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1、ChristianTopography1ChristianTopographyTheChristianTopography(originalGreektitleΧριστιανικὴΤοπογραφία,LatintitleTopographiaChristiana)isa6th-centurywork,oneoftheearliestessaysinscientificgeographywrittenbyaChristianauthor.Itwasoriginallywrittenasfivebooks
2、byCosmasIndicopleustesandexpandedtotentotwelvebooksaround550AD.Theworkadvancestheideathattheworldisflat,andthattheheavensformtheshapeofaboxwithacurvedlid,andespeciallyattackstheideathattheheavensweresphericalandinmotion,nowknownasthegeocentricmodelmodelof
3、theuniverse.Theauthorcitespassagesofscripturewhichheinterpretsoriginallyinordertosupporthisthesis,Ancientworldmap,from"ChristianandattemptstoarguedowntheideaofasphericalearthbyTopography",byCosmasIndicopleustes.stigmatizingitas"pagan".Anearlysurvivingrefe
4、rencetotheworkisbyPatriarchPhotiosIofConstantinopleinthe9thcenturyAD.Photiuscondemnsthestyleandsyntaxofthetextaswellasthehonestyoftheauthor.MorerecentauthorstendtoagreewithPhotiusonthestylisticpoints,buttofindtheauthorgenerallyreliableforgeographicalandhi
5、storicalreferences.EdwardGibbon,forexample,said"thenonsenseoftheMonkwas,nevertheless,mingledwiththepracticalknowledgeofthetraveller"anduseditinwritingTheHistoryoftheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire.[1][2]TheTopographyisoftencitedasevidencethatChristianityin
6、troducedtheideaoftheflat-earthintotheworld,andbroughtintheageofignorance.Thelatterpagesofhisworkaredevotedtorebuttingthecriticismofhisfellowmonksthatwhathewassayingwaswrong.Herepeatedlydenounces"thosereprobateChristianswho,...,prefer,throughtheirperversef
7、ollyordownrightwickedness,toadoptthemiserablePaganbelief
8、xxthatearthandheavenarespherical,andthatthereareAntipodesonwhomtherainmustfallup."RaymondBeazley,inthefirstvolumeoftheTheDawnofModernGeography(1897),said[1][2]TheplaceofCosmasinhistoryhasTheworldacc
9、ordingtothebookisaparallelogram.beensometimesmisconceived.Hisworkisnot,asithasbeencalled(intheearlieryearsofthiscentury),thechiefauthorityoftheMiddleAgesingeography.For,onthewhole,itsinfluenceisonlyslightly,andoccas
