土石坝及溢洪道设计-外文翻译

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1、TheDesignofEarth-RockDamandSpillwaysPart1EmbankmentDamsSelectionofembankmenttype：Ingeneral,therearetwotypesofembankmentdams:earthandrockfill.Theselectionisdependentupontheusablematerialsfromtherequiredexcavationandavailableborrow.Itshouldbenotedthatrockf

2、illscanshadeintosoilfillsdependinguponthephysicalcharacteroftherockandthatnohardandfastsystemofclassificationcanbemade.Rockswhicharesoftandwilleasilybreakdownundertheactionofexcavationandplacementcanbeclassifiedwithearthfills.Rockswhicharehardandwillnotb

3、reakdownsignificantlyaretreatedasrockfills.Theselectionandthedesignofearthembankmentarebaseduponthejudgmentandexperienceofthedesignerandistoalargeextentofanempiricalnature.Thevariousmethodsofstabilityandseepageanalysesareusedmainlytoconfirmtheengineer’sj

4、udgment.Freeboard：Allearthdamsmusthavesufficientextraheightknownasfreeboardtopreventovertoppingbythepool.Thefreeboardmustbeofsuchheightthatwaveaction,windsetup,andearthquakeeffectswillnotresultinovertoppingofthedam.Inadditiontofreeboard,anallowancemustbe

5、madeforsettlementoftheembankmentandthefoundationwhichwilloccuruponcompletionoftheembankment.Topwidth：Thewidthoftheearthdamtopisgenerallycontrolledbytherequiredwidthoffillforeaseofconstructionusingconventionalequipment.Ingeneral,thetopwidthshouldnotbeless

6、than30ft.Ifadangerexistsofanovertoppingwavecausedeitherbymassivelandslidesinthepoolorbyseismicblocktipping,thenextratopwidthoferosionresistivefillwillberequired.Alignment：constructioncostsbutsuchalignmentshouldnotbesuchastoencourageslidingorcrackingofthe

7、embankment.Normallytheshorteststraightlineacrossthevalleywillbesatisfactory,butlocaltopographicandfoundationconditionsmaydictateotherwise.Damslocatedinnarrowvalleysoftenaregivenanalignmentwhichisarchedupstreamsothatdeflectionsoftheembankmentunderpoolload

8、willputtheembankmentincompressionthusminimizingtransversecracking,Abutments：Threeproblemsaregenerallyassociatedwiththeabutmentsofearthdams:①seepage,②instability,and③transversecrackingoftheembankment.Iftheabutmentconsistsof