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1、LeadingEdgeReviewHallmarksofCancer:TheNextGenerationDouglasHanahan1,2,*andRobertA.Weinberg3,*1TheSwissInstituteforExperimentalCancerResearch(ISREC),SchoolofLifeSciences,EPFL,LausanneCH-1015,Switzerland2TheDepartmentofBiochemistry&Biophysics,UCSF,SanFrancisco,CA94158,USA3WhiteheadInstitutefo
2、rBiomedicalResearch,Ludwig/MITCenterforMolecularOncology,andMITDepartmentofBiology,Cambridge,MA02142,USA*Correspondence:dh@epfl.ch(D.H.),weinberg@wi.mit.edu(R.A.W.)DOI10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013Thehallmarksofcancercomprisesixbiologicalcapabilitiesacquiredduringthemultistepdevelop-mentofhumant
3、umors.Thehallmarksconstituteanorganizingprincipleforrationalizingthecomplexitiesofneoplasticdisease.Theyincludesustainingproliferativesignaling,evadinggrowthsuppressors,resistingcelldeath,enablingreplicativeimmortality,inducingangiogenesis,andacti-vatinginvasionandmetastasis.Underlyingthese
4、hallmarksaregenomeinstability,whichgeneratesthegeneticdiversitythatexpeditestheiracquisition,andinflammation,whichfostersmultiplehall-markfunctions.Conceptualprogressinthelastdecadehasaddedtwoemerginghallmarksofpotentialgeneralitytothislist—reprogrammingofenergymetabolismandevadingimmunedest
5、ruction.Inadditiontocancercells,tumorsexhibitanotherdimensionofcomplexity:theycontainarepertoireofrecruited,ostensiblynormalcellsthatcontributetotheacquisitionofhall-marktraitsbycreatingthe‘‘tumormicroenvironment.’’Recognitionofthewidespreadapplicabilityoftheseconceptswillincreasinglyaffect
6、thedevelopmentofnewmeanstotreathumancancer.INTRODUCTIONvatedbythesedevelopments,wenowrevisittheoriginalhall-marks,considernewonesthatmightbeincludedinthisroster,Wehaveproposedthatsixhallmarksofcancertogetherconsti-andexpanduponthefunctionalrolesandcontributionsmadetuteanorganizingprinciplet
7、hatprovidesalogicalframeworkforbyrecruitedstromalcellstotumorbiology.understandingtheremarkablediversityofneoplasticdiseases(HanahanandWeinberg,2000).ImplicitinourdiscussionwasHALLMARKCAPABILITIESCONCEPTUALPROGRESSthenotionthatasnormalcellsevolveprogress
