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1、THEGREATLEVELER234AlbrechtDürer,TheFourHorsemenoftheApocalypse,fromTheApocalypse,1497–1498.Woodcut,15¼×11in.(38.7×27.9cm).5THEGREATLEVELERVIOLENCEANDTHEHISTORYOFINEQUALITYFROMTHESTONEAGETOTHETWENTY-FIRSTCENTURY6WALTERSCHEIDELPrincetonUniversityPressPrincetonandOxford7Copyright©2017byPrincetonU
2、niversityPressPublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress,6OxfordStreet,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201TRpress.princeton.eduJacketart:AlbrechtDürer,TheFourHorsemenoftheApocalypse,fromTheApocalypse,1497–1498.Woodcut,15¼×11in
3、.(38.7×27.9cm).AllRightsReservedISBN978-0-691-16502-8LibraryofCongressControlNumber:20169530468BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailableThisbookhasbeencomposedinGaramondPremierProPrintedonacid-freepaper.∞PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica109876543219ForMyMother10“Sodistributionshou
4、ldundoexcess,Andeachmanhaveenough.”Shakespeare,KingLear“Getridoftherichandyouwillfindnopoor.”DeDivitiis“HowoftendoesGodfind11curesforusworsethanourperils!”Seneca,Medea12CONTENTSListofFiguresandTablesxiAcknowledgmentsxvIntroduction:TheChallengeofInequality1PARTI.ABRIEFHISTORYOFINEQUALITY231.The
5、Riseof13Inequality252.EmpiresofInequality623.UpandDown86PARTII.WAR1134.TotalWar1155.TheGreatCompression1306.PreindustrialWarfareandCivilWar174PARTIII.REVOLUTION2117.Communism2138.BeforeLenin23214PARTIV.COLLAPSE2559.StateFailureandSystemsCollapse257PARTV.PLAGUE28910.TheBlackDeath29111.Pandemics
6、,Famine,andWar314PARTVI.ALTERNATIVES34312.Reform,Recession,andRepresentation34513.EconomicDevelopmentand15Education36714.WhatIf?FromHistorytoCounterfactuals389PARTVII.INEQUALITYREDUXANDTHEFUTUREOFLEVELING40315.InOurTime40516.WhatDoestheFutureHold?424Appendix:TheLimitsofInequality445Bibliograph
7、y457Index49516FIGURESANDTABLESFIGURESI.1Top1percentincomeshareintheUnitedStates(peryear)andreferencesto“incomeinequality”(three-yearmovingaverages),1970–20081.1Generalformofthe17socialstructureofagrariansocieties3.1InequalitytrendsinEur
