[经济学]发展经济学(3)

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1、TheoriesofDevelopment:AComparativeAnalysisChapter3LeadingTheoriesofEconomicDevelopment:FiveApproachesClassicalScenario古典经济增长理论Linear-stages-of-growthmodel线性增长模型Neoclassicalmodels新古典增长模型Endogenousgrowth内生经济增长模型亚当·斯密与报酬递增产出、生活水平提高→资本积累→利润的储蓄→工业和农业的专业化劳动分工劳动分工决定了劳动生产率。劳动

2、分工提高劳动生产率有三种途径：1、工人工作技能的提升，即边干边学。2、分工的细化节省了在不同工作间转移的时间。3、机器的发明使同一个劳动者可以从事多种工作。劳动分工受到市场规模的限制。1、如机器的使用只有在市场规模较大情况下才有经济性，否则就会出现剩余产品。2、自由贸易对市场规模的扩大有着积极的意义。斯密的报酬递增观点是新内生经济增长理论的核心思想古典悲观主义TP*TPOWsubsistencewagelinePE2W2W1E1N1N2LaborTotalproductionOriginalcondition:Labor:ON1P

3、roduction:OPWage:N1W1Surplus:E1W1DemandforlaborincreaseWagesincreasetoE1N1>N1W1AccordingtoMalthusiantheoryofpopulation,populationwillincreasetoON2;SurplusappearagainE2W2Equilibriumpoint:ETechnologydevelopment:E*,thedayofdoomcannotbeeliminatedEE*Limitationsoftheclassic

4、almodelTheroleoftechnologydevelopmenthasbeengrosslyunderestimatedTheMalthusiantheoryofpopulationgrowthhasbeenprovedtobemisleading:wheneverwagesareabovelevelofsubsistence,populationwillincrease??TooaggregatedanddidnotaccountforthediversitieswithlaborandcapitalinputTheL

5、inear-StagesTheoryRostow’sstagesofgrowthTheHarrod-DomargrowthmodelObstaclesandconstraintsSomecriticismsofthestagesmodelRostow’sstagesofgrowthTheTransitionfromunderdevelopmenttodevelopmentcanbedescriedintermsofaseriesofstepsorstagesthroughwhichallcountriesmustproceedth

6、etraditionalsocietythepre-conditionsfortake-offintoself-sustaininggrowththetake-offthedrivetomaturitytheageofhighmass-consumption三种不同的增长率：实际增长率g;有保证的增长率gw;自然增长率gn实际增长率TheHarrod-DomarModel(3.1)(3.2)(3.3)(3.4)v:capital-outputratio;S:savingratio;S:totalsaving;Y:totaloutp

7、ut;K:capitalstock;I:totalinvestment有保证的增长率：这样一种增长率将引诱投资刚好等于计划的储蓄，保持资本完全被就业，从而制造商愿意在未来以过去相同的比例进行投资TheHarrod-DomarModel(3.5)(3.6)(3.7)Harrod-DomartheoryofeconomicgrowthTherateofgrowthofeconomicoutputIsdeterminedjointlybythenationalsavingratioSandnationalcapital-outputra

8、tioKThemainobstacleondevelopmentistherelativelylowlevelofnewcapitalformationinmostpoorcountriesJustifyingmassivetransfersofc