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1、TheAgeofReform:1820-1860Conservatismmakesnopoetry,breathesnoprayer,hasnoinvention;itisallmemory.Reformhasnogratitude,noprudence,nohusbandry.--RalphWaldoEmersonTherearealwaystwoparties;theestablishmentandthemovement.--RalphWaldoEmersonThegeniusoftheUnitedStates
2、isnotbestormostinitsexecutivesorlegislatures,norinitsambassadorsorauthorsorcolleges,orchurches,orparlors,noreveninitsnewspapersorinventors,butalwaysmostinthecommonpeople.--WaltWhitmanTheSecondGreatAwakeningUtopianismTheWomen’sMovementTemperanceMovementCrimeand
3、PunishmentThePublicSchoolMovementAbolitionismTranscendentalismTheSecondGreatAwakening“ThereisnocountryintheworldwhereChristianreligionretainsagreaterinfluenceoverthesoulsofmenthaninAmerica.”--AlexisdeTocquevilleI.TheReligionoftheFoundingFathersA.Mostofthefound
4、ingfathersweredevoutChristiansinthePuritansense,butthereweresomenotableexceptions…A.AccordingtoThomasPaineinTheAgeofReason,churcheswere“setuptoterrifyandenslavemankind,andmonopolizepowerandprofit.”B.JeffersonandFranklinwereavowedDeists.Thebelievedinreasonandsc
5、ienceoverrevelationandreason.TheyrejectedthenotionoforiginalsinanddeniedChrist’sdivinity.YettheybelievedinaSupremeBeingwhocreatedaknowableuniverseandendowedhumanbeingswithacapacityformoralbehavior.II.DeisminspiredUnitarianismA.PrimarilyaNewEnglandreligiousmove
6、ment.ManyofthenewlyurbanizedmigrantslosttheirconnectiontotheChurch.B.StressedgoodnessofhumannatureC.FreewillandsalvationthroughgoodworksD.Anintellectual,rationalandoptimisticmovementIII.ReactiontoPerceivedReligiousLiberalismA.SouthernandFrontierphenomenonthats
7、oonbegantorollNortheast.A.“Campmeetings”whereupto25,000starvingsoulswouldgathertodrinkthehellfiregospelasservedupbyanitinerantpreachers/“circuitriders”B.Thefunctionsofthecampmeetings1.Ruraloutpostsoftendidnotestablishchurches2.Anemotionaloutletforruralfrontier
8、people3.Communityandsocialdiscipline4.InspiredsocialactivismC.Savingsouls:frenziesofbarking,jerking,kickingdancing,etc.ThedevilhatestheMethodistBecausetheysingandshoutthebestD.Pros
