高中有机化学方程式总结

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1、高中有机化学方程式总结烷烃CnH2n+2+O2nCO2+(n+1)H2O（n≥1）CH4+Cl2CH3Cl+HClCH3Cl+Cl2CH2Cl2+HClCH2Cl+Cl2CHCl3+HClCHCl3+Cl2CCl4+HClCH4C+2H2CH3COONa+NaOHCH4↑+Na2CO3（甲烷实验室制法）烯烃CnH2n+O2nCO2+nH2O（烯烃，n≥2；环烷烃，n≥3）2CH2=CH2+O22CH3CHOCH2=CH2+Br2→CH2BrCH2BrCH2=CH2+H2OCH3CH2OHCH2=CH2+HXCH3CH2XCH2=CH2+H2CH3CH3CH3CH=CH2+HClCH2-CHC

2、l-CH3（马氏规则）CH2=CH-CH=CH2+H2CH3-CH=CH-CH3（1，4加成，主要）CH2=CH-CH=CH2+H2CH3-CH2-CH=CH3（1，2加成，次要）nCH2=CH2-[CH2-CH2]-nnCH2=CH-CH=CH2-[CH2-CH=CH-CH2]-nCH3CH2OHCH2=CH2↑+H2O（乙烯实验室制法）5烯烃被氧化的部位酸性KMnO4溶液氧化产物CH2=CO2RCH=RCOOHRR’C=RR’C=O炔烃CnH2n-2+O2nCO2+(n-1)H2O（炔烃，n≥2；二烯烃，n≥3）HC≡CH+Br2→CHBr=CHBr，CHBr=CHBr+Br2→CBr2

3、CBr2CH≡CH+H2CH3CH3CH≡CH+HXCH2=CHXCH≡CH+H2OCH3CHOCH≡CHCO2+H2OnCH≡CH-[CH2=CH2]-nCaC2+2H2OCH≡CH↑+Ca(OH)2（乙炔实验室制法）炔烃被氧化的部位酸性KMnO4溶液氧化产物CH≡CO2RC≡RCOOH苯及其同系物CnH2n-6+O2nCO2+(n-3)H2O（n≥6）+Br2+HBr+HO-NO2+H2O（硝化）+HO-SO3H+H2O（磺化）+3H25+3H2+3HO-NO2+3H2O（a-C连有H）卤代烃CH3CH2Br+H2OCH3CH2OH+HBr（卤代烃的水解）CH3CH2Br+NaOHCH3

4、CH2OH+NaBrCH3CH2Br+NaOHCH2=CH2↑+NaBr+H2OCH3CH2CHBrCH3+NaOHCH3CH=CHCH3+NaBr+H2O（扎依采夫规则）醇CnH2n+2O+O2nCO2+(n+1)H2O（饱和一元醇、醚，n≥1）2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O2CH3CHOHCH3+O22+2H2O2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑CH3CH2ONa+H2O→CH3CH2OH+NaOH（醇钠的水解）CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2↑+H2O（分子内脱水，b-H）2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2-O-CH2CH3+H2O（分子间脱水）CH3

5、CH2CHOHCH3CH3CH=CHCH3+H2O（扎依采夫规则）ROH+HXRX+H2OCH3COOH+CH3CH2OHCH3COOCH2CH3+H2O5（三硝酸甘油酯，硝化甘油）酚2+2Na→2+H2↑+Na2CO3→+NaHCO3+HCl→+NaCl（酚醛树脂）醛、酮CnH2nO+O2nCO2+nH2O（饱和一元脂肪醛，n≥1；饱和一元脂肪酮，n≥3；烯醇，环氧某烷）RCHO+H2RCH2OH+H252CH3CHO+O22CH3COOHCH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHCH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O（银镜反应）CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+

6、2H2OHCHO+4Ag(NH3)2OH(NH4)2CO3+4Ag↓+6NH3+2H2OHCHO+4Cu(OH)2H2CO3+2Cu2O↓+4H2O羧酸、酯2CH3COOH+2Na→2CH3COONa+H2↑CH3COOH+NaOH→CH3COONa+H2O2CH3COOH+Na2CO3→2CH3COONa+H2O+CO2↑CH3COOH+NaHCO3→CH3COONa+H2O+CO2↑CH3COOH+CH3CH2OHCH3COOCH2CH3+H2OCH3COOCH2CH3+NaOHCH3COONa+CH3CH2OH+3NaOH→3RCOONa+（皂化反应）糖类C6H12O6+6O2→6CO

7、2+6H2OC6H12O62CH3CH2OH+2CO25