太阳系以外的行星

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1、ExtrasolarPlanets.I.Whatdoweknowandhowdoweknowit.BasicplanetaryatmospheresSuccessfulobservationsandfutureplansPlanetsOrbitingOtherStarsTotal:209discoveredto-date.Statistics:Gasgiantplanets,likeJupiter&Saturn,existaround>12%ofstars(Marcyetal.2005);Lower-massplanets(Super-Earths,3knownto-date)are

2、significantlymorecommon(Riveraetal.2005;Beaulieuetal.2006).NoEarth-likeplanetsyet…PlanetsOrbitingOtherStars:afterGouldetal.(2006)First‘Super-Earth’discoveredGJ876d:--Mass~7.5EarthsAlsoHD69830b:--Mass~10EarthsNASAKeplermission:…RadiiinthisrangeM=MercuryV=VenusE=Earth,etc.Atmosphere:Ingeneral-out

3、erboundaryforplanet’sthermalevolution-theextrasolarplanetshaveintroducedconditionsneverimaginedClouds&(photo)chemistryEvaporation(veryhot&hotJupiters)Transitsallowspectroscopicstudiesoftheplanet’satmosphereTheClose-inExtrasolarGiantPlanetsTypeandsizeofcondensateisimportantPossiblylargereflected

4、lightintheopticalThermalemissionintheinfraredSeager&Sasselov2000Atmosphere:WhatisspecialaboutatomicNaandthealkalimetals?Seager&Sasselov(2000)Atmosphere:TheoreticalTransmissionSpectraofHD209458bWavelength(nm)OccultedArea(%)Seager&Sasselov(2000)TransmissionSpectraH=kT/gmHscaleheightslextinctionc

5、rosssectionLpathlengthHowlargeistheplanetatmospheresignal?Itdependsontheatmosphereannulus/starareaAtmosphere:Thetricksoftransmissionspectroscopy:Brown(2001)Theactualdetection(withtheHST):a5ssignal2xweakerthanmodelexpected,butwithinerrorsMightindicatehighcloudsaboveterminatorCharbonneauetal.(200

6、2)planet/starfluxratiois:adRpStarPlanetEarthReflectedLightpisalbedoAtmosphericProbeSudarskyPlanettypesI:AmmoniaCloudsII:WaterCloudsIII:ClearIV:AlkaliMetalV:SilicateCloudsPredictedAlbedos:IV:0.03V:0.50Sudarskyetal.2000PictureofclassIVplanetgeneratedusingCelestiaSoftwarePhotometricLightCurvesMic

7、romagnitudevariabilityfromplanetphasechangesSpace-based:MOST(~2005),COROT(~2007),Kepler(~2008)Dm=2.5(Rp/D)22/3/p(sin(a)+(p-a)cos(a))Seageretal.2000ScatteredLightNeedtoconsider:phasefunctionmultiplescatteringScatteredLightChangeswi