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ID:235997
大小:27.29 KB
页数:9页
时间:2017-07-11
《软件开发概念和设计方法-外文翻译》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、外文资料原文SoftwareDevelopmentConceptsandDesignMethodologiesDuringthe1960s,mainframesandhigherlevelprogramminglanguageswereappliedtomanyproblemsincludinghumanresourcesystems,reservationsystems,andmanufacturingsystems.Computersandsoftwarewereseenasthecureallformanybusinessissuesweresometimesap
2、pliedblindly.Systemssometimesfailedtosolvetheproblemforwhichtheyweredesignedformanyreasonsincluding:•Inabilitytosufficientlyunderstandcomplexproblems•Notsufficientlytakingintoaccountend-userneeds,theorganizationalenvironment,andperformancetradeoffs•Inabilitytoaccuratelyestimatedevelopmen
3、ttimeandoperationalcosts•LackofframeworkforconsistentandregularcustomercommunicationsAtthistime,theconceptofstructuredprogramming,top-downdesign,stepwiserefinement,andmodularityemerged.Structuredprogrammingisstillthemostdominantapproachtosoftwareengineeringandisstillevolving.Thesefailure
4、sledtotheconceptof"softwareengineering"basedupontheideathatanengineering-likedisciplinecouldbeappliedtosoftwaredesignanddevelopment.Softwaredesignisaprocesswherethesoftwaredesignerappliestechniquesandprinciplestoproduceaconceptualmodelthatdescribesanddefinesasolutiontoaproblem.Inthebegin
5、ning,thisdesignprocesshasnotbeenwellstructuredandthemodeldoesnotalwaysaccuratelyrepresenttheproblemofsoftwaredevelopment.However,designmethodologieshavebeenevolvingtoaccommodatechangesintechnologycoupledwithourincreasedunderstandingofdevelopmentprocesses.Whereasearlydesignmethodsaddresse
6、dspecificaspectsofthedevelopmentprocess,currentmethodsattempttoaddresstheentirescopeofsoftwaredevelopment.Softwaredesignmethodsareoftenclassifiedin9referencetotheperiodinwhichtheywereintroducedandtheproblemsatthattime.Drivenbycodingandtestingproblems,toolsandmethodsweredeveloped.Earlymet
7、hodsfocusedonmodularityandtop-downdevelopment,andinformationhidingthroughabstraction.Thisledtothedevelopmentofstructuredlanguages,structuredanalysis,anddataflowanalysis.Inthelastdecadeorso,theexpenseinvolvedinautomationhasshiftedfromhardwaretopeople.Therefore,thesoftwaree
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