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1、ADictionaryofEpidemiologyThispageintentionallyleftblankADictionaryofofEpidemiologyFifthEditionEditedfortheInternationalEpidemiologicalAssociationbyMiquelPortaProfessorofPreventiveMedicine&PublicHealthSchoolofMedicine,UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelonaSeniorScientist,InstitutMunic
2、ipald’InvestigacióMèdicaBarcelona,SpainAdjunctProfessorofEpidemiology,SchoolofPublicHealthUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillAssociateEditorsSanderGreenlandJohnM.Last120081OxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,publishesworksthatfurtherOxfordUniversity’sobjectiveexcellenceinresearch,sc
3、holarship,andeducationOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandT
4、hailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamCopyright©1983,1988,1995,2001,2008InternationalEpidemiologicalAssociation,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016www.oup-usa.orgAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,
5、ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.ThiseditionwaspreparedwithsupportfromEsteveFoundation(Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain)(http://www.esteve.org)LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-
6、PublicationDataAdictionaryofepidemiology/editedfortheInternationalEpidemiologicalAssociationbyMiquelPorta;associateeditors,JohnM.Last...[etal.].—5thed.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978–0-19–531449–6ISBN978–0-19–531450–2(pbk.)1.Epidemiology—Dictionaries.I.
7、Porta,Miquel–II.InternationalEpidemiologicalAssociation.RA651.D5532000614.4′03—dc2100–037504246897531PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperForewordTowriteadictionaryinanyscientificdisciplineisariskyendeavor,becausescientistsoftendisagree.Thenatureofscienceisnottorea
8、chconsensusbuttoadvanceourknowledgebybringingconflictingideastocritic