drosophila innate immunity an evolutionary perspective

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1、REVIEWDrosophilainnateimmunity:anevolutionaryperspectiveJulesA.HoffmannandJean-MarcReichhartInresponsetomicrobialinfections,DrosophilaApproximately45,000extantvertebratespeciesmakeuseofboththemountsamultifacetedimmuneresponseinvolv-innateandtheadaptivearmsinthe

2、irimmunedefenses.Whereasadap-tiveimmunityhasattractedpracticallyalltheattentionofimmunolo-inghumoralreactionsthatculminateinthegistsoverthelastfewdecades,innateimmunityhasonlyrecentlyre-destructionofinvadingorganismsbylyticpep-emergedasasubjectofinterest.Drosop

3、hilacanbelargelycreditedfortides.Thesedefensemechanismsareactivatedrejuvenatingthisinterest.Havingnoadaptiveimmuneresponseandviatwodistinctsignalingpathways.Oneofbeing,likemostinvertebrates,highlyresistanttomicrobialinfections,Drosophilaisparticularlywellsuited

4、tothestudyofinnateimmunity.these,theTollpathway,controlsresistancetoThepowerfultoolofmoleculargenetics,togetherwiththefullyfungalandGram-positivebacterialinfections,sequencedgenome,meanDrosophilaisprobablythebestmodelavail-whereastheImdpathwayisresponsibleforab

5、letodatewithwhichtoinvestigatetheminutiaeofprototypicaldefenseagainstGram-negativebacterialinfec-innateimmunity.WewillreviewhereourpresentknowledgeofDrosophilaimmunedefenseandhighlightitssimilaritiestotheevolv-tions.Currentevidenceindicatesthatrecogni-ingpictur

6、eofmammalianinnateimmunity.tionofinfectiousnonselfagentsresultsfrominteractionsbetweenmicrobialwallcompo-ThegeneralpictureofDrosophilahostdefenseTheDrosophilahostdefenseisamultifacetedprocess.Theepithe-nentsandextracellularpatternrecognitionpro-lialsurfacesofth

7、ebodyserveasfirst-linedefensesagainstmicroor-teins.Wediscusshereevolutionaryperspectivesganisms.Theepidermis—thecellsofthedigestiveandgenitalonourpresentunderstandingoftheantimicro-tracts—ofthetracheaeandoftheMalpighiantubulesallproduceantimicrobialpeptides,whi

8、chinhibitmicrobialgrowth7–9.bialdefensesofDrosophila.Microorganismsthathavesucceededinenteringthegeneralbody©2002NaturePublishingGrouphttp://immunol.nature.comcavity(calledt