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1、TheinterpretationofhumanityMan,hisnatureandplaceintheworldisa1988bookbyProfessorArnoldGehlen,inwhichhebeginshisargumentwiththephilosophicalpropositionthatthehumanbeingisthe"notyetdeterminedanimal".Itisaninfluentialbookdevotedtothetopicofhumannatureaswellashisspecial
2、morphologicalplace,andhasexploredmuchoftherelationshipbetweenbodyandmind.Asyoureadthisbook,youwillprobablybeamazedattheauthor'swidescopeofdiscussionswiththeutilizationofmyriadsources,rangingfromtheearlyhominidfossilstomodernevidence,fromethologytohumanhumanbehavior,
3、frombiologicalevolutiontopsychologicalelements.However,whatimpressesmemostisGehlen'screativethoughtsthatmanagetoinvitemetoponderhumanityfurther.Whatisman?OnthewallofApollo'soracleatDelphi,animportantshrineinancientGreece,werecarvedthewell-knownsaying"Knowthyself".As
4、amatteroffact,itismoreofanarduousworld-classsubjectthanamereaphorism.InShakespeare'stragedy,KingLearcriedout"WhocantellmewhoamI?"withinafitofrageandagony,givingafullexpressiontohisconfusionandurgentlyneedofself-knowledge.It'sevidentthattheexplorationoftheessenceofhu
5、manbeingshasalwaysbeenaninextricablebutalsoanattractivepuzzlethathauntsthewriters,thinkersandphilosophersbothdomesticandabroadforthousandsofyears.Beinghumans,onedistinctivecharacteristicistheneedtoestablishaself-concept.Thisimage,orexplanationissupposedtocovernotonl
6、ytheperson'sownperceptionabouthimself,butalsothoseofothers,forthereasonthatthewayhetreatsotherpeoplewillcloselyrelyonhowheviewsthemandhowheviewshimself.However,theinterpretationiscomplicated.ThecomprehensionofHamletvariesfromreadertoreader,sodoestheinterpretationofh
7、umanexistence.Socratesheldtheideathatmanwasarationalpresence.Aristotle,Plato'smostoutstandingstudent,claimedthatmanisaconjugal,politicalandmimeticanimal.HobbeswhofamouslypushedtheapproachofDescartesdescribedhumanityasmatterinmotion,justlikemachines.InChineseciviliza
8、tion,Menciusendeavoredtodefendforthetheoryoforiginalgoodnessofhumannature.Accordingtohim,theessenceofmanisdefinedashumanity,righteousness,
