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1、外文原文buildingmaterialsMaterialsforbuildingmusthavecertainphysicalpropertiestobestructurallyuseful.Primarily,theymustbeabletocarryalocalorweight,withoutchangingshapepermanently.Whenaloadisappliedtoastructuremember,itwilldeform:thatisawirewillstretchorabeamwillbend.However,whentheloadisremoved，the
2、wireandthebeamcomebacktotheoriginalpositions.Thismaterialpropertyiscalledelasticity.Ifamaterialwerenotelasticandadeformationwerepresentinthestructureafterremovaloftheload，repeatedloadingandunloadingeventuallywouldincreasethedeformationtothepointwherethestructurewouldbecomeuseless.Materialsusedi
3、narchitecturalstructures，suchasstoneandbrick,wood,steel,aluminum,reinforcedconcrete,andplastics，behaveelasticallywithinacertaindefinedrangeofloading.Iftheloadingisincreasedabovetherange，twotypesofbehaviorcanoccur:brittleandplastic.Intheformer,thematerialwillbreaksuddenly.Inthelatter,thematerial
4、beginstoflowatacertainload(yieldstrength),ultimatelyleadingtofracture.Asexamples，steelexhibitsplasticbehavior，andstoneisbrittle.Theultimatestrengthofamaterialismeasuredbythestressatwhichfailure(fracture)occurs.Asecondimportantpropertyofabuildingmaterialisitsstiffness.Thispropertyisdefinedbythee
5、lasticmodulus，whichistheratioofthestress(forceperunitarea)，tothestrain(deformationperunitlength).Theelasticmodulus,therefore,isameasureoftheresistanceofamaterialtodeformationunderload.Fortwomaterialsofequalareaunderthesameload.theonewiththehigherelasticmodulushasthesmallerdeformation.Structural
6、steel,whichhasanelasticmodulusof30millionpoundspersquareinch(psi)，or2，100,000kilogramspersquarecentimeter,is3timesasstiffasaluminum,10timesasstiffasconcrete,and15timesasstiffaswood.MasonryMasonryconsistsofnaturalmaterials，suchasstoneormanufacturedproduct，suchasbrickandconcreteblocks.Masonryhasb
7、eenusedsinceancienttimes;mudbrickswereusedinthecityofBabylonforsecularbuildings，andstonewasusedforthegreattemplesoftheNileValley.TheGreatPyramidinEgypt，standing481feet(147meters)high，isthemostspectacularmasonryconstruction.Masonry
