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1、winxos11-01-28winxos11-01-28AFirstCourseinLogicThispageintentionallyleftblankAFirstCourseinLogicAnintroductiontomodeltheory,prooftheory,computability,andcomplexitySHAWNHEDMANDepartmentofMathematics,FloridaSouthernCollege13GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordO
2、X26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMe
3、xicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversit
4、yPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYorkcOxfordUniversityPress2004ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2004Reprinted(withcorrectio
5、ns)2006Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriaterep
6、rographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacqu
7、irerAcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyBiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,NorfolkISBN0–19–8
8、52980–5(Hbk)ISBN0–19–852981–3(Pbk)1098765432ToJuliaThispageintentionallyleftblankAcknowledgmentsFloridaSouthernCollegeprovidedamostpleasantandhospitablesettingforthewritingofthisbook.Thankstoallofmyfriendsandcolleaguesatthecollege.Inparticular,Ithank
