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1、IntermediateLogicThispageintentionallyleftblankIntermediateLogicDAVIDBOSTOCKCLARENDONPRESS•OXFORDThisbookhasbeenprinteddigitallyandproducedinastandardspecificationinordertoensureitscontinuingavailabilityOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSGreatClarendonStreet,Oxford0X26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepart
2、mentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity'sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandBangkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiSaoPau
3、loShanghaiSingaporeTaipeiTokyoTorontowithanassociatedcompanyinBerlinOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©DavidBostock1997ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxf
4、ordUniversityPress(maker)Reprinted2002Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprograp
5、hicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirerISBN0-19-875141-9ISBN0-19-875142-7(pbk
6、)PrefaceThisbookisintendedforthosewhohavestudiedafirstbookinlogic,andwishtoknowmore.Itisconcernedtodeveloplogicaltheory,butnottoapplythattheorytotheanalysisandcriticismofordinaryreasoning.Foronewhohasnoconcernwithsuchapplications,itwouldbepossibletoreadthisbookasafirstbookinthesubject,s
7、inceIdoinfactintroduceeachlogicalconceptthatIuse,eventhosethatIexpecttobealreadyfamiliar(e.g.thetruth-functorsandthequantifiers).Butitwouldbetoughgoing.Forinsuchcasesmyexplanationsproceedonafairlyabstractlevel,withvirtuallynodiscussionofhowthelogicalvocabularyrelatestoitscounte