A brief introduction of the assessment

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1、OutlineI.IntroductionII.WhatisformativeassessmentA.AbriefintroductionoftheassessmentSpeakingof“assessment”,wemaythinkofwordsliketestorscore.Infact,thatbelongstosummativeassessment.Butthereisabetterassessmentsystem.--FormativeAssessment.Searchitininternet,you’llgetmanykindsofdefinition.ButBlac

2、kandWiliamareacknowledgedtogivethemostauthoritativedefinition.Theyobservethatthetermformativeassessment"doesnothaveatightlydefinedandwidelyacceptedmeaning.Allthoseactivitiesundertakenbyteachers,and/orbystudents,whichprovideinformationtobeusedasfeedbacktomodifytheteachingandlearningactivitiesi

3、nwhichtheyareengaged.".[4]Alongsimilarlines,CowieandBell[5]defineformativeassessmentas"theprocessusedbyteachersandstudentstorecogniseandrespondtostudentlearninginordertoenhancethatlearning,duringthelearning".NicolandMacfarlane-Dick,whoemphasestherolestudentscanplayinproducingformativeassessme

4、ntsstatethat"formativeassessmentaidslearningbygeneratingfeedbackinformationthatisofbenefittostudentsandtoteachers.Feedbackonperformance,inclassoronassignments,enablesstudentstorestructuretheirunderstanding/skillsandbuildmorepowerfulideasandcapabilities."[6]ItwasMichaelScrivenwhocreatedtheterm

5、sformativeassessmentin1967,andemphasizedtheirdifferencesbothintermsofthegoalsofseekingandusinginformationinagivenperiod.ForScriven,formativeevaluationgatheredinformationtoevaluatetheeffectivenessofacurriculumandguideschoolsystemchoicesastowhichcurriculumtoadoptandhowtoimproveit.[8]BenjaminBlo

6、omtookupthetermin1968inthebookLearningforMasterytoconsiderformativeassessmentasatoolforimprovingtheteaching-learningprocessforstudents.[10]Hissubsequent1971bookHandbookofFormativeandSummativeEvaluation,writtenwithThomasHastingandGeorgeMadaus,showedhowformativeassessmentscouldbelinkedtoinstruc

7、tionalunitsinavarietyofcontentareas.[11]Itisthisapproachthatreflectsthegenerallyacceptedmeaningofthetermtoday.[12]ForbothScrivenandBloom,anassessment,whateveritsotheruses,isonlyformativeifitisusedtoaltersubsequenteducationaldecisions.[8]Subse