014-Classification.pdf

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1、CriteriaforclassificationasreportedinanancientChineseencyclopedia(Lakoff1987):“…itiswrittenthatanimalsaredividedinto:thosethatbelongtotheEmperorembalmedonesthosethataretrainedsucklingpigsmermaidsfabulousonesstraydogsthosethattrembleasiftheyweremadthosethathavejustbrokenaflowervaseSystematics-stud

2、iesdiversityoflifeItisthestudyandclassificationoforganismswiththegoalofreconstructingtheirevolutionaryhistoryTaxonomy-thefieldofsciencethatclassifieslifeintogroupsBiologicalKingdoms2KingdomsplantsanimalsTraditionalviewBiologicalKingdoms5KingdomsWhittaker,1969PlantaeFungiAnimaliaProtistaMoneraBiol

3、ogicalKingdomsFivekingdomsystem:MoneraProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimaliaSixkingdomsystem:Eu-Archae-ProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimaliabacteriabacteriaThreedomainsystem:Eu-Archae-EUKARYAbacteriabacteriaEightkingdomsystem:ataotazissEu-Archae-ehmtiPlantaeFungiAnimaliabacteriabacteriacororrhPACClassification:Sixk

4、ingdomsystem:EubacteriaArchaebacteriaE.coliCyanobacteriaProtistaParameciumDiatomSlimemoldPlantaeFungiAnimaliaSixkingdomsystem:MoneraEu-Archae-ProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimaliabacteriabacteriaPrimaryGroupingCriterionCellularcomplexityPlantaeFungiAnimaliaEukaryoticProtistaProkaryoticMonera(Eubacteria&Ar

5、chaebacteria)OtherGroupingCriteriaSingle-celledvs.multicellularModeofnutritionPlantaeFungiAnimaliaabsorptionProtistaphotosynthesisMoneraingestionNote:CriteriacanoverlapNote:CriteriacanoverlapOtherGroupingCriteriaModeofReproductionsexualasexualRespiratorySystemgasexchangeacrossskinlungsgillsOtherG

6、roupingCriteriaSkeletoninternal/externalbone/cartilage/chitin…CirculatorySystemnoneopen/closedAgeofSystematics1700’sCarlLinnaeusIncurableclassifierFlairforcreativesimplicityLinnaeusSwedishdoctorProfessorofMedicine&NaturalHistory14booksin3yearsFishbook:3,000pagesLinnaeus1753:publishedbookdescribin

7、gWorld’splantsStartofnamingprocessID:flowers-number&structureofthepartsLinnaeusDescriptions:“poeticprecision”Result:easilyappliedsystem2wordnames:“binomialnomenclature”BinomialNomenclature2wordname(genus+species)1stlev