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1、2009年英语语言文学英语综合改错Afairlystandardconsensualdefinitionis"arelativelypermanentchangeinbehavior(sic.;it'sAmericanofcourse)thatresultsfrompractise."Thisisofcoursearguable,particularlythe"practice"criterion.Otherswouldacceptchangesin"capability"orevensimple"k
2、nowledge"or"understanding",evenifitisnotmanifestinbehaviour.Itishoweveranimportantcriterionthat"learned"behaviourisnotpre-programmedorwhollyinstinctive(notawordusedmuchnowadays),evenifaninstinctualdriveunderpinsit.Behaviourcanalsochangeasaresultofmatura
3、tion-simplegrowing-up-withoutbeingtotallylearned.Thinkofthechangingattitudeofchildrenandadolescentstoopposite-sexpeers.Whateverthecase,therehastobeinteractionwiththeenvironment.Evenifpsychologistseveragreeaboutwhatlearningis,inpracticeeducationalistswon
4、't,becauseeducationintroducesprescriptivenotionsaboutspecifyingwhatoughttobelearnt,andthereisconsiderabledisputeaboutwhetherthisoughtonlytobewhattheteacherwantsthelearnertolearn(implicitinbehaviouralmodels),orwhatthelearnerwantstolearn(asinhumanisticmod
5、els).2009英语语言文学完形填空全文ObtainingLinguisticDataManyproceduresareavailableforobtainingdataaboutalanguage.Theyrangefromacarefullyplanned,intensivefieldinvestigationinaforeigncountrytoacasualintrospectionaboutone'smothertonguecarriedoutinanarmchairathome.Inal
6、lcases,someonehastoactasasourceoflanguagedata-aninformant.Informantsare(ideally)nativespeakersofalanguage,whoprovideutterancesforanalysisandotherkindsofinformationaboutthelanguage(e.g.translations,commentsaboutcorrectness,orjudgementsonusage).Often,when
7、studyingtheirmothertongue,linguistsactastheirowninformants,judgingtheambiguity,acceptability,orotherpropertiesofutterancesagainsttheirownintuitions.Theconvenienceofthisapproachmakesitwidelyused,anditisconsideredthenorminthegenerativeapproachtolinguistic
8、s.Butalinguist'spersonaljudgementsareoftenuncertain,ordisagreewiththejudgementsofotherlinguists,atwhichpointrecourseisneededtomoreobjectivemethodsofenquiry,usingnon-linguistsasinformants.Thelatterprocedureisunavoidablewhenworking
