cambridge_history_of_japan_volume_6_the_twentieth_century

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1、CambridgeHistoriesOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,2008viGENERALEDITORS'PREFACEcivilizationanddescribedJapan'snineteenthcenturyturnfrommili-tarytocivilianbureaucraticruleundermonarchicalguidanceaspartofalarger,worldwidepattern.Buckle,Guizot,Spencer,andthenMarxsuccessivelyprovidedint

2、erpretativeschema.Thetwentieth-centuryideologyoftheimperialnationstate,how-ever,operatedtoinhibitfullplayofuniversalisminhistoricalinterpre-tation.Thegrowthandideologyoftheimperialrealmrequiredcau-tiononthepartofhistorians,particularlywithreferencetoJapaneseorigins.Japan'sdefeatinW

3、orldWarIIbroughtreleasefromtheseinhibi-tionsandforatimereplacedthemwithcompulsivedenunciationofthepretensionsoftheimperialstate.SoontheexpansionofhighereducationbroughtchangesinthesizeandvarietyoftheJapanesescholarlyworld.Historicalinquirywasnowfreetorangewidely.AnewopeningtotheWes

4、tbroughtlivelyinterestinhistoricalexpres-sionsintheWest,andahistoricalprofessionthathadbecomecau-tiouslyandexpertlypositivistbegantorethinkitsmaterialintermsoflargerpatterns.AtjustthisjuncturetheseriousstudyofJapanesehistorybeganintheWest.BeforeWorldWarIItheonlydistinguishedgeneral

5、surveyofJapanesehistoryinEnglishwasG.B.Sansom'sJapan:AShortCulturalHistory,firstpublishedin1931andstillinprint.EnglishandAmericanstudentsofJapan,manytrainedinwartimelanguagepro-grams,weresoonabletotraveltoJapanforstudyandparticipationwithJapanesescholarsincooperativeprojects.Intern

6、ationalconfer-encesandsymposiaproducedvolumesofessaysthatservedasbench-marksofintellectualfocusandtechnicaladvance.WithinJapanitselfanoutpouringofhistoricalscholarship,popularpublishing,andhis-toricalromanceheightenedthehistoricalconsciousnessofanationawareofthedramaticchangesofwhi

7、chitwaswitness.In1978planswereadoptedtoproducethisseriesonJapanesehis-toryasawayoftakingstockofwhathasbeenlearned.ThepresentgenerationofWesternhistorianscandrawuponthesolidfoundationsofthemodernJapanesehistoricalprofession.Thedecisiontolimittheenterprisetosixvolumesmeantthattopicss

8、uchasthehistoryofartandlit