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1、1Theintroductionanddevelopmentofmicroprocessor1.1ThehistoryoftheMicroprocessorThefirstmicroprocessorwasoriginallydevelopedforacalculator,andrevolutionaryforitstime,itcontained2,300transistorsona4-bitmicroprocessorthatcouldperformonly60,000operationspersecond.Thefirst8-bitmicroprocessorwastheIntel80
2、08,developedin1972toruncomputerterminals.TheIntel8008contained3,300transistors.Thefirsttrulygeneral-purposemicroprocessor,developedin1974,wasthe8-bitIntel8080(seeMicroprocessor,8080),whichcontained4,500transistorsandcouldexecute200,000instructionspersecond.ModernMicroprocessorshavemuchgreatercapaci
3、tyandspeed.TheyincludetheIntelPentiumPro,containing5.5milliontransistors.1.2ThefutureTechnologyoftheMicroprocessorThetechnologyofmicroprocessorsandintegrated-circuitisdevelopingrapidly.Currently,themostsophisticatedmicroprocessorscontainabouttenmilliontransistors.Bytheyear2000,advancedmicroprocesso
4、rsareexpectedtocontainmorethan50milliontransistors,andabout800millionby2010.Lithographictechniqueswillalsorequireimprovements.Bytheyear2000,minimumelementsizeislessthan0.2micros.Atthesedimensions,evenshort-wave-lengthultravioletlightmaynotreachthenecessaryresolution.Alternativepossibilitiesincludeu
5、singverynarrowbeamsofelectronsandionsorreplacingopticallithographywithlithographythatusesXraysofextremelyshortwavelength.Usingthesetechnologies,clockspeedscouldincreasetomorethan1,000MHzby2010.Itisexpectedthatthelimitingfactorinmicroprocessorperformancewillbethebehavioroftheelectronsthemselvesasthe
6、yarepropelledthroughthetransistors.Atextremelysmalldimensions,quantumeffectsduetothewavelikenatureofelectronscoulddominatethebehavioroftransistorsandcircuits.Newdevicesandcircuitdesignsmaybenecessaryasmicroprocessorsapproachatomicdimensions.Techniquesincludingmolecular-beamepitaxy,inwhichsemiconduc
7、torsarelayeredoneatomatatimeinanultra-high-vacuumchamber,andscanningtunnelingmicroscopy,wherebysingleatomscanbeviewedandevenmovedwithatomicprecision,maybethetoolsneededtoproducefuturegenerationsofmicroproce
