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1、THEMEDITERRANEANOtherTitlesinABC-CLIO’SNATUREANDHUMANSOCIETIESSERIESFORTHCOMINGAustralia,NewZealand,andthePacific,DonaldS.GardenNortheastandMidwestUnitedStates,JohnT.CumblerNorthernEurope,TamaraL.Whited,JensI.Engels,RichardC.Hoffmann,HildeIbsen,andWybrenVerstegenSub-SaharanAfrica,GregoryH
2、.MaddoxNATUREANDHUMANSOCIETIESTHEMEDITERRANEANAnEnvironmentalHistoryJ.DonaldHughesSantaBarbara,California*Denver,Colorado*Oxford,EnglandCopyright©2005byJ.DonaldHughesAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,elec
3、tronic,me-chanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,exceptfortheinclusionofbriefquotationsinareview,withoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataHughes,J.Donald(JohnsonDonald),1932–TheMediterranean:anenvironmentalhistory/J.DonaldHughes.
4、p.cm.—(Natureandhumansocieties)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN1-57607-810-8(hardback:alk.paper)—ISBN1-57607-811-6(eBook)1.Humanecology—MediterraneanRegion.2.MediterraneanRegion—Environmentalconditions.I.Title.II.Series.GF541.H8332005304.2'0182’2—dc2220040299690605040310987
5、654321ThisbookisalsoavailableontheWorldWideWebasaneBook.Visitabc-clio.comfordetails.ABC-CLIO,Inc.130CremonaDrive,P.O.Box1911SantaBarbara,California93116-1911Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper∞.ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaCONTENTSSeriesEditor’sForewordixPrefaceandAcknowledgmentsx
6、iiiIntroductionxvMapsxxi1THEMEDITERRANEANENVIRONMENTANDITSFIRSTHUMANINHABITANTS1TheMediterraneanSetting2Climate5PlantLife8AnimalLife12TheArrivalofHumans17TheInventionofAgriculture20References222ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFEARLYCIVILIZATIONS23HumanSettlements:TheUrbanRevolution24AgricultureandP
7、astoralism29Hunting,Fishing,andBiodiversity35ForestryandDeforestation39ExtractiveIndustries44EpidemicDisease48Conservation:SacredGrovesandParadises51Conclusion54References563THEMEDITERRANEANINTHEMIDDLEAGES59HumanSettlements61Technology65vviContentsAgricultureandPastoralis
