstvisitedChinain1980andlivedinthecountryfortwoyearsasastudentan

8、dteacherattheUniversityofShandong.Hehassincetravelledextensivelyaroundthecountry.Heistheauthorofnumerousarticlesandseveralbooks.RoutledgeStudiesintheEarlyHistoryofAsia1ImperialTombsinTangChina,618–970ThepoliticsofparadiseToniaEckfeld2El