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1、ANINTRODUCTIONTOFUNCTIONALPROGRAMMINGTHROUGHLAMBDACALCULUSGregMichaelsonDepartmentofComputingandElectricalEngineeringHeriot-WattUniversityRiccartonCampusEdinburghEH144AS-2-PrefaceOverviewThisbookaimstoprovideagentleintroductiontofunctionalprogramming.Iti
2、sbasedonthepremisesthatfunctionalprogrammingprovidespedagogicinsightsintomanyaspectsofcomputingandofferspracticaltechniquesforgeneralproblemsolving.Theapproachtakenistostartwithpureλcalculus,AlonzoChurch'selegentbutsimpleformalismforcomputation,andaddsyn
3、tacticlayersforfunctionde®nitions,booleans,integers,recursion,types,characters,listsandstringstobuildahighishlevelfunctionalnotation.Alongtheway,avarietyoftopicsarediscussedincludingarithmetic,linearlistandbinarytreeprocessing,andalternativeevaluationstr
4、ategies.Finally,functionalprogramminginStandardMLandCOMMONLISP,usingtechniquesdevelopedthroughoutthebook,areexplored.Thematerialispresentedsequentially.Eachchapterdependsonpreviouschapters.Withinchapters,substantialuseismadeofworkedexamples.Eachchapteren
5、dswithexerciseswhicharebaseddirectlyonideasandtechniquesfromthatchapter.Specimenanswersareincludedattheendofthebook.ReadershipThisbookisintendedforpeoplewhohavetakena®rstcourseinanimperativeprogramminglanguagelikePascal,FORTRANorCandhavewrittenprogramsus
6、ingarraysandsub-programs.Therearenomathematicalprerequisitesandnopriorexperiencewithfunctionalprogrammingisrequired.ThematerialfromthisbookhasbeentaughttothirdyearundergraduateComputerSciencestudentsandtopostgraduateKnowledgeBasedSystemsMScstudents.Appro
7、achThisbookdoesnottrytopresentfunctionalprogrammingasacompleteparadigmforcomputing.Thus,thereisnomaterialontheformalsemanticsoffunctionallanguagesorontransformationandimplementationtechniques.Thesetopicsareablycoveredinotherbooks.Byanalogy,onedoesnotbuya
8、bookonCOBOLprogramminginanticipationofchaptersonCOBOL'sdenotationalsemanticsoronhowtowriteCOBOLcompilers.However,anumberoftopicswhichmightdeservemorethoroughtreatmentareommitedorskimmed.Inparticular,theremightbemorediscuss
