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1、DIETERHENRICHTHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFMODERNPHILOSOPHYIThefirsttheoreticianofmodernsocietywasThomasHobbes.Hewasthefirsttoformulatethatconceptofthestatewhichwastoprovesoinfluential,theconceptofthestateasnothingbuttheunionofthewillsofallitscitizens.Whatthisme
2、ansbecomesmostclearfromwhatHobbesdenies:Ontheonehand,thestateisnotakindofinstrumentwhichamultitudeofmenuseinordertobeabletoaccomplishimportantgoals.Ifitwereonlythat,itwouldneverbeable-inthecitizen’sownname-toturn,evenwithforce,againsthisparticularwill
3、.Ontheotherhand,itisnotanimage,notarepresentationalrealizationofaworld-orderwhichitmakesintoavalidprototypeofthemicrocosmofhumanlife.Ifitwerethat,itwouldalwaysbeabletopresentitselfonlyasademanduponthewillofthecitizens,neverasexpressionofthemselves.But
4、ifthewillofeachissourceandcriterionofthegeneralwill,thenlawandfreedom,individualityandinstitu-tionarenotinconflict,butinagreement,basednotonthegeneralityofhumannatureorworldorder,butontheenergyofwillofeachsingleman,whichdistinguisheshimevenbeforeheapp
5、lieshimselftoanyparticulargoals,andbeforeheunderstandsthecoherenceoftheworld.Hobbes’conceptofthestatehasbeenmostinfluential.Heunderminedthetraditionallegitimationfortheexerciseofpoliticalauthority,andfor-mulatedtheprogramforthemodemdynamismofemancipat
6、ion.YetHobbesdidnotderivethenewconceptofthestatefrompoliticalarguments.Hegaineditfromananthropologywhichalteredthetraditionaldoctrineofmanasfundamentallyashisdoctrineofthestatedidancientpoliticalphilosophy.Thefundamentalconceptofthisanthropologyitself
7、wascon-ceivedbyHobbespolemically:Itisthenatureofmantoresistthedangerofdestruction-itisself-preservation.Themoremanbecomessureofassertinghimselfforcefullyinhisexistence,themorehepossesseswhathealonestrivesfor.Thereisforthisexistencenogoal,noresttowards
8、whichanessentialstrivingcouldtend.Aristotlebelievedthatheknewofsuchgoals.Forhimeverybeingstrivestoreachtheperfectionpropertoitsessence.Ifitfindsit,alldesire,allmotiontowardsotherthingscomestoarest.Insuch1-2rest,itisnotinactive,itisratherinahei
