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1、.TradeLogisticsinDevelopingCountries:TheCaseoftheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaAsthepaceofglobalintegrationcontinues,developingcountrieswillcompeteincreasinglyintermsoftheirabilitytolinkwithglobalandregionalmarketscompetitivelyandefficiently.Aninefficienttra
2、deandtransportfacilitationsystemcancreateobstaclesandincursrealcostsintermsoftheproductvalue–internationalagenciesestimatethatoutdatedtradeadministrationproceduresandthefailuretoadoptIT-supportedtradefacilitationaccountforsevenpercentofthevalueofthegoo
3、dstraded.ForcountriesintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregion,improvingtheefficiencyoftradelogisticsisacriticalpriority.Theregionislosingglobalmarketshareinkeyexportsectorsandnon-oilexportsareamongthelowestinthedevelopingworld–withlessthanonepercentofworldm
4、arketshareinnon-fuelexportsrelativetomorethantenpercentincountriesoftheEastAsia/PacificregionandmorethanfourpercentinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Withrespecttoforeigndirectinvestment,theregion’sperformancealsolagsconsiderablybehindotherdevelopingregions
5、–netFDIislessthanonepercentofGDPfortheregionasawhole,comparedwith2.6percentforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanand1.8percentforEasternEuropeandCentralAsia.ImprovetheefficiencyoftradelogisticsinMiddleEastandNorthAfrica:CriticalIssuesforPolicymakersThesecasest
6、udiespointtoanumberofdifficultiesforexportingfirmsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregionincludinggenerallypoorqualityandcostlytransportservices,longshippingtimes,obstructivebureaucracy,inadequatetrade-relatedservicessuchasinsurance,financeandtransportinte
7、rmediariesandothers.Amongthemoreimportantareasofconcernforpolicymakersincludethefollowing.1.AFragmentedTruckingIndustryThetruckingindustry,akeyconduitforgoodsinmostMiddleEastandNorthAfricacountriesincludingtheonessurveyedhere,isinurgentneedofreformduet
8、othegeneralprevalenceoffreightmonopoliesandpartialratecontrol.InYemen,forexample,loadsassignedonthebasisofaqueuingsystemaremanagedbycartelsthatoperateonaregionalbasis(e.g.,inHodeidah,Aden,Mukalla,etc.).Inaddition,thetruckingindustryisno