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1、附录A英文文摘BRIDGEENGINEERINGANDAESTHETICSEvolvementofbridgeEngineering,briefreviewAmongtheearlydocumentedreviewsofconstructionmaterialsandstructuretypesarethebooksofMarcusVitruviosPolliointhefirstcenturyB.C.ThebasicprinciplesofstaticsweredevelopedbytheGreeks,an
2、dwereexemplifiedinworksandapplicationsbyLeonardodaVinci,Cardeno,andGalileo.Inthefifteenthandsixteenthcentury,engineersseemedtobeunawareofthisrecord,andreliedsolelyonexperienceandtraditionforbuildingbridgesandaqueducts.Thestateoftheartchangedrapidlytowardthe
3、endoftheseventeenthcenturywhenLeibnitz,Newton,andBernoulliintroducedmathematicalformulations.PublishedworksbyLahire(1695)andBelidor(1792)aboutthetheoreticalanalysisofstructuresprovidedthebasisinthefieldofmechanicsofmaterials.Kuzmanovic(1977)focusesonstonean
4、dwoodasthefirstbridge-buildingmaterials.Ironwasintroducedduringthetransitionalperiodfromwoodtosteel.Accordingtorecentrecords,concretewasusedinFranceasearlyas1840forabridge39feet(12m)longtospantheGaroyneCanalatGrisoles,butreinforcedconcretewasnotintroducedin
5、bridgeconstructionuntilthebeginningofthiscentury.Prestressedconcretewasfirstusedin1927.Stonebridgesofthearchtype(integratedsuperstructureandsubstructure)wereconstructedinRomeandotherEuropeancitiesinthemiddleages.Thesearcheswerehalf-circular,withflatarchesbe
6、ginningtodominatebridgeworkduringtheRenaissanceperiod.Thisconceptwasmarkedlyimprovedattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyandfoundstructurallyadequatetoaccommodatefuturerailroadloads.Intermsofanalysisanduseofmaterials,stonebridgeshavenotchangedmuch,butthetheoretica
7、ltreatmentwasimprovedbyintroducingthepressure-lineconceptintheearly1670s(Lahire,1695).Thearchtheorywasdocumentedinmodeltestswheretypicalfailuremodeswereconsidered(Frezier,1739).Culmann(1851)introducedtheelasticcentermethodforfixed-endarches,andshowedthatthr
8、eeredundantparameterscanbefoundbytheuseofthreeequationsofcoMPatibility.WoodentrusseswereusedinbridgesduringthesixteenthcenturywhenPalladiobuilttriangularframesforbridgespans10feetlong.Thiseffortalsofoc
