the transformation of economic systems经济系统的改造

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1、TheTransformationofEconomicSystems§Market-asystemofproducinganddistributinggoodsandservices.§Themovementofgoodsandservicesacrossnationalandinternationalborders.§Sociologistsconsidertheeconomytobethemostimportantofoursocialinstitutions.PreindustrialSocieties§Theearliesthumangroupshadasubsistenceec

2、onomy,livingoffoftheland.§Horticulturalsocietiesbeganbreedinganimalsandcultivatingplants.lThisallowedthemtosettleinonearea.§Agriculturalsocietiesformedaftertheinventionoftheplow.lThissurplusledtoadivisionoflabor.IndustrialSocieties§Withindustry,inequalitygrew.§Factoryownersbeganexploitingfactoryw

3、orkers.§Withenormoussurplus,ashiftfromproducinggoodstoconsumingthemoccurred.§ConspicuousConsumption-aneagernesstoshowoffwealthbytheelaborateconsumptionofgoods.PostindustrialSocieties§Thissocietyhassixcharacteristics:l(1)aservicesectorsolargethatmostpeopleworkinitl(2)avastsurplusofgoodsl(3)extensi

4、vetradeamongnationsl(4)awidervarietyandquantityofgoodsavailabletotheaveragepersonl(5)aninformationexplosionl(6)aglobalvillageBioeconomicSocieties§Amarriageofbiologyandeconomics.§Thisiscontinuingnowwiththedecipheringofthehumangenomesystem.§Thisnewsocietywillleadtolongerandhealthierlives.§Itmayalso

5、creategreaterinequalitybetweenrichandpoor.TheTransformationoftheMediumofExchange§TheMediumofExchange-themeansbywhichpeoplevalueandexchangegoodsandservices.§Mediumsofexchangehaveprogressedovertime:lBarter-directexchangelMoney-placesavalueonitems.lDebitcardsandE-cash-digitalcurrency.WorldEconomicSy

6、stems§Capitalism-privateownership,competition,andapursuitofprofit.§TheUnitedStatesisawelfarecapitalistnation-privatecitizensownthemeansofproduction,butlawsprotectthewelfareofthepopulation.WorldEconomicSystems§Socialism-publicownershipofproperty,centralplanning,andthedistributionofgoodswithoutapro

7、fitmotive.§Thegovernmentownsthemeansofproduction,andacentralcommitteedecideswhatproductstodistribute.§Socialismisdesignedtoeliminatecompetition.IdeologiesofCapitalismandSocialism§CapitalismlMarketforcesshoulddetermineb