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1、Chapter21affirmv.1.toaffirmsth.tosb.:tostatepubliclythatsthistruth公开肯定某事物属实；断言某事物eg.Despiteallthepoliceman’squestionstheladycontinuedtoaffirmthatshewasinnocent.尽管警察一再追问，她坚持说自己无罪。2.topromisetotellthetruthinacourtoflaw在法庭上郑重陈词affirmationn.肯定；断言eg.Thispoemisajoyousaffirmationof
2、thepoweroflove.这首诗以欢快的笔触肯定了爱情的力量。affirmativeadj.（言语上）肯定的eg.anaffirmativerely/nod/reaction/sentence,etc.[词根]firm=firm，stronginfirma.（in不+firm）eg.1)Shewastooelderlyandinfirmtostayathomealone.2)Inspiteofhisageandinfirmity,hestillwritesplaysandnovels.infirmary（infrm虚弱的+ary表场所→接纳
3、虚弱者的地方）eg.Theinfirmarysuppliesthenormalmedicalserviceforthestaffforfree.医务室免费为员工提供一般性医疗服务。n.医务室,诊所confirmv.证实，肯定，确认Eg.Thesenewstatisticsconfirmourworstfearsaboutthedepthoftherecession.这些新的统计数据证实经济衰退已经严重到我们最为担忧的境地。年迈虚弱的confirmationn.Somewordstostatefirmlyandpubliclythatsometh
4、ingistrue1.assertv.声称；断言eg.1)Theprofessorassertedthattheskeleton,whichwassaidtobeman’sfirstancestor,isinfactafake.2)toassertone’sintention/independence/supremacy,etc.3)Ifwomenaretohaveequalopportunity,theymustloudlyasserttheirabilitytodoalltraditional‘male’jobs.2.declare(tha
5、t):toofficiallysaythatsomethingistrueeg.Reagan’s1981budgetmessagedeclaredthattheneweconomicprogramwasworkingwell.3.argue(that):tostate,givingclearreasons,thatsomethingistrue,shouldbedone,etc.althoughotherpeoplearedisagreeingwithyou争辩说eg.Shearguedthattaxesmustbeincreasedtopay
6、forpublicservices.arguefor/against:toarguethatsomethingshouldorshouldnotbedoneeg.SenatorHarveyarguedstronglyagainsttakinganyformofmilitaryaction.4.confirm:tosaypubliclythatsomethingisdefinitelytrue,whenpeoplehavenotbeencompletelysurewhetheritwastrueornot证实；证明；确认eg.Thecompany
7、hasconfirmedthatitwillfire300strikers.confirmone’sopposition/support/position,etc.eg.EuropeanGreenpartieshaveyettoconfirmtheirpositiononEastEuropeanrecovery.5.affirm:aformalwordmeaningtostatepubliclyinspeechorwriting,thatsomethingistrue,didhappen,etc.eg.1)Inhisletter,Kellyaf
8、firmshisbeliefinGodandthepowerofgoodnessoverevil.2)Whenquestioned,allthewit
